Failure of Reform
and the End of the Qing
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Sino-Japanese War 1894-95
100 Days Reform 1898
Boxer Uprising 1900
Late Qing Reforms 1901-1911
Sino-Japanese War 1894-95
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Treaty of Shimonoseki (Li Hongzhang and Ito Hirobumi)
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1. China recognizes “full and complete independence of Korea”
2. China must pay 200 million taels in gold as indemnity
3. Four more treaty ports on Yangzi River
4. Taiwan, Pescadores, and Liaodong Peninsula (later returned for
cash)
5. Permission to build factories and industrial enterprises in treaty
ports
Triple Intervention, Germany, Russia and France respect “territorial
integrity”
Foreign Imperialism and the
“Scramble for Concessions
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Treaty Port System and Trade indirectly
disrupted rural economy
China opened to Foreign Missionaries 18601890 hundreds of disturbances requiring top
level diplomatic negotiations.
“Scramble for Concession” 1895-1898
unprecedented level of foreign penetration
Leaseholds, railways, mining
Foreign Imperialism and the
“Scramble for Concessions” (1896-98)
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Germany: Shandong
Britain: New Territories Guangdong
Russia: Liaodong
France: Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong
Japan: Korea and Taiwan
U. S. Open Door Policy:
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“respect political independence and territorial integrity”
Foreign Spheres of Influence
“100 Days” Reform 1898
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Guangxu Emperor (r.1875-1908)
(1889-1898 “independent”)
Kang Youwei (1858-1927)
Confucius as Reformer
Zhang Zhidong (1837-1908)
Conservative Reform
Empress Dowager, Cixi (18351908) “Coup” stops reform
movement
Yuan Shikai, Military
Commander
Reasons for Failure, ‘bad politics’
Boxer Uprising 1900, Anti-Christian,
Anti-Foreign
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Reaction to Foreign
imperialism and
Christianity
Local factors, drought
Empress Dowager’s
support
Eight Nation Army
occupied Beijing
Boxer Uprising 1900, AntiChristian, Anti-Foreign
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Boxer Protocol
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Punishment of Pro-Boxer
Officials
450 million taels
indemnity (4X annual
revenue)
Dagu forts destroyed
Foreign troops stationed on
route to Beijing
No arms imports for 2
years
“Late” Qing Reforms 1901-11
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Education
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Military
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Abolish civil service exams 1905
Send students abroad
Eliminate Provincial-based Armies
Create National “New Army”
Political
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Constitution
Local, provincial, national assemblies