•
•
•
•
•

Answer:
Civilization- An advanced culture in which people have developed cities, science, and industries.
Examples & Evidence:
Mayas-astronomy, roads, pyramids
Aztecs-Tenochtitlan (well-engineered city), military powerhouse
Incas- quipus (system of record keeping), terraces, basic military

Section 3.1

Here are a few important people that helped end the
Spanish reign…

1588 –
Sir Francis
Drake
(England) defeated the
Spanish Armada

Where did the defeat of the Spanish
Armada take place?
Off the coast of
Northern Ireland

Why is the defeat of the Spanish Armada so important?
Opens seas for Europe to Explore America!!! People started to head out into the unknown.

Why would people leave Europe for unexplored land?
• Potential wealth-fur, land, trade
• Religious freedom-Separatists wanted to leave and form their own church
• Adventure-see something new and exciting
• New start-out of jail, debt, bad reputation, make a living at a new job
• Power-to gain military or political power, but also to avoid the tyranny in Europe
(kings)

Sir Humphrey
Gilbert –
Claimed
Newfoundland for
Queen Elizabeth
(England)

Sir Humphrey Gilbert cutting the first sod in
Newfoundland in August 1583. Sir Humphrey
Gilbert's British colony on Newfoundland failed partially because the colonists were more anxious to find silver mines than to plant crops.

The capitol of North
Carolina is now named after Sir
Walter
Raleigh
Sir Walter
Raleigh –
Explored and reported positives of settling
Roanoke Island
(off coast of
North Carolina)

Roanoke – 1585
The 1 st attempt at an English colony in America. After a harsh winter the settlement was vacated.

John White –
Tried again two years later. After settling, White goes back to England for supplies and ….
This is a
1585 map drawn by
John
White of the North
Carolina area where
Roanoke was settled.

Upon his return
(3 years later after war with Spain) he found only the word
CROATOAN and nothing else !!!
(Which means the colony was a failure)

The Virginia Company - Received a charter to settle in the area known as
Virginia. A charter was permission from the king to start a settlement. This settlement was called Jamestown.

Jamestown was settled inside of the Chesapeake
Bay in Virginia near present day
Williamsburg, Virginia.

-1608 - Capitan John Smith instilled military rule forcing colonists to work. Colony had success.
-1609 - Lord De La Warr continued it. He was a strict, poor leader (heard of Delaware?)
-1619 - Sir George Yeardly started a House of
Burgesses because the men wanted a say in the government.
After about 12 years the colony started to succeed.

What challenges did the colonists face?
NATIVE AMERICANS –
Violence came when the
English settled the good land
WEATHER –
Harsh winters forced colonists to feed from animals they didn’t want to lose

DISEASE –
Malnourishment, new climate (swamp) and close quarters increased sickness
GOVERNMENT –
Early lack of leadership allowed settlers to search for gold instead of growing crops

What helped Jamestown SURVIVE ?
THE COLONY’S
STRUCTURE : fort-like to keep Native Americans out.
NATIVE AMERICANS :
The Powhatan Tribe helped them gain the food they needed to survive.

What helped Jamestown survive?
TOBACCO : John Rolfe learned to grow a less bitter kind, giving them a profitable crop. It was sold back in England.

What helped Jamestown survive?
Year Arrive
1619 - - -
REINFORCEMENTS
Population
: Many more came to settle than were dying, especially women.
1624 4,000
866
843
1,277

Agonquin Indian
Powhatan Tribe
Father was Chief Powhatan
She converted to Christianity and went by the name of
Rebecca
She married John Rolfe
She died in 1617 at the age of
22
This is an original engraving by Simon van de Passe, from which an oil painting was later made. This is the only surviving portrait made during her lifetime, published in 1616. Therefore, it is the most accurate.

Recreated Powhatan village at the Jamestown Settlement
Some say this painting of Pocahontas and her son Thomas, which has been preserved for centuries, is the most accurate depiction of her.

The final years of
Jamestown…
•Africans were brought to
Jamestown as laborers, not slaves (but against their will)
•In 1624, King James cancelled the charter and took control of the colony.

Did you know???
In 1607, about the same time as the Jamestown colonization, a group of
English colonists attempted to establish a colony in the
Northern Virginia territory.
The colony, a fort named Fort
St. George, was located in present day Maine and was named Popham after its leader George Popham. It lasted for approximately a year before the discouraged settlers returned to England.

-1620 -
More colonists headed for
Virginia but landed in
Plymouth instead.
They were out of supplies so they decided to stay.

-Most believe religious differences led to the
Pilgrims establishing the colony of Plymouth.
-However, only about
1/3 of them were actually Pilgrims
(religious journey) The
Pilgrims were
Separatists-people who left the English Church.

