INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
2013–2014 Update
Tenth Edition
Joshua S. Goldstein
Jon C. Pevehouse
Chapter Twelve:
The North-South Gap
Passengers on overcrowded train, Bangladesh, 2013.
12.1 State of the South
Basic human needs
World hunger
Rural and urban populations
Women in development
Migration and refugees
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Basic Human Needs
Food
Shelter
Literacy
Children
Health care
Safe water
War is a leading obstacle to provision of basic needs
Impact of natural disasters
BABY BOOST
Nearly a billion people in the global South—most of them in Africa
and South Asia—live in abject poverty, lacking safe water,
housing, food, and the ability to read. Natural disasters, droughts,
and wars can displace subsistence farmers from their land and
make matters worse. But sustained advances in health care, such
as the prenatal checkup given these women in Ivory Coast in
2012, are bringing dramatic improvements.
DO THE MATH
Children are a main focus of efforts to provide basic human needs
in the global South. Education is critical to both economic
development and the demographic transition. Girls worldwide
receive less education than boys, and in Afghanistan under the
Taliban, they were banned from schools altogether. This math
class in Kandahar, Afghanistan, in 2002, followed the Taliban’s
fall.
World Hunger
Most central of basic needs of people in global South is food
Malnutrition
Undernourishment
Subsistence farming vs. cash crops
Rural and Urban Populations
Urbanization
Causes
Land reform
DISPLACED
Subsistence farmers displaced from their land risk chronic hunger
and sometimes starvation. These villagers in eastern Democratic
Congo, where sporadic political violence has continued for more
than a decade, flee new fighting in 2012.
Women in Development
Economic development in poor countries closely tied to
the status of women
Men eat first
Discrimination against girls in education and literacy
WOMEN’S POWER
The status of women in
countries of the global South
affects their prospects for
economic development.
Women are central to rural
economies, to population
strategies, and to the provision
of basic human needs,
including education. Here, a
women’s cooperative in
Mauritania makes small loans
to its members, 2006.
Migration and Refugees
From poorer to richer states, often illegally
Voluntary
Refugees
Trafficking
President of Botswana,
Seretse Khama Ian Khama
Refugees from Kyrgyzstan are separated when Tajikistan
closes the border, 2010.
12.1 The State of the South
Q: Which of the following are examples of cash crops?
A) Rice
B) Yams
C) Carrots
D) Coffee
Answer:
D) Coffee
True/False:
In the global South hunger and malnutrition are
rampant.
Answer:
True
12.2 Theories of Accumulation
Economic accumulation
The World-system
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LOW-TECH
Production in the global South uses relatively little capital and
much labor (at low wages), reflecting an early stage of
industrialization. To develop economically, poor countries must
generate self-sustaining capital accumulation. Agriculture, energy,
and textiles are classic export products from the global South,
relatively low-capital and labor-intensive. In Morocco, textiles such
as these for sale in 2010 are a major source of export revenue.
Economic Accumulation
Capitalist perspective
Socialist perspective
Economic development based on capital accumulation
Growth of human populations and their capital
Industrial Revolution
Information technology
The World-System
Global system of regional class division
Marxist in orientation
Class divisions are regionalized
12.2 Theories of Accumulation
Q: According to world-systems theory, which type of state develops
most of the advanced products or quasi-monopoly goods?
A) Core states
B) Peripheral states
C) Semiperipheral states
D) Multinational states
Answer:
A) Core states
True/False:
Since Lenin, many Marxists have argued that capitalists in
the North exploit the South economically and use the
wealth thus generated to buy off workers in the North.
Theories of Accumulation
Answer:
True
12.3 Imperialism
World civilizations
History of imperialism, 1500-2000
Effects of colonialism
Postcolonial dependency
Revolutionary movements
Postrevolutionary governments
World Civilizations
Present-day international system
European civilization
China remained an independent civilization
Japan shogunates
Latin American civilizations
Africa
Arab caliphate
Europe began to rise to world dominance
History of Imperialism, 1500-2000
Development of oceangoing sailing ships
Portugal, then Spain, France, Britain
Decolonization in U.S., Latin America
Acquired colonies in Africa through end of nineteenth century
Decolonization in twentieth century, especially after World War
II
Effects of Colonialism
History of colonization
Negative effect on people and culture
Economic implications
Various methods to independence
Postcolonial Dependency
Gap in technical and administrative skills
Narrow export economies
Borders drawn by Europeans
Governments did not function effectively
Neocolonialism
Dependency theory
Enclave economy
Nationally controlled production
Penetration of economies by MNCs
MY DOLL, MY SELF
European colonialism
worldwide promoted
values and norms
implying that the
colonizer’s culture was
superior to the
indigenous culture.
Lingering effects remain
in postcolonial societies.
This girl displaced by
violence in Kenya, a
former British colony,
plays with a lightskinned doll, 2008.
Revolutionary Movements
Poverty
More equal distribution of wealth and power
Political revolutions
Social revolutions
Cold War
Post-Cold War
Post-Revolutionary Governments
Revolutionaries advocate broad distribution of wealth
After revolutions
Foreign policy does not change in long term
Become less revolutionary
RARE SUCCESS
South Africa’s former president, Nelson Mandela (here shown at a
march of the African National Congress in Boipatong, 1992), had
unusual success in making the difficult transition from
revolutionary to state leader, and then leaving office peacefully.
He had the advantage of coming to power nonviolently (relatively
speaking), enjoying tremendous world respect, and leading a
country that is relatively prosperous (though with huge
inequalities) in a very poor continent.
12.3 Imperialism
Q: European states colonized what part of the world?
A) The Americas
B) Primarily Asia
C) Primarily Africa
D) Most of the world’s territory
Answer:
D) Most of the world’s territory
True/False:
Revolutionaries more often than not remain liberal
and in particular tend to upturn the norms and rules
of the international system.
Imperialism
Answer:
False
Chapter Discussion Question
Why are hunger and malnutrition rampant in the
global South? Cite specific causes. Further, what role
has increasing urbanization played in this context?
And why have women been disproportionately
impacted by malnutrition and hunger?