Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The French
Revolution Begins
Section 2: Radical Revolution
and Reaction
Section 3: The Age of Napoleon
Visual Summary
What makes a nation?
The Arc de Triomphe is one of the
national symbols of France. It was
commissioned by Napoleon in
1806 to commemorate his Grand
Army. Can you name some other
national symbols of France? In this
chapter you will learn how France
became a nation.
• What are some national symbols
of the United States?
• What are the characteristics of
a nation?
• What is nationalism?
The French Revolution
Begins
What was the French
system of government
before the French
Revolution?
Radical Revolution and
Reaction
What internal conflicts in
France affected the
progress of the French
Revolution?
The Age of Napoleon
Why was Napoleon able to
take control of France and
become its emperor?
The BIG Idea
Struggle for Rights Social inequality and economic
problems contributed to the French Revolution.
Content Vocabulary
• estate
• bourgeoisie
• taille
• sans-culottes
Academic Vocabulary
• consumer
• exclusion
People and Events
• Louis XVI
• Tennis Court Oath
• Declaration of the Rights of Man
and the Citizen
• Olympe de Gouges
Should all people pay taxes
regardless of their income level?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Background to the Revolution
The Third Estate, that vast majority of
the French people, was heavily taxed
and discontented.
Background to the Revolution (cont.)
• French society was divided legally into
three status groups or estates.
– First Estate: clergy
– Second Estate: nobility
– Third Estate: everyone else, from
peasants to wealthy merchants
The Three Estates in
Pre-Revolutionary France
Background to the Revolution (cont.)
• The First and Second Estates controlled
most of the wealth but were exempt from
paying the taille, or tax.
• The Third Estate had to pay taxes to the
government. In addition, peasants owed
duties to the nobles, such as harvesting
their crops.
The Three Estates in
Pre-Revolutionary France
Background to the Revolution (cont.)
• The bourgeoisie, or middle class, was
unhappy not to have the same privileges
granted to the nobility.
• The immediate cause of the revolution was
a near collapse of the French economy.
Background to the Revolution (cont.)
• Causes of the financial crisis:
– bad harvests
– slowdown in manufacturing
– food shortages
– rising prices of food
– unemployment
Background to the Revolution (cont.)
• Louis XVI and his ministers continued to
spend enormous sums of money on wars
and court luxuries.
• When the government invested large sums
of money to support the American colonists
against the British, the budget went into
total crisis.
• France needed to increase taxes. Louis XVI
called a meeting of the Estates-General to
discuss the tax increase.
Who was included in the First Estate?
A. Peasants and merchants
B. Nobility
C. Clergy
D. Royalty
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C. 0%C
0%
D. D
B
C
0%
D
From Estates-General to National
Assembly
The Third Estate claimed the right to have
its votes count as much as those of the
First and Second Estates.
From Estates-General to National
Assembly (cont.)
• The Estates-General met to discuss the
needed tax increase on May 5, 1789.
• The Third Estate wanted the clergy and nobility
to pay taxes too.
• Under the current system, each estate had one
vote, so the Third Estate could easily be
outvoted by the First and Second Estates.
From Estates-General to National
Assembly (cont.)
• The Third Estate wanted each deputy to have a
vote to give themselves more power, but the
king favored the current system.
• Challenging the king’s authority, the Third
Estate declared that it was the National
Assembly and would draft a new constitution.
From Estates-General to National
Assembly (cont.)
• When the National Assembly was locked
out of Versailles and had to meet in an
indoor tennis court, they swore that they
would continue meeting until they had a
constitution. This oath is known as the
Tennis Court Oath.
• Louis XVI prepared to use force against
the Third Estate, but on July 14, 1798,
Parisians stormed the Bastille.
France
From Estates-General to National
Assembly (cont.)
• Fearing that foreign armies would stop the
work of the National Assembly, peasant
rebellions sprang up around the country.
Why did peasants attack the Bastille?
A. To get ammunitions
B. To release the prisoners
C. To kidnap the king
D. To get food
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C. 0%C
0%
D. D
B
C
0%
D
End of the Old Regime
The National Assembly affirmed the
“rights of man” and set up a limited
monarchy in the Constitution of 1791.
End of the Old Regime (cont.)
• The National Assembly adopted the
Declaration of the Rights of Man and
the Citizen.
– All men were free and equal before the law.
– Appointment to public office should be based
on talent.
– No group should be exempt from taxation.
– Freedom of speech and press were affirmed.
End of the Old Regime (cont.)
• Olympe de Gouges refused to accept
the exclusion of women from the
declaration and wrote about it.
• The king did not support the National
Assembly’s decrees but was forced by a mob
of Parisian women to accept the decrees and
return to Paris.