The Mayflower Compact
-Created to establish order, all agreed to follow the rules
-All had a say in the rules
(majority rule)

The Mayflower Compact
-Loyalty to the King
Contract was for the general good of the colony

The Mayflower Compact
Used later as a guide for the
Constitution
(formal plan of
Government) in the United States

•Local Indians, Squanto and Samoset helped the colonists farm and hunt.
•The colonists invited the
Native Americans to feast with them the following fall. Thanksgiving!
•FYI- this had been done between many Native
Americans and colonists before.

Recap of the first English Colonies
•
Roanoke- 1 st attempt at an English colony in
America. Failure and mystery
•
Jamestown-1 st successful English colony (in
Virginia)
•
Plymouth-2 nd successful English colony (in
New England)

Warm-up
Question: Why would people leave
Europe for unexplored land?

Answer:
Potential wealth-fur, land, trade
Religious freedom-Separatists wanted to leave and form their own church
Adventure-see something new and exciting
New start-out of jail, debt, bad reputation
Power-military or political

Section 3.2

How did the New England Colonies form?
Originally there was Plymouth, this colony later merged with M.B.C. to become Massachusetts (Pilgrims and
Puritans lived together)
Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630)-
John Winthrop led the Puritans to
Boston to establish a Christian community. (They were still part of the Church of England, unlike the
Pilgrims.) They set up a basic representative govt. but didn’t accept other religions.
Disagreements about religion led to the founding of other New England colonies

New Hampshire
•
New Hampshire (1638)was founded by John
Wheelwright when he was forced to leave M.B.C.
Mostly for religious freedom.
•
Wheelwright was a Puritan minster who got kicked out of M.B.C. for defending
Anne Hutchinson
•
Exports-Furs, Cattle & Ships

Connecticut
•
Connecticut(1636)-
Thomas Hooker led a group to this area.
•
Religious and political freedom.
•
They wrote the first
American Constitution.
(F.O.C.)
•
Exports-Iron, Cattle,
Grain & Ships

Rhode Island
• Rhode Island (1636)-Roger
Williams started this colony for religious freedom.
• Anne Hutchinson tested the religious and female boundaries. Forced to leave
M.B.C. She started her own settlement-became part of
Rhode Island.
• Exports-Iron & Rum

Native American Relations
•
Native Americans had good and bad interactions with the colonists.
•
King Philip’s War was fought between the
Puritans and the Native
Americans (to stop
European expansion.)
•
Metacom (called King
Phillip by the
Europeans)led the confederation of indigenous peoples that included the Wampanoag and Narraganset tribes.
•
It was one of the most costly wars of resistance in New England history.

Warm Up
Question: What was the main reason why the New England colonies formed?

Answer: Religious freedom

Section 3.3

New York
•
1624, Duke of York
•
Originally called New Netherland, a Dutch colony that was occupied by patroons.
(Dutch, German, Swedish, and Finish lived there)
•
The English took over the valuable colony and renamed it New York. New York had a very diverse population and became one of the fastest growing areas in America.
Expanded British trade.
•
It was the first proprietary colony
–
What is a proprietary colony?
•
The earlier colonies were charter colonies.
•
3 types of colonies created by the Britishcharter, royal, proprietary
James, Duke of York, for which the colony was named

Delaware
•
1638 (became it’s own colony in 1704), No leader
•
Mostly Swedish settlers
(originally Dutch controlled) became an English colony when they took N.Y.
•
Initially part of Pennsylvania, but it was soon determined to be too far from Philadelphia and in 1704 it became a separate colony.
•
Helped expand British trade

New Jersey
•
1664
•
Started by John Berkeley and George Carteret
•
Originally part of N.Y., broke off to make money
•
People flocked to N.J. because of the opportunity for general freedoms. Profit from selling land and trading.
•
At first a proprietary colony then turned to a royal colony.
Left:
Berkley
Right:
Carteret

Penn
Pennsylvania
•
1682
•
Started by William Penn for the
Quakers. (Holy Experiment)
Pennsylvania was a peaceful and religiously tolerant settlement.
•
Profits from land sales/trade
•
Quakers believed that all people had an “inner light” with God.
•
They were against slavery and women were treated as equals.
•
Freedom of religion and peace with
Native Americans

Middle Colonies
•
The most diverse population of the three regions. Many nationalities living under
British rule.
•
Helped expand British trade in the colonies
•
The western edge of the middle colonies was called the backcountry-this area extended into the uninhabited (by whites) land.
•
Many Scotch-Irish and Germans moved to the
Middle Colonies for it’s toleration.

Warm up
Question: What was one overarching characteristic of the middle colonies?
(something they all had in common)

Answer: They had a very diverse population, made up of many ethnic groups.
Many Scotch-Irish,
German, Dutch and
Swedish families moved to the middle colonies. There was also a fair amount of religious toleration, especially in Pennsylvania where the Quakers lived.
Also used to expand British trade.

