THE UNION IN CRISIS
CHAPTER 10
How did the nation’s expansion lead to the Civil
War?
SLAVERY, STATES’ RIGHTS, AND WESTERN
EXPANSION

Section 1
 How
did Congress try to resolve the
dispute between North and South over
slavery?
 Vocabulary:
Wilmot Proviso
Free-Soil Party
popular sovereignty
secede
Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Act
TWO NATIONS
North and South were divided by slavery
 North believed slavery was wrong based on
religion
 South believed that whites and African
Americans were not equal and attacked
uncaring northern industrialists who took
no personal responsibility for their workers
 Wilmot Proviso seeks to limit slavery in the
territories gained in the Mexican-American
War. Passed by the House of
Representatives, but rejected by the Senate

NORTHERN VIEWS OF SLAVERY
 Laws
in the North severely limited
the rights of free African Americans
 Abolitionists wanted slavery to end
 Some white northern bankers, mill
owners, and merchants favored
slavery
 Some northern workers feared that
freed slaves would take their jobs
SOUTHERN VIEWS OF SLAVERY
 Slavery
was a part of southern life
 Many southerners felt that slavery
was good
 Many argued that slavery was more
kind than the northern system of free
labor
 Southerners believed that slaves
were healthier and happier
HISTORIANS
 Recent
historians emphasize the
differences between the regions,
racial groups, and social classes
 Some kind of major conflict was
bound to occur
 Question: Could the politicians have
avoided the Civil War?
ELECTION OF 1848
Free-Soil Party: supported the Wilmot
Proviso to keep new western territories
free of slavery
 Nominated Martin Van Buren
 Popular sovereignty: policy that voters in a
territory would decide whether or not to
allow slavery; both the Democratic Party
and the Whigs support popular sovereignty

ELECTION OF 1848





Democrats: Lewis Cass
Whigs: Zachary Taylor
Free Soil Party: Martin
Van Buren
Van Buren took votes
away from Cass to give
Taylor the victory
Taylor died in 1850;
Millard Fillmore, the
Vice President, takes
office
COMPROMISE OF 1850
Question: What were the effects of the
Missouri Compromise, and how did the
Compromise of 1850 try to deal with them?
 Kept the balance between slave and free
states in the Senate; free states only north
of 36º 30‘ N latitude
 Henry Clay of Kentucky proposes a
compromise to admit California as a free
state
 John C. Calhoun of SC against compromise
 Daniel Webster of Massachusetts for
compromise

CHART
Clay’s Compromise of 1850
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Categorize
A RISING TIDE OF PROTEST AND
VIOLENCE
SECTION 2
How did the Fugitive Slave Act and the
Kansas-Nebraska Act increase tensions
between the North and the South?
 Vocabulary:
personal liberty laws
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Underground Railroad
John Brown
Harriet Tubman
“Bleeding Kansas”
Harriet Beecher Stowe

NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Understand Effects
UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
Known as the “Black
Moses”
 Guided hundreds of
slaves to freedom
 Large reward on her
head, but never
captured

KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT
 Stephen
Douglas of Illinois wanted to
run for President
 Act supported popular sovereignty
for area
 Passed but made North angry; in
effect, Congress repealed the
Missouri Compromise since Kansas
and Nebraska were above the 36º 30‘
N latitude
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Understand Effects
VIOLENCE BEGINS
 Free
soilers: 1,200 New Englanders
sent to Kansas to fight against
slavery
 Proslavery settlers opposed them
 Kansas had an antislavery capital at
Topeka and a proslavery capital at
Lecompton
 1856, open violence erupted
 “Bleeding Kansas”
TRANSPARENCY
Bleeding Kansas
“BLEEDING KANSAS”
John Brown:
Following a raid in
Lawrence by a
proslavery group, he
and his followers
killed five proslavery
men along the
Pottawatomie Creek
 Summer of murder
and raids

LECOMPTON CONSTITUTION
 Proslavery
group wrote a proslavery
constitution for Kansas called the
Lecompton constitution
 Buchanan accepted it, but Congress
returned it.
 Defeated by Kansas people the
second time
SENATE VIOLENCE
 Senator
Charles Sumner, a
Republican, gave a speech that
attacked Southerners for forcing
slavery on Kansas and insulted
Senator Andrew Butler of SC
 Preston Brooks, a member of the
House beat him with his cane
 Sumner lived but never recovered;
added to hatred
HARRIET BEECHER STOWE




Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Eliza
Harris, a slave, escapes
when her child is to be sold
As Eliza heads north, she
eludes the slave catchers
Uncle Tom is sold and is
killed by his brutal master,
Simon Legree, a Northerner
Book had a powerful effect:
North became convinced
that slavery would ruin the
U.S. South believed it was a
book of insulting lies.
TRANSPARENCY
The Slavery Issue
POLITICAL REALIGNMENT DEEPENS
THE CRISIS
SECTION 3
 What
developments deepened the
divisions between North and South?