End of the Old Regime (cont.)
• The National Assembly tried to reform the
Catholic Church.
– Church lands were sold off.
– The Church was brought under the control of
the state.
– Church officials would be elected by the
people, not appointed by the pope.
– The state would pay the salaries of bishops
and priests.
End of the Old Regime (cont.)
• The new Constitution of 1791 set up a
limited monarchy. There would still be a
king, but a Legislative Assembly would
make laws.
• Men over 25 who paid a certain amount of
taxes- could vote
• “Passive” citizens with equal rights but no
vote
End of the Old Regime (cont.)
• With food shortages and the war going badly,
angry citizens wanted more radical changes.
They formed the Paris Commune and
organized a mob attack to take the king
captive.
• Members of the Paris Commune began
calling themselves sans-culottes and wore
long trousers to identify themselves as
ordinary patriots.
Why did the Catholic Church not support
the French Revolution?
A. The Church liked the tradition
of the monarchy.
0%
D
D. The French government took
control of the Catholic Church
in France.
A
0%
A
B
C0%
D
C
C. The French army provided
soldiers to protect the Church.
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
B. King Louis XVI was related
to the pope.
The BIG Idea
Struggle for Rights Radical groups controlled the
revolution, which many people in France and abroad
opposed.
Content Vocabulary
• faction
• coup d’état
• elector
Academic Vocabulary
• domestic
• external
People and Events
• Georges Danton
• Jean-Paul Marat
• Jacobins
• Committee of Public Safety
• Maximilien Robespierre
• Reign of Terror
• Directory
A revolution in one country will lead
to revolutions in other countries.
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
The Move to Radicalism
When the new government was faced
with many internal crises and external
threats, it broke into factions.
The Move to Radicalism (cont.)
• In 1792, Georges Danton rallied the
sans-culottes to attack the palace. The royal
family sought protection from the Legislative
Assembly.
• Violence in the streets increased and an
uprising in September left thousands dead.
Jean-Paul Marat published a radical journal
defending the massacres.
The Move to Radicalism (cont.)
• In September of 1792, the newly elected
National Convention met and decided to end
the monarchy and establish the French
Republic.
• Political factions, such as the Girondins and
the Jacobins, had different opinions about the
fate of Louis XVI.
• In 1793, the Jacobins convinced the National
Convention to execute King Louis XVI.
The Move to Radicalism (cont.)
• On January 21, 1793, the king was beheaded
on the guillotine. (a more humane way of
execution.
• Neither the Girondins nor Jacobins could agree
on a new constitution.
The Move to Radicalism (cont.)
• In 1793, the National Convention gave the
Committee of Public Safety (12 members)
broad powers, and the radical Jacobin
Maximilien Robespierre came to power.
• Great public speaker
• Democracy
• Universal male suffrage
Which group feared the radicals and
wanted to keep the king alive?
A. Girondins
B. Jacobins
C. the Mountain
D. Sans-culottes
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C. 0%C
0%
D. D
B
C
0%
D
The Reign of Terror
While the Committee of Public Safety was
in power, thousands were executed.
The Reign of Terror (cont.)
• To defend France from domestic threats,
the Committee of Public Safety adopted
policies known as the Reign of Terror.
• During the Reign of Terror, almost 40,000
people of all classes were executed.
• Revolutionary courts prosecuted people
accused of being counter revolutionaries
and traitors.
The Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror (cont.)
• The Committee of Public Safety also
attempted to reform French society by:
– mandating education,
– abolishing slavery,
– controlling prices.
The Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror (cont.)
• The Committee also attempted to
de-Christianize France.
– The word “saint” was removed from
street signs.
– In Paris, the cathedral of Notre Dame,
the center of the Catholic religion in
France, was designated a “temple of
reason.”
The Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror (cont.)
– A new calendar renumbered years from
the first day of the French Republic, not
from the birth of Christ.
– Sundays, Sunday worship services, and
church holidays were eliminated.
• Most people did not accept these regulations,
and France remained overwhelmingly Catholic.
The Reign of Terror
Which was not an effect of the Republic
of Virtue?
A. The title “citizen”
replaced “mister.”
B. Slavery was abolished
in French colonies.
C. Women wore long dresses.
D. Women were allowed to
participate in the military.
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C0%
D
C
0%
D
A Nation in Arms
A huge revolutionary army defended
France against invasion.
A Nation in Arms (cont.)
• To save the republic from foreign troops, the
Committee of Public Safety raised an army of
over 1 million soldiers.
• By 1794, the French had defeated their foreign
enemies, and there was less need for the
Reign of Terror. However, Robespierre
continued to arrest and execute enemies of the
revolution.
