The Era of Thomas
Jefferson
Chapter 9
Jefferson takes Office

Thomas Jefferson was
inaugurated in March
1801.


He ran against John
Adams.
Aaron Burr won the
same amount of
electoral votes as
Jefferson


The House of
Representatives
debated for 6 days
before Jefferson was
chosen
In 1804, the electors
would vote separately
for President and Vice
President
Jefferson takes Office

Jefferson was the first
president to get
inaugurated in
Washington DC


The presidents goal
was to limit the federal
governments power
over the states
He thought that laissez
faire would be the best
idea



He fired all tax
collectors and cut the
number of diplomats
He reduced the size of
the military
People who were
imprisoned under the
Sedition Act were
released
Jefferson takes Office

Adams appointed
William Marbury and
other judges before
he left office


Republicans said
these were to keep
the Federalists in
power
Jefferson ordered
James Madison to
cease work on the
appointments
Jefferson takes Office


Marbury sued Madison
citing the Judiciary Act
of 1789
Chief Justice John
Marshall ruled that the
Judiciary Act of 1789
was unconstitutional


He said the Court’s
power came from the
Constitution
This was important
because of the court
case Marbury v.
Madison, judicial review
was established
The Louisiana Purchase

By 1800,
more then a
million
settlers lived
between the
Appalachian
and the
Mississippi

Most of these
settlers were
farmers.
The Louisiana Purchase

These farmers relied on
the Mississippi River to
transport their crops to
the port at New Orleans

Spain had controlled
new Orleans and the
US negotiated with
Spain to guarantee
American’s right to
ship goods down the
Mississippi to New
Orleans
 This was called
Pinckney’s Treaty
The Louisiana Purchase


Jefferson found out in
1801 that Spain had
given New Orleans
and the Louisiana
Territory to France in
a secret treaty
In 1802, before the
official transfer of the
land to France, the
Spanish governor
stopped allowing
Americans to ship
their goods through
New Orleans
The Louisiana Purchase

The President decided
that he would try to buy
New Orleans from the
French


He sent James Monroe
and Robert Livingston
to try to buy New
Orleans and West
Florida from France
When they arrived they
found out that Toussaint
L’Ouverture had driven
the French from Haiti
The Louisiana Purchase




They knew the French
would have a hard time
defending Louisiana
They also knew that
there were tensions
between France and
England
Napoleon, the leader of
France would need
money to support the
war
Napoleon offered to sell
not only New Orleans
but the entire Louisiana
Purchase

They purchased the
whole territory for $15
Million-4 Cents an acre
The Louisiana Purchase

No where in the
Constitution did it say
that the President had
power to buy land


Jefferson said that the
President was allowed
to make treaties, the
Senate approved and
Congress voted to pay
for the land
In January 1803,
Jefferson convinced
Congress to pay $2,500
on a western expedition
The Louisiana Purchase

He chose Meriwether
Lewis and William
Clark to report back
about geography,
plants, animals and
other natural features

He also wanted
them to make
contact with the
Natives and to look
for a waterway from
the Mississippi to
the Pacific Ocean
The Louisiana Purchase



They took 40 men and
traveled up the Missouri
River, met up with natives,
reached the Great Plains,
traveled west, and met up
with Native American
Sacagawea, who traveled
with them and was a
translator
They climbed the
Rockies, reached the
continental divide, found
the Columbia River and
traveled by canoe to the
Pacific Ocean
It took nearly 6 months to
return to Missouri
The Louisiana Purchase

In 1806-1807,
Zebulon Pike also
explored the
southern part of the
Louisiana Territory

When he got to the
Rocky Mountains, he
was stopped by deep
snow

The mountain he
could not climb is
now called Pike’s
Peak
The Louisiana Purchase

On his return, he
went to Spanish new
Mexico



Pike and his
explorers were
arrested by Spanish
troops
They thought they
were spies trying to
take over the area
They were released
and escorted back
to the United States

Because of
Pike’s reports,
the Americans
grew interested
in the Spanish
Borderlands.
A Time of Conflict

Pirate ships began to
attack American ships in
the Mediterranean Sea



These ships came from
Morocco, Algiers,
Tunisia and Tripoli (the
Barbary State)
These pirates took
property and sailors,
holding the sailors for
ransom
European governments
stopped the raids by
paying the States
tribute
A Time of Conflict

Jefferson stopped
paying tribute and
sent warships to the
Mediterranean



The Philadelphia
ran aground near
Tripoli and the crew
was imprisoned
American sailors
burned this ship to
prevent the pirates
from using it.
American troops
marched across the
Sahara desert and
captured Tripoli
A Time of Conflict

By 1803, France
and England were at
war


Americans were
Neutral
To prevent the other
side from getting
supplies, the French
and English began to
seize American ships
and stealing the
cargo

The British again
used impressments
A Time of Conflict

To try to stop this, in
1807, Jefferson passed
the Embargo Act

Forbid any trade on
American ships sailing
to any foreign port



Jefferson thought this
would stop the other
countries from seizing
ships
Instead, the money
made by exports fell,
prices of crops declined
and thousands of
Americans lost their
jobs
Many Americans began
to smuggle goods.
A Time of Conflict

After the Battle of Fallen
Timbers, many settlers moved
West



Diseases such as measles,
smallpox and the flu killed
thousands of Natives
Settlers stole native lands for
hunting
The Shawnee people were hurt
by the settlers

In 1805, Tenskwatawa and
Tecumseh urged Natives to
fight against the settlers


This action scared American
officials
In 1811, William Henry
Harrison, marched his soldiers
against the Shawnee villages
and defeated the Natives at the
Battle of Tippecanoe
The War of 1812

There was tensions
between Britain and the
US when James
Madison became
president in 1809

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Arming Natives
Impressments of sailors
America’s new
nationalism


Henry Clay and John
C. Calhoun became
leaders in the House
of Representatives
They supported war
with Britain-They were
called War Hawks
The War of 1812

Although England
was at war in Europe,
they would not give
into US Demands to
avoid war
The War of 1812


The US navy only
had 16 warships,
and the army had
only 7,000 men
The British set up a
blockade of the
Coast

A major sea battle
was in Aug 1812 and
the USS Constitution
defeated the British
ship Guerriere
The War of 1812

The British and Americans
were also fighting for
control of the Great Lakes
and the Mississippi



American General William
Hull tried and failed to
invade Canada
The Americans did win at
Lake Erie, where they
defeated the British
In the south, Natives
attacked American
settlements.

Andrew Jackson fought
back and defeated the
natives at the Battle of
Horseshoe Bend
The War of 1812

The British Attacked
Washington D.C. in
August 1814


Dolly Madison, the
President’s wife
gathered important
documents and fled
the building
The British set fire to
the White House
The War of 1812

They Then moved to
For McHenry in
Maryland


Although the British
fought through the
night, the
Americans had
beaten off the attack
Francis Scott Key
saw this attack and
later wrote “The
Star Spangled
Banner”
The War of 1812

Britain had become
tired of war and
peace talks began in
Ghent, Belgium


The Treaty of Ghent
ended the war
Many Federalists did
not agree with this
war, and met at the
Hartford Convention
to talk about New
England states
seceding from the US