What Are We Learning
Today?
2.9 Evaluate ideological systems that
rejected principles of liberalism.
Why Would a Country Reject
Liberalism?
• There are multiple reasons that countries
have varied the extent to which they have
adopted the principles of Classical
Liberalism.
• These include cultural, historical, and
spiritual considerations.
• Text pg 166
If YOU were to reject liberalism,
how would YOU do it?
Group Questions:
1. Do you feel that things were better
in the far past (reactionary), or do
we need a new world order
(radical)?
2. Are people all equal, or do we have
inherent classes via ability and
purpose?
3. Should a person work to get ahead,
or solely for the greater good?
4. How will you organize
employment?
5. How will you organize societal
structure (gender roles, etc)?
6. How will you organize your
government?
7. What are the three top required
qualities for your leader(S)?
8. How will you create laws?
9. How will you enforce laws?
10. How will you ensure compliance?
11. What will you do to address
dissenters/critics?
12. What will you do if a government
policy or initiative is seen negatively,
or doesn’t work?
13. Who will have information in your
society?
14. How will you educate, if at all?
15. What are your policies on ownership?
Bloody Sunday
• Pg. 164-165 & Figure 5-2
• Youtube: “Bloody Sunday, 1905” (3:46)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MgOLaRInUog
• Doctor Zhivago – “Bloody Sunday
Shootings” (3:46)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0q_dS4nIqc0
Two Most Influential Ideologies To
Reject Liberalism:
• COMMUNISM
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hH5atzhoyQ4
• (DevinWarzone; 7:19)
• FASCISM
• http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/202210/fascism
• (Definition and video 1:17)
Both Communism and Fascism Used
Totalitarian Gov’ts
On the USSR’s flag
hammer = industrialization
scythe = collectivized agriculture
On the Nazi’s flag
swastika = ancient symbol denoting luck
Since Hitler, to most Westerners it denotes evil
• Totalitarianism:
use of gov’t to
exert complete
control over
EVERY aspect of
its citizen’s lives
Both Used a Hierarchical Structure
Obedience
to and
support for
the party
was notnegotiable
Single charismatic
party leader
Top party
members
(national)
Lower party
members (regional
& local)
Masses of people in the
nation
Totalitarian Tactics
•
•
•
•
•
•
Conformity to the state ideology is demanded, and is
achieved through such measures as:
Extensive local, regional, and national organization.
Youth, professional, cultural, and athletic groups
(often forced participation).
A secret police using terror.
Indoctrination through education.
Censorship of the media.
Redirecting popular discontent (use of scapegoats).
Commonalities
• New technologies made totalitarianism possible and
allowed rulers to maintain an extreme degree of
control over their populations.
• Turned away from the individual and away from
limited democratic governments.
• Both had one party rule (no other political parties
allowed).
• Both favored a collective, all-powerful state.
Control of the Masses
FEAR
TERROR
INTIMIDATION
GESTAPO
INDOCTRINATION
PROPAGANDA
NKVD
COERCIVE POWER
Indoctrination
INDOCTRINATION IS
BRAINWASHING &
THOUGHT CONTROL
The Nature of Totalitarian Regimes
• Totalitarian regimes are responding to what they see
as dangerous and destabilizing changes. They
consider the existing society in need of a complete
transformation. This transformation may be:
• Radical, as in the Soviet Union, where the change is
a move toward the FAR LEFT side of the economic
spectrum (a classless society with public ownership
of property) and a complete REJECTION of the
political and economic traditions of the past.
• Reactionary, as in Nazi Germany, where the change
desired is a move toward an idealized past and an
ACCEPTANCE of economic inequality (accepting
the belief that some people are naturally better than
others). FAR RIGHT.
How did Russia move from
liberalist to Communist, via the
Revolution?
• What factors (historical, social, political,
economic, geographic) shaped this
movement?
• Booklet: Communism as a rejection of liberalism:
Communism in the 20th Century
• Reading: “Destruction of the Old Order: 1. Background of
the Russian Revolution”
Russia Late
th
19
Century
• Many people in Russia were receptive to the ideas
for social reform that sprang up in Europe.
• 80% of Russians were peasants.
• Population doubles from 50 to 100 million.
• Classical liberal policies were adopted and rapid
industrialization occurred that was similar to, but far
behind, what was already happening in many
European countries.
• However, the Russian political structure remained
autocratic (dictatorial), ruled by a monarchy that did
not want to give up control of the country.