A Nation in Arms (cont.)
• In July of 1794, the National Convention
voted to have Robespierre executed.
• Robespierre’s death weakened the
Jacobins, and the Reign of Terror ended.
Percentages of Victims of the Terror by Class
Why was the French army called the
“people’s army”?
A. The army drafted citizens.
B. There were no officers,
only soldiers.
C. It was an army of the French
people, not the French king.
D. The soldiers had to take
commands from the people.
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0% C 0%
D. D
B
C
0%
D
The Directory
The Constitution of 1795 set up a new
government, but it was unable to inspire
trust or solve economic problems.
The Directory (cont.)
• After the Reign of Terror, the Committee of
Public Safety was weakened and churches
were allowed to reopen.
• The new government had two legislative
houses.
− A lower house, the Council of 500, drafted
laws.
− An upper house of 250, the Council of
Elders, accepted or rejected proposed laws.
The Directory (cont.)
• Members of both houses were chosen by
electors, men who owned or rented
property of a certain amount.
• The executive branch was made up of a
five-man committee known as the
Directory.
• The new government proved ineffective. In
1799, the popular and successful military
commander Napoleon Bonaparte toppled
the government in a coup d’état.
Who was eligible to be an elector?
A. Any male citizen
B. Any French citizen
C. A male citizen who
owned or rented
property of a certain
amount
D. A military or
government official
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C0%
D
C
0%
D
The BIG Idea
Self-Determination As Napoleon built his empire across
Europe, he also spread the revolutionary idea of
nationalism.
Content Vocabulary
• consulate
• nationalism
Academic Vocabulary
• capable
• liberal
People and Events
• Napoleon Bonaparte
• Civil Code
• Anne-Louise-Germaine de Staël
• Duke of Wellington
A dictator can be a good leader for
the people of a republic.
A. Agree
B. Disagree
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
The Rise of Napoleon
Napoleon, a popular general, overthrew
the Directory, set up a new government,
and eventually took complete power.
The Rise of Napoleon (cont.)
• Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Corsica and
came from minor nobility. He went to military
school, read philosophy, and studied military
campaigns.
• In 1796, Napoleon led the French army to
victories in Italy.
• His tactics of speed, surprise, and decisiveness
earned him the devotion of his troops, and he
returned to France as a hero.
The Rise of Napoleon (cont.)
• In 1799, Napoleon took part in the coup d´état
that overthrew the Directory and set up a new
government, the consulate.
• The consulate was called a republic, but
Napoleon had absolute power to appoint
officials, control the army, and conduct foreign
affairs.
• In 1802, Napoleon was made consul for life,
and in 1804, he crowned himself Emperor
Napoleon I.
What did Napoleon do when the British
defeated the French naval forces in Egypt?
A. He took command of the French
naval forces.
0%
D
C
D. He defeated the British and
conquered Egypt.
B
C. He surrendered to the British.
A. A
B. B
0% C.0%C 0%
D. D
A
B. He abandoned his army and
returned to Paris.
Napoleon’s Domestic Policies
Napoleon brought stability to France and
established a single law code that
recognized the equality of all citizens
before the law.
Napoleon’s Domestic Policies (cont.)
• Peace with the Church
− Napoleon made peace with the Catholic
Church by recognizing Catholicism as the
religion of a majority of the French people in
exchange for not returning confiscated
Church lands.
Napoleon’s Domestic Policies (cont.)
• Codification of the Laws
− Napoleon created a single law code for the
entire nation.
− The Civil Code preserved many of the
principles the revolutionaries had fought for.
− The Civil Code was a step back for women,
who were now “less equal than men.”
Napoleon’s Domestic Policies (cont.)
• A New Bureaucracy
− Government officials and military officers
were promoted on the basis of merit and
ability, not birth.
− A new nobility was created based on civil and
military service.
Napoleon’s Domestic Policies (cont.)
• Napoleon remained true to the revolutionary
ideals by emphasizing equality in his legal and
government reforms.
• Napoleon also destroyed some revolutionary
ideals by replacing liberty with despotism.
• Despite protests by citizens, such as the
prominent writer Anne-Louise-Germaine de
Staël, Napoleon banned books, shut down
newspapers, insisted all manuscripts be
subject to government scrutiny, and had mail
opened by police.
Which principle was not included in the
Civil Code?
A. All citizens were equal
before the law.
B. Individuals could choose
a profession.
C. Married women could
inherit property.
D. Serfdom and feudal
obligations were abolished.
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C0%
D
C
0%
D
Napoleon’s Empire
As Napoleon conquered Europe, he
spread nationalist ideas. Inspired by
those ideas, conquered peoples resisted
Napoleon’s armies and helped bring
about the collapse of his empire.
