11 th c. imperial crown

Europe in 1500

Europe in 1600

The “patchwork carpet” of
Holy Roman Empire, 1648

Europe in 1714



 political entity that covered a large portion of
Europe centered on Germany
A.D. 800-1806

History of the Holy Roman Empire
 476 – fall of the
Roman Empire to
Germanic tribes

History of the Holy Roman Empire

800 – Charlemagne crowned
“emperor” by Pope Leo III
–
Charlemagne = king of the
Franks, a Germanic tribe
–
–
Carolingians believe the title of Roman emperor in the west had been suspended, not ended, with Rome’s fall in 476 est. church backing for HRE &
Carolingians

History of the Holy Roman Empire


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1152-1190 – reign of Frederick I, aka Barbarossa, who adds “Holy” to title of “Roman Emperor”
1254 – origin of the term “Holy Roman Empire” mid-15 th c. – Habsburgs gain the imperial throne, which remains hereditary
1512 – name changes to “Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation”

History of the Holy Roman Empire
 1806 – Francis II gives up imperial title
–
–
Francis II = Habsburg ruler of Austria, Hungary,
Bohemia after losses to Napoleon, who dictates HRE’s dissolution



1815 – German
Confederation replaces the HRE
German Confederation =
39 states

How was the Holy Roman
Emperor selected?


First voted king of the Romans. From the 14 th c. forward, the voters were the main dukes and bishops of the German kingdom, called electors.
There were 7 and then 8 electors.
Second the new king went to Rome to be crowned
Emperor by the pope. Later emperors gave up this practice; Charles V was the last emperor to receive papal coronation in 1530.

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
Very little … from the later Middle Ages forward his power was mostly symbolic. Most real legal and administrative power was held in the territorial and municipal levels.
Peace of Westphalia (1648) gave almost complete sovereignty to the ≈300 states of the HRE.
Henceforward the HRE primarily existed in name only. Habsburg emperors focused on consolidating their own states in Austria, etc.

Voltaire’s Famous Quote (1756)
“This agglomeration which was called and still calls itself the Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire in any way.”