■Essential Question:
–What were the significant
motivations for & results of
America’s “new” foreign policy
from 1890 to 1914?
Reasons for U.S. Expansion
■Prior to 1890, U.S. expansion was
focused on settling the western
frontier via Manifest Destiny
■Expansion by 1890s was different
–New forms of communication led
to a sense of internationalism
–Looked to gain more naval bases
& markets in major trade routes
–New territories were viewed as
colonies, not as future-states
Reasons for U.S. Expansion
■Why the new focus? New markets
–End of the frontier led to fears
about economic opportunities
–American industrialism made
the U.S. a major exporter
–Businessmen feared nothing
would be left when European
imperialists finished annexing
U.S.World
Foreign
Colonial
Investments:
Empires,
1869-1908
1900
Reasons for U.S. Expansion
■Why the new focus? Darwinism
–Social Darwinism promoted
white superiority
–“White Man’s Burden” promoted
the “duty to civilize” the world
through trade, democracy, &
Christianity
■By the 1890s, the U.S. was ready
for its first real foreign “policy”
American Social Darwinism
Civilization
Vice
Ignorance
Barbarism
Superstition
Oppression
Which nations is England “hauling up the hill”?
What about the U.S.?
The U.S.
promoted
trade
withPower
but avoided
The
US
as
a
World
The U.S.
used the Monroe
Doctrine
in Latin
diplomatic
conflicts
with
Europe
The
coveted
Hawaii & as an
America
butU.S.
viewed
the Caribbean
control
of the
sea lanes
to China
“American
Lake”
& Latin
America
as a vast
potential market for U.S. goods
The U.S. as a World Power: Alaska
In 1867, Seward negotiated the purchase of
Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million
Secretary of State William Seward
(under Lincoln & Johnson) hoped to
annex Canada & Mexico for the USA
Sec of
State
(under
The
U.S.
asWilliam
a WorldBlaine
Power:
Latin America
Garfield & Harrison) emphasized a
“Good Neighbor Policy” & created
bilateral treaties to secure U.S. trade
U.S. businesses flooded Latin
America with goods, bought
raw materials, & undercut local
Latin American businesses
The U.S. as a World Power: Hawaii
U.S. missionaries & prospectors 1st arrived in
Hawaii in the 1820s; By the 1870s, Hawaii
was dominated by sugar & fruit plantation
owners who called for U.S. annexation
In “The
1891,Hawaiian
U.S. planters
pear led
is now
an overthrow
fully ripe, of
Queen
and Liliuokalani
this is the golden
& Hawaii
hour for
became
the a
republic
United
in 1894
States
under
to pluck
Sanford
it.” Dole
—John Foster, Sec of State under Harrison
Do youwas
see any
short-in&1898
long-term
Hawaii
annexed
under
significance
to annexing
Hawaii?
President
McKinley
The
U.S.
Open
Door
Policy
in
1900
The
U.S.
was
eager
to
trade
with
The
U.S.
as
a
World
Power:
China
suggested
that no
have aninto
China;
butnation
Chinawould
was divided
exclusiveEuropean
sphere of spheres
influence
China
ofin
influence
But U.S.-Japanese
were
The U.S.
as a World relations
Power:
Japan
th
rocky in the early 20 Century
The U.S. navy led by Commodore
Matthew
Perrypower
“opened”
Japan
to
Japan gained
in Asia
after
U.S.
trade in 1854 &War
ended
200
the Russo-Japanese
in 1904
years
of Japanese
isolationism
& gained
control
of Korea
The U.S. & Japan signed a
“Gentlemen’s Agreement” in 1907:
U.S. rescinded segregation against
Japanese living in CA & Japan
limited emigration to the U.S.
The Root-Takahira Agreement in 1908 agreed
to protect Asian status quo, uphold the Open
Door policy, & respect Chinese independence
The U.S.’