Napoleon’s Empire (cont.)
• Napoleon was the military master of Europe.
He defeated Austria, Prussia, and Russia in
battles from 1805 to 1807.
• By 1812, his empire included the French
Empire, Spain, Holland, Italy, the Swiss
Republic, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and a
confederation of German states.
Napoleonic Europe, 1799–1812
Napoleon’s Empire (cont.)
• In the conquered regions of Europe, Napoleon
attempted to spread the liberal ideals of the
French Revolution, such as religious toleration
and social equality.
Napoleonic Europe, 1799–1812
Napoleon’s Empire (cont.)
• Napoleon’s empire collapsed for two reasons:
– British Resistance
• Napoleon was never able to defeat Britain due to
their superior naval power.
• Napoleon tried to weaken the British economically
with the Continental System, but allied states
resented being told by Napoleon that they could
not trade with the British.
Napoleon’s Empire (cont.)
– Nationalism
• Conquered peoples recognized the power and
strength of national feeling exemplified by the
Grand Army of France.
• Conquered peoples became united in their hatred
of the invaders.
Why was Napoleon unable to conquer
the British?
A. Britain had a strong army.
B. Britain had a strong navy.
C. The French were fighting
too many wars in Europe.
D. Britain had stronger allies.
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C0%
D
C
0%
D
The Fall of Napoleon
After major losses in Russia and Austria,
Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo.
The Fall of Napoleon (cont.)
• Russia refused to comply with the Continental
System, and Napoleon was forced to invade.
• The Russians avoided fighting the French
army. As they retreated, they burned their
own villages to keep Napoleon’s army from
finding food.
• When the French reached the capital of
Moscow, they found it ablaze. Lacking food
and supplies, Napoleon retreated
to France.
Disaster in Russia
The Fall of Napoleon (cont.)
• Thousands of soldiers starved and froze during
the “Great Retreat” and fewer than 40,000 of
the original 600,000 men returned.
• Other European countries took advantage of
the opportunity and attacked France.
• Paris was captured in 1814, and Napoleon was
exiled to the island of Elba; off the coast of
Italy. King Louis XVIII was put in power by the
European states.
The Fall of Napoleon (cont.)
• The new king had little support, and Napoleon
regained power in 1815. Napoleon raised a
new army of devoted veterans.
• In 1815, Napoleon’s French army was
defeated by an Allied force under the
command of the Duke of Wellington at
Waterloo in Belgium.
• Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena and died
in 1821.
Where was Napoleon’s last battle and
final defeat?
A. Elba
B. Moscow
C. St. Helena
D. Waterloo
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C. 0%C
0%
D. D
B
C
0%
D
CAUSES of the French Revolution
• France was ruled by absolute
monarchy.
• A rigid social class system
existed.
• The government was
bankrupt.
• The Third Estate had no
voice in government.
• Bad harvests, rising food prices, and unfair taxation
caused civil unrest.
• The political goals of the nobility and middle class
challenged the monarchy.
SHORT-TERM EFFECTS of the
French Revolution
• The end of the monarchy
caused initial chaos.
• France was attacked by
foreign countries.
• The beheading of royals
and the Reign of Terror
led to internal disorder.
• Napoleon seized power
and became emperor of
France.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS of the French
Revolution
• Napoleon’s army
conquered other
countries and changed
many traditional political
and class systems.
• French armies spread
nationalism and
Enlightenment ideals to
other countries.
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estate
one of the three classes into which
French society was divided before the
revolution: the clergy (First Estate),
the nobles (Second Estate), and the
towns people (Third Estate); a landed
property usually with a large house
on it
taille
an annual direct tax, usually on land
or property, that provided a regular
source of income for the French
monarchy
bourgeoisie
the middle class, including
merchants, industrialists, and
professional people
sans-culottes
“without breeches,” members of the
Paris Commune who considered
themselves ordinary patriots (in other
words, they wore long trousers
instead of fine knee-length breeches
of the nobles)
consumer
relating to one who consumes or uses
economic goods
exclusion
barred from inclusion or participation in
faction
a dissenting group
elector
an individual qualified to vote in an
election
coup d’état
a sudden overthrow of the
government
domestic
relating to or originating within one’s
country
external
relating to dealings or relationships
with foreign countries
consulate
government established in France
after the overthrow of the Directory in
1799, with Napoleon as first consul in
control of the entire government
nationalism
the unique cultural identity of a
people based on common language,
religion, and national symbols
capable
having or showing ability
liberal
broad-minded; associated with ideals
of the individual, especially economic
freedom and greater participation in
government
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