Vocabulary:
Know-Nothings
Republican Party
Dred Scott
Roger B. Taney
Abraham Lincoln
Stephen A. Douglas
Harpers Ferry
SHIFTING POLITICAL SCENE


Whig Party disintegrates: divided over the
issues; nominated Winfield Scott in 1852
Know-Nothings: nativists; will become
American Party; divided over issues
REPUBLICAN PARTY
 1854,
dedicated to stopping “Slave Power”
 Declared slavery a great moral evil
 Demanded repeal of the Kansas-Nebraska
Act and Fugitive Slave Act;
 Comprised of antislavery Democrats,
Whigs, and Free Soilers from North
 Farmers, professionals, small business
owners, craftworkers joined
ELECTION OF 1856
Democrats nominated
James Buchanan
 Republicans
nominated John C.
Frémont
 Know-Nothings chose
Millard Fillmore
 Buchanan won the
election
 He hoped that the
Supreme Court would
resolve the slavery
issue

*SCOTT V. SANDFORD
The Dred Scott
Decision 1857;
 Scott v. Sandford
 Scott sued his owner
 Said that he and his
wife were taken to
states and territories
where slavery was
illegal and therefore
should be free

RULING
 The
Court, under Chief Justice Roger B.
Taney, ruled 7 to 2 against Scott
 Slaves are property, not citizens, and
cannot sue in court
 Scott not free due to being in free area
 Missouri Compromise ruled
unconstitutional. Slaves were considered
property of their owners and Congress
could not deprive people of their
property without due process of law
according to the Fifth Amendment.
 Antislavery forces were disgusted
LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES
 Campaigning
for Senate seat from Illinois
in 1858
 Series of seven debates on the issue of
slavery in the territories.
 Physical contrast in the men was striking
 Douglas wins election
ABRAHAM LINCOLN





Studied law and worked at
various jobs
Served in the Congress in
the 1840s
Believed that the majority
could not deny the
minority their rights
Foresaw confrontation
“A house divided against
itself cannot stand. I
believe this government
cannot endure,
permanently half slave
and half free. I do not
expect the Union to be
dissolved—I do not expect
the house to fall—but I do
expect it will cease to be
divided. It will become all
one thing, or all the other.”
SENATOR DOUGLAS
Short, stout; known as
“the Little Giant”
 Believed that the
majority of people
could do anything
they wished, even
make slavery legal
 Lincoln gets national
attention, although
Douglas won the
Senate election

LINCOLN-DOUGLAS DEBATES
1858 ILLINOIS SENATE RACE

Stephen Douglas
 Agreed with Dred
Scott decision on
legal grounds
 “Freeport Doctrine”
says people can
vote slavery down
by popular
sovereignty

Abraham Lincoln
 Disagreed with
Dred Scott decision
(How can we have
popular sovereignty
if case is accepted?)
 Believed slavery
should not be
allowed to spread to
the territories
JOHN BROWN’S RAID




1859, Brown and his men
attacked the federal
arsenal at Harper’s Ferry,
Virginia; he hoped to seize
weapons and give them to
slaves
Wanted a slave uprising
Colonel Robert E. Lee
leads troops; Brown is
executed.
Northerners saw him as a
martyr; his raid deepened
the divide between the
North and South
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Sequence
CHART
American Political Parties During the 1850s
LINCOLN, SECESSION, AND WAR
SECTION 4
 How
did the Union finally collapse into a
civil war?
 Vocabulary:
Jefferson Davis
Crittenden Compromise
John C. Breckinridge
Fort Sumter
Confederate States of America
THE ELECTION OF 1860


In April 1860, Democratic Party split into
North and South factions
In Border States, the Constitutional
Union party forms from Whigs and
American party (Know Nothing)
CHART
The Candidates for President
CANDIDATES
 Southern
Democrats: John C.
Breckinrigde
 Northern Democrats: Stephen Douglas,
Illinois
 Constitutional Unionist party: John Bell,
Tennessee
 Republican party: Abraham Lincoln,
Illinois
 Lincoln wins with 39% of the vote and 180
electoral votes; sectional victory
LOWER SOUTH SECEDES
 Texas,
Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama,
Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina
 Secessionists: those who wanted the
South to secede
CONFEDERATE STATES OF
AMERICA
South Carolina seceded December 20,
1860
 In February 1861, the seven states
created the Confederacy and elected
Jefferson Davis as President

WAR STARTS


Lincoln takes
office on March 4,
1861
Vows to enforce
the laws of the U.S.
and to preserve,
protect, and
defend the
government
FORT SUMTER




Fort under the
command of Major
Robert Anderson
Running out of
supplies
April 12 General
P.G.T. Beauregard
fires on the fort
Anderson
surrenders
UPPER SOUTH
Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and
Arkansas joined the Confederacy
 Border States stay neutral
 The Civil War begins

TRANSPARENCY
Political Cartoons: The Nation Divided
TRANSPARENCY
Forming the Confederacy
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Identify Causes and Effects