Themost
Newinfluential
Navy naval
strategist (under President Cleveland)
■In order to adequately prepare for
theheavy-armor
new U.S. ships
role in foreign
policy,
1st big,
1st submarines
Alfred
Mahan
pushed
for
a
“new
1st smokeless-powder artillery
navy” in the 1880s:
st torpedoes
1st rapid-fire
guns
1
–The initial focus was to create
lightly-armored, fast ships
–But by the 1890s, the navy built
new “offensive” battleships
–The navy improved from 12th the
world in 1889 to 3rd in 1900
The
Spanish-American
War
Causes of the Spanish-American War
■U.S. presidents from Jefferson to
McKinley saw the benefits for the
U.S. of gaining Cuba
■The SpanishAmerican War to
assist Cuba’s
independence
was the most
popular war since
the American
Revolution
Causes of the Spanish-American War
■By the 1860s, the only remaining
pieces of the Spanish Empire were
Cuba, Puerto Rico, & Philippines
–José Martí led Cubans in revolt
against Spain in 1895
–Spanish General Weyler used a
reconcentration policy (torture &
destruction of the Cuban food
supply) to try to end the Cuban
independence movement
American Involvement
■Presidents Cleveland & McKinley
both remained neutral regarding
Cuban independence until:
–Newspapers used sensationalist
“yellow journalism” which
boosted U.S. sympathy for Cuba
–In 1898, the USS Maine, sent
to protect U.S. interests in Cuba,
exploded in Havana harbor
Pulitzer’s The World &
Hearst’s New York Journal
The Spanish-American War
■In April 1898, Congress declared
war on Spain, but added the Teller
“Populists,
Democrats,
& Republicans
are we.
Amendment
to the
war declaration
But we
are
all
Americans
to
make
Cuba
free.”
stated that the U.S. had no plans
to annex Cuba
■The war led to patriotic outburst:
–Ex-Confederates served &
symbolically united North & South
–Women & African-Americans
volunteered in mass numbers
Spanish-American War was fought in
2 theaters: Cuba & the Philippines
Even the elite joined:
Teddy Roosevelt led the
Rough Riders in Cuba
“What a splendid little war.”
—John Hay, Secretary of State
under President McKinley
The war lasted only 113 days &
resulted in 5,500 deaths (mostly from
disease, only 379 died in battle)
Results of Spanish-American War
■U.S. & Spain signed the Treaty of
Paris on Dec 10, 1898:
–Cuba gained independence
–U.S. gained Puerto Rico & Guam
–What to do with the Philippines?
The U.S. did not want it, but
Germany did, so the U.S.
annexed the Philippines
The
did not
deem
WarU.S.
in the
Philippines
Filipinos
“ready”
for
self-rule
■Filipinos welcomed war with Spain
& aided the U.S. in the Pacific, but
they grew angry when the U.S.
refused to grant independence
■Emilio Aguinaldo led a guerillastyle rebellion that lasted 3 years:
–Cost 4,300 U.S. lives & between
50,000 & 200,000 native lives
–The U.S. resorted to Weyler-style
brutality: torture, starvation, rape
War in the Philippines
■McKinley appointed William Taft
to the Philippine Commission:
–Built schools, roads, & bridges
–Improved taxes & sanitation
–Created local governments that
honored Filipino culture
–Aguinaldo was captured &
urged an end to the fighting
■Philippines gained independence
on July 4, 1946
The “American Empire” in 1900
The Platt Amendment created a new Cuban
How should
the new
lands
in the
constitution
but forced
Cuba
to give
upnew
land for
“empire”
governed?
Voting?
U.S.
naval be
bases,
pay off Citizenship?
U.S. war debts,
Cuba
could not sign a foreign treaty that hurt the U.S.,
Alaska,
& Puerto
Rico
& theHawaii,
U.S. could
intervene
in Cuba
at were
any time
made territories with appointed
governors & granted U.S. citizenship
The navy controlled Guam & Samoa
Our Sphere
of Influence
Conclusions:
The USA as a
New World Power
Impact of Spanish-American War
■Just as the Depression of 1893
led to a shift in domestic policy,
the Spanish-American War led to
shift in U.S. foreign policy:
–The U.S. gained overseas
territories & was recognized as
a legitimate “world power”
–Increased the power of the
American president