Nicholas II (Ruled 1894-1917)
• Russia ruled by a
monarchy: Czar
Nicholas II, who
was an absolutely
dreadful leader.
The Reign of Nicholas II
• Food shortages in the cities were commonplace due
in part to a poorly organized transportation system.
• The czar had resisted almost all suggestions for
change, whether from the middle class seeking to
introduce liberal concepts such as a constitutional
monarchy, free speech, and free assembly; from the
peasants demanding land of their own; or from the
industrial worker demanding unions.
• The czar’s secret police persecuted dissenters of
every kind. Discontent and chaos were rife and
punishments were severe.
• Quote pg. 170
The Rise of Revolution
• Since Russian workers were subject to difficult
social and economic conditions many of the workers
gave their support to revolutionary groups. Many of
these groups assassinated high-ranking politicians in
the czar’s government.
• In 1905, Russia was defeated in a war against Japan
which only contributed to the citizens’
dissatisfaction with their gov’t.
• What resulted was the Russian Revolution of 1905.
Readings: Communism as
Rejection booklet:
• 2. Russo-Japanese war
• 3. Karl Marx and theory of Communism
– Questions
• 4. Politics after the 1905 Revolution
Ineffectual Reforms
• Although the 1905 revolution was eventually
suppressed, the czar was forced to allow some
reforms, including:
- basic civil rights (freedom of expression/assembly)
- universal suffrage (right to vote)
- creation of elected legislative assembly (Duma)
• These reforms proved ineffective. Nicholas II
limited the powers of the Duma before its first
session. Every law had to be approved by him and
he had the power to dismiss the Duma and call new
elections.
Russian Attitudes toward the
Czar:
• Bartok the bat: (0:12)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72U-m7qAz0s
• Text pgs 168-172
• Questions 1-6 (booklet)
Russia - 1917
• Russia had been at war for 3 years fighting WW I
and was experiencing massive losses due to poorly
led and poorly fed troops.
• Food shortages and strikes were common.
• Czar Nicholas II, unable to rule the Russia Empire
effectively or deal with the uproar among the
population, was overwhelmed by the pressures of
war.
• The Russian people’s discontent grew until February
1917, when mass demonstrations and strikes
coalesced into an outright revolution…
The Formation of the USSR
• Lenin’s slogan of “Land, Peace, Bread” seemed to
win over most of the Russian people. However,
taking power in a time of chaos was easier than
keeping it.
• A bloody civil war raged for the next five years
between the Red Army of Lenin’s Bolsheviks and
the White Army, a loose coalition of forces
including supporters of the old regime and reformers
opposed to the Bolsheviks.
• By 1922, the civil war was over, and communism
was established in Russia.
Communism booklet:
• 5. Effects of the Great War Upon Russia
• 6. the Two Revolutions of 1917
– Questions
• The Soviet Union during the Interwar Years
• Text pgs 179-186
– questios
Joseph Stalin and Totalitarianism
Soviet Propaganda:
(propaganda: one-sided
information designed to
persuade an audience)
Readings: “Joseph Stalin”; “Focus on USSR”
Questions: “Soviet Totalitarianism as a Rejection of
Liberalism: 7 Aspects…”
Communism in Practice
• Stalin’s Reign and Successive Dictators
– Questions
Germany Post WW I
• Pg. 172
• Germany, along with allied Austro-Hungarian
Empire, had been defeated in WW I. The principle
treaty that ended the war, the Treaty of Versailles,
was negotiated by the victors of the conflict without
German participation.
• The terms of this treaty provoked a lasting
resentment among many Germans.
Fascism as a Rejection of
Liberalism
• Fascism under Mussolini: See Fascism as a
Rejection of Liberalism: “Crisis Theory…”
• What do you know about Nazi Fascism?
• Why would Germany choose to reject
Classical Liberalism?
Treaty of Versailles Terms
• The “war guilt clause” which said that Germany
accepted sole responsibility and was thus
responsible for all damage caused by the war.
• Reparation payments in the amount of US $33
billion.
• The Rhineland, an area of western Germany, was to
be demilitarized.
• Various
European
territories
that
Germany
had
annexed
were
given to
other
countries.
(AlsaceLorraine)
More Treaty of Versailles Terms
• Germany army was limited to no more than 100,000
troops.
• The German navy was limited to no more than
15,000 men, with a limited number of vessels.
• The manufacture, import, and export of weapons
and armaments, including tanks, subs, aircraft, and
artillery, were prohibited.
