University of Applied Sciences Bonn-RheinSieg
MBA-Programme «NGO-Management»,
Winter Semester 2011/12
Module «International Politics»
Lecture: Peace and Security
by Ursula Mogg
1. Opening remarks
From Fulda gap to Hindukush
2. The new challenges for security and peace
Some Papers on Foreign- and Security Politics
From a German perspective

Common Security and Future of the Bundeswehr, 05/2000

White Paper, 2006

Weise-Report
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2. The new challenges for security and peace
From an European/International perspective


A Secure Europe in a Better World, European Security Strategy,
December 2003
NATO 2020 – Assured Securtiy: Dynamic Engagement,
May 2010

Interest

Security Concept
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3. From real life

Coalition Agreement betweeg the CDU, CSU and die FDP
Chapter: Securing Peace Through partnership and common
responsibility in Europe and the world
Two Examples

Kongo

Afghanistan
4. Conclusion
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Common Security and Future of the Bundeswehr
(Gemeinsame Sicherheit und Zukunft der Bundeswehr, 23. Mai 2000)




For the first time in history Germany is surrounded by friends.
The world of the year 2000 is completly different to the year
1990 and before.
Security is defined not only in military terms.
There is a fundamental task to support democracy and
humanitarian interests.

NGOs and international organisations have a fundamental role.

In the 21st century there is no chance for unilateral action.
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Risks ands threats

ethnic and religious rivalries

pandemics

violation of human rights

climate change

failing and failes states

ecocide

mass migration


overpopulation

hunger


war for borders, water,
farmland
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human trafficking, drug
traffic, arms trade
weapons of mass disruption
weapons of mass
destruction
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Partners

US

France

GB

Russia

Middle- and Eastern Europe

Mediterranean
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Security architecture/Framework

NATO

European Union (with a very strong emphasis)

OSCE

UN
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White Paper 2006 on German Security Policy and
the Future of the Bundeswehr (Weißbuch)



The White Paper is a publication of the German Ministry of
Defence. It describes the security envirnonment for the years to
come and comes to conclusions for the personnel, equipment
and training of the Bundeswehr.
It was first published in 1969.
2006: „Twelve years have elapsed since the last White Paper
on the Security of the Federal Republic of Germany and die
Situation of the Bundeswehr was published. During this time,
there have been for-reaching changes in the international
situation.“
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Threats

international terrorism (9/11)

proliferation of weapons of mass destruction

after-effects of intrastate and regional conflics, destabilisation,
internