•
Agenda
EQ: What were the long-term economic, political, and social implications of
Reconstruction?
 Warm-Up: If you had to design a plan to reconstruct the nation after the Civil
War, what are three things you would plan to do?
 MLQ: How can we learn about the reconstruction by comparing and
contrasting Lincoln’s and Johnson’s plans?
Vocabulary
Reconstruction: To put together again
Proposal: To put forward for consideration, discussion, or adoption
The family had to reconstruct their home after the hurricane had destroyed it.
The lawyer offered a proposal to his client to settle the case.
Work period: Students will:
1) Compare and Contrast Lincoln’s & Douglas’s plans for reconstruction
2) Answer tiered questions
 Share: Share answers
 Closing: Summary of lesson and answer MLQ
H.W. Create a T-Chart comparing and contrasting Lincoln’s & Douglas’s plans for
reconstruction
Key Questions
1. How do we
bring the South
back into the
Union?
2. How do we
rebuild the
South after its
destruction
during the war?
4. What branch
of government
should control
the process of
Reconstruction?
3. How do we
integrate and
protect newlyemancipated
black freedmen?
President Lincoln’s Plan
 10% Plan
*
*
*
*
*
Proclamation of Amnesty and
Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)
Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in
the South.
He didn’t consult Congress regarding
Reconstruction.
Pardon to all but the highest ranking
military and civilian Confederate
officers.
When 10% of the voting population in
the 1860 election had taken an oath of
loyalty and established a government, it
would be recognized.
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
 Required 50% of the number
of 1860 voters to take an
“iron clad” oath of allegiance
(swearing they had never
voluntarily aided the
rebellion ).
Senator
Benjamin
Wade
(R-OH)
 Required a state
constitutional convention
before the election of state
officials.
 Enacted specific safeguards
of freedmen’s liberties.
Congressman
Henry
W. Davis
(R-MD)
Slavery is Dead?
13th Amendment
 Ratified in December, 1865.
 Neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude, except as punishment for
crime whereof the party shall have been
duly convicted, shall exist within the
United States or any place subject to
their jurisdiction.
 Congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation.
Assassination of Lincoln
• On April 14, 1865 , President
Lincoln and his wife attended a
play at Ford’s Theater in
Washington, D.C.
• During the play, John Wilkes
Booth, a Southerner who
opposed Lincoln’s policies,
sneaked into the president’s
theater box and shot him.
• He was taken to the boarding
house across the street and
died early the next morning.
• His vice president Andrew
Johnson was sworn in
immediately as president.
President Andrew Johnson
 Jacksonian Democrat.
 Anti-Aristocrat.
 White Supremacist.
 Agreed with Lincoln
that states had never
legally left the Union.
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)
 Offered amnesty (forgiveness) upon a simple oath to all,
except Confederate government officials and military
officers and those with property over $20,000 (they has
to apply directly to President Johnson)
 In new constitutions, they must accept minimum
conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.
 Named temporary governors in Confederate states and
ask them to oversee elections for constitutional
conventions.
The Black Codes
• The Black Codes were laws passed by
Southern states that limited the newfound freedom of African Americans.
• Black Codes forced African Americans
to work on farms or as servants. They
also prevented African Americans from
owning guns, holding public meetings,
or renting property in cities.
Radical Republicans
• The Black Codes angered many Republicans in
Congress who felt the South was returning to its
old ways.
• The Radical Republicans wanted the South to
change more before they could be readmitted to
the Union.
• They were angry at President Johnson for letting
the South off so easy.
Congress Breaks with the President
 Joint Committee on
Reconstruction created in
Congress.
 February, 1866  President
vetoed the Freedmen’s
Bureau bill.
 March, 1866  Johnson
vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.
 Congress passed both bills over
Johnson’s vetoes  1st in
U. S. history!!
Radical Plan for Readmission
 Temporary government authorities in
southern territories were subject to
military supervision.
 Required new state constitutions, to
include black suffrage and ratification of
the 13th and 14th Amendments.
 In March, 1867, Congress passed an act
that authorized the military to enroll
eligible black voters and begin the
process of constitution making.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
 Command of the Army Act
*
The President must issue all
Reconstruction orders through
the commander of the military.
 Tenure of Office Act
*
The President could not remove
any officials [esp. Cabinet members]
without the Senate’s permission
 Designed to protect radical
members of Lincoln’s government.
Edwin Stanton
President Johnson’s Impeachment
 Johnson removed [Sec. of War ] E.Stanton in
February, 1868.
 Johnson replaced generals in the field who were
more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.
 The House impeached him on February 24
before even
drawing up the
charges by a
vote of 126 – 47!
The Senate Trial
 11 week trial.
 Johnson acquitted
35 to 19 (one short of
required 2/3s vote).
•
Agenda
EQ: What were the long-term economic, political, and social implications of
Reconstruction?
 Warm-Up: What were some similarities and difference between Lincoln and
Douglas’s plan?
 MLQ: How can we learn about the African American and Reconstruction by
reading for information?
Vocabulary
Grant: To consent to the fulfillment of
Segregate: To separate or isolate from others or from a main body or group
Work period: Students will:
1) Read passage from textbook
2) Answer tiered questions
 Share: Share answers
 Closing: Summary of lesson and answer MLQ
H.W. Answer the following questions:
1) What was the purpose of the Freedmen Bureau?
2) What is the difference between a carpetbagger and a scalawags?
3) What was Plessy vs. Ferguson and why was it so important?
th
14
Amendment
 Ratified in July, 1868.
*
*
*
Provide a constitutional guarantee of the
rights and security of freed people.
Insure against neo-Confederate political
power.
Enshrine the national debt while repudiating
that of the Confederacy.
 Southern states would be punished for
denying the right to vote to black
citizens!
15th Amendment
 Ratified in 1870.
 The right of citizens of the United States
to vote shall not be denied or abridged by
the United States or by any state on
account of race, color, or previous condition
of servitude.
 The Congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation.
 Women’s rights groups were furious that
they were not granted the vote!
Blacks in Southern Politics
 Core voters were black veterans.
 Blacks were politically unprepared.
 Blacks could register and vote in states since
1867.
 The 15th
Amendment
guaranteed
federal voting.
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
 Bureau of Refugees,
Freedmen, and
Abandoned Lands.
 Many former northern
abolitionists risked
their lives to help
southern freedmen.
 Called “carpetbaggers”
by white southern
Democrats.
Freedmen’s Bureau School
Sharecropping
Tenancy & the Crop Lien System
Furnishing Merchant
 Loan tools and seed
up to 60% interest
to tenant farmer to
plant spring crop.
 Farmer also secures
food, clothing, and
other necessities on
credit from
merchant until the
harvest.
 Merchant holds
“lien” {mortgage} on
part of tenant’s
future crops as
repayment of debt.
Tenant Farmer
 Plants crop,
harvests in
autumn.
 Turns over up to ½
of crop to land
owner as payment
of rent.
 Tenant gives
remainder of crop
to merchant in
payment of debt.
Landowner
 Rents land to tenant
in exchange for ¼
to ½ of tenant
farmer’s future
crop.
The “Invisible Empire of the South”
Ku Klux Klan
• In 1866 a group of white southerners created the
Ku Klux Klan.
• The KKK was a secret society opposed to
African Americans obtaining civil rights,
particularly the right to vote.
• The KKK used violence and intimidation to
frighten blacks.
• Klan members wore white robes and hoods to
hide their identities.
• The Klan was known to have murdered many
people.
The Civil Rights Act of 1875
 Crime for any individual to deny full &
equal use ofpublic places.
 Prohibited discrimination in jury
selection.
 Shortcoming  lacked a strong
enforcement.
 No new civil rights act was attempted
for 90 years!
Segregation and Jim Crow
Laws
• Starting in 1881, blacks had to stay in
separate hotels, sit in separate parts of
theaters, ride in separate rail cars, and
have separate schools, libraries, and
parks. This is known as segregation.
• Segregation - the legal separation of
blacks and whites in public places
• Jim Crow Laws - laws that forced
segregation
Plessy v. Ferguson
• The Supreme Court ruled segregation was legal
in Plessy v. Ferguson.
• They said that segregation was fair as long as
“separate-but-equal” facilities were provided for
African Americans.
• In practice, the African American facilities were
usually “separate-and-unequal.”
• It would take until the 1965, 100 years after the
Civil War ended, for Jim Crow laws to be
outlawed and blacks to finally realize legal
equality in America.
Legal Challenges
to the 14th & 15th Amendments
 The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)
 The court offered a narrow definition of the
14th Amendment.
 It distinguished between national and state
citizenship.
 It gave the states primary authority over
citizens’ rights.

Therefore, the courts weakened civil rights
enforcement!
Legal Challenges
to the 14th & 15th Amendments
 Bradwell vs. Illinois (1873)
 Myra Bradwell, a female attorney,
had been denied the right to
practice law in Illinois.
 She argued that in the 14th Amendment, it said
that the state had unconstitutionally abridged her
“privileges and immunities” as a citizen.
 The Supreme Court rejected her claim, alluding to
women’s traditional role in the home.

Therefore, she should NOT be practicing law!
Legal Challenges
to the 14th & 15th Amendments
 U. S. vs. Reese, et. al. (1876)
 The Court restricted congressional power to
enforce the KKK Act.
 The court ruled that the STATE alone could
confer voting rights on individuals.
 The 15th Amendment did NOT guarantee a citizen’s
right to vote, but just listed certain impermissible
grounds to deny suffrage.

Therefore, a path lay open for Southern states to
disenfranchise blacks for supposedly non-racial reasons
[like lack of education, lack of property, etc.]
Legal Challenges
to the 14th & 15th Amendments
 U. S. vs. Cruickshank (1876)
 LA white supremacists accused of attacking a
meeting of Blacks & were convicted under the
1870 Enforcement Acts.
 The Court held that the 14th Amendment extended
the federal power to protect civil rights ONLY in
cases involving discrimination by STATES.

Therefore, discrimination by individuals or groups were
NOT covered.
Legal Challenges
to the 14th & 15th Amendments
 Civil Rights Cases (1883)
 The Court declared the 1875 Civil Rights Act
unconstitutional.
 The Court held that the 14th Amendment gave
Congress the power to outlaw discriminations by
the states, but NOT by private individuals.
 Black people must no longer “be the special
favorites of the laws.”

Therefore, this marked the end of federal attempts to
protect African American rights until well into the 20c!
Work Period
Red Group
Read pgs 556, 564-565
Answer # 2(b) on 557 and #1(a&b) on 571
Green Group
Read pgs 556, 566-567
Answer # 2 (b) on 557, and #2 (a&b) on 571
Blue Group
Read pgs 556, 568-570
Answer # 2 (b) on 557, and #3 (b), #4(a&b)
on 571