Why Were Germans Anti-Liberalist?
• Germany’s new liberal democratic gov’t had no
choice but to accept Treaty of Versailles conditions,
however much of the German populace blamed the
gov’t for the humiliation and economic hardship the
treaty would cause for years afterwards. This
resentment would undermine many voters’
confidence in their liberal democratic gov’t.
• Furthermore, Germans associated liberalism with
their WW I enemies – Britain, France, and the US –
which made many against liberalism in all its forms.
Economic Turmoil
• In the years following WW I, the German economy
was in ruins.
• In 1923, Germany declared it could not continue to
make reparation payments imposed by the Treaty of
Versailles.
• In response, France & Belgium invaded Germany’s
industrial region hoping to claim reparations from
the profits of the businesses in that region.
• The German workers then responded with general
strikes, manufacturing came to a halt, causing
inflation to skyrocket.
An Inflation Analogy
Date
Today
October 24, 2013
October 24, 2014
October 24, 2015
October 24, 2016
April 2017
July 2017
August 2017
September 2017
October 2017
Amount of Canadian $ for
Each American $
1.00
5.81
8.83
23.22
917.91
13,303.04
12 million
3.03 billion
259 billion
504 billion
German Inflation
• According to our analogy, if you had 1 billion
dollars and it underwent the degree of inflation that
the German mark did from 1918-1923, your fortune
would be worth two tenths of a cent American.
• Figure 5-7 & 5-8 pg. 173
Nazis Take Advantage of Economic
Struggles
• From 1923 to 1929, the situation in Germany
stabilized to some extent. American banks lent
money to the German gov’t to make reparation
payments but this left Germany with a large debt.
• Added to this problem was the occurring of the
Great Depression.
• Hitler and his Nazi Party would eventually take
advantage of the widespread unemployment and
desperation of the German ppl by declaring it was
the responsibility of the state to provide every
citizen with an opportunity to earn a living.
Handouts and Readings
• Text pgs 172-177
– Activity pg 176: Questions 1-3
• Exploring Nazi Fascism
– 30-1: read
– 30-2: read; complete questions 1-3
• Fascism as a Rejection of Liberalism (30-1)
– read; complete reflection questions
Führer
The Leader of
the NAZI Party
Nationalist
Socialist
German
Worker’s Party
Video: BBC –
Inside the
Mind of A.
Hitler (46:56)
0:00 to 18:40,
and 31:36-end
ADOLF HITLER
http://www.youtube
.com/watch?v=8g77
usn8Ws4
Nazi Propaganda
One sided information
designed to persuade an
audience.
Text pg. 178
AND Activity
(do questions
to Guide first)
Nazism: Why Was It Embraced?
• Hitler promoted absolute nationalism, which called
for the unification of all German-speaking peoples,
the use of private paramilitary organizations to stifle
dissent and terrorize opposition, and the
centralization of decision making in a single leader,
to whom everyone owed loyalty.
• Rejection of Liberalism: Fascism: The Third Reich,
1933-1945 – Primary Sources and Questions
• The
Germany
nationalism of
the Nazi Party
appealed to many
Germans. Some other
countries had
significant Germanspeaking populations.
• Many German
nationalists believed
these countries should
be part of a larger
German-speaking
nation.
Other Appeals of Nazism
• Germany had a long military tradition. Many
Germans wanted for militarism to continue to
remain a dominant force in Germany.
• Nazi law and order appealed to many Germans who
were tired of years of instability and politically
motivated violence. They wanted a strong gov’t to
control the lawlessness. Ironically, much of the
political violence was instigated by the Nazi Party’s
paramilitary organization, the SA, or stormtroopers.
• Figure 5-9 pg. 174
Demonstration of support for the party, controlled
participation, and absolute loyalty.
Anti-Semitism in Germany
• Pg. 177
• Text pgs 186-192
– make a list of progression for Nazi laws
– What do you think, in comparison with Canada’s War
Measures Act, and also Aktion T4, and Cardinal
vonGalen’s reaction?
• Text pgs 193-195
– Pg 194 #1-3
– Pg 195 #1a, 3, 4
• Notes (in booklet):
– Nazism in Practice
– Nazism: Economic System
• Assignment: “Nazi Totalitarianism as a
Rejection of Liberalism: 7 Aspects…”
• Review:
– Venn Diagram – compare Communism to
Fascism
– Crossword
– Quiz