Section 3.4

The Mason-Dixon Line
• Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon were hired to settle the boundary dispute between Pennsylvania and Maryland.
• They created the Mason-Dixon Line.
•
After the American Revolution this line divided the slave states and the states where slavery had been abolished.
• Five colonies were south of the Mason-Dixon: Maryland,
Virginia, North and South Carolina and Georgia

•
Virginia (1607)
•
Originally started by John
Smith ( Jamestown.)
•
Continued to expand and profit, but problems developed between colonists and the Native Americans.
• Bacon’s Rebellion-a wealthy planter led raids on Native
American villages and
Jamestown. The raids proved that western VA colonists wanted to expand inland and would fight their own government.

•
Maryland (1634)
•
Started by Cecil Calvert
•
Started as a Catholic refuge and to profit from selling land.
•
Also brought many indentured servants and slaves to help with the crops.
Cecil Calvert (also known as
Lord Baltimore)

•
The Carolinas (1663)
North (1712) South (1719)
•
Led by a group of 8 proprietors
•
Two profitable colonies, created for prominent members of the king’s courts.
•
Profit from selling land and trade.
•
Crops and slavery were very important to these areas.
•
Georgia (1733)
•
Started by James Oglethorpe
•
Created for religious freedom and a fresh start from debt. The colony also served as protection against the
Spanish and Native Americans—it was a buffer!

The Southern Colonies
•
Mostly created to sell and profit from the land.
•
Slavery becomes and important part of colonial society in the
South.
•
Life in the South is based on developing agriculture.

Warm up
Question:
Why is the
Mason-
Dixon line significant to
American history?

Answer: It provided the dividing line in the United States between the
Northern free states and the Southern slave states after the American
Revolution.
A "crownstone" boundary monument on the Mason-Dixon
Line. The coat of arms of
Maryland's founding Calvert family is shown. On the other side are the arms of William Penn .

Ch 3 NPQ
(including 3.1-3.4)

Warm up
Question: List one product grown or produced in each of the three regions of colonies. Be sure to specify what product comes from each region.

Answer:
New England- grain, cattle, lumber, fish, whales, furs, ships, rum, iron
Middle- grain, cattle, fish, lumber, rum, iron
Southern- rice, indigo, cattle, grain, tobacco, fish, lumber, iron, rum, cotton

Warm up
Question: Why was it important for the early colonies to create basic forms of government?
(Ex: The Mayflower
Compact, House of
Burgesses, town meetings)

Answer: There were a couple of main reason why…
• To establish order/law among the colonists
• To prevent chaos
• The colonists had come from countries in
Europe that all had existing governmentsthis is what they were use to and government in the colonies made them feel more comfortable in a new world.
• To provide consequences for those who disrupted the order of the group (Ex: jail)

Section 3.5

French & Spanish Colonies
• French Colonies:
– Didn’t take the land, mostly traded with the Native
Americans
– Many French joined life with the
Native Americans
– Supported by the King of France
– Originally didn’t want colonies, but followed the lead of the
British
– Where: Canada, Mississippi
Valley
– Important people: Louis Joliet,
Jacques Marquette, Robert
Cavelier Sieur de La Salle
• Spanish Colonies:
– Colonies that had been around since the 1500’s
– Bordered the “new” French
& British colonies
– Christian missions were a key aspect of Spanish colonies
– Wanted to expand the size of their empire
– Where: Florida, Southwest
U.S., Mexico
– Important people: Juan de
Onate, Junipero Serra

•
While France and England were building colonies in North America, Spain had colonies that were hundreds of years old.
•
St Augustine-1 st permanent European settlement in North America.
•
The Spanish also had borderlands (between
Mexico & the Europeans.) This was Spain’s most important land as well as land in South
America.
•
Juan de Onate-founded Santa Fe

Missions
•
Roman Catholic missionaries played a key role in colonizing the borderlands.
•
Their goal was to teach and spread Christianity to the Native Americans.
•
Important missions were- San Antonio, San
Diego, San Francisco and Los Angeles
•
Junipero Serra- started many of the missions in
CA (Spanish)
•
Native Americans worked at the Spanish missions-they weren’t in control of their own lives.

Warm up
Question: What are two characteristics of each of the following colonies; French,
Spanish and English?

Answer: Answers will vary…let’s look at the
Comparison Chart from our 3.5 notes.

Warm up
Question: How do these two paintings show different interactions between Native
Americans & colonists? Is this representative of life in the colonies, why?

Answer:
The first picture shows the violence that existed between many of the settlers and the Native
Americans. Many Native American tribes were threatened by invading settlers.
The second picture shows The Quakers (a peaceful society) co-existing peacefully with the Native Americans…this is much closer to how the Native Americans lived prior to the arrival of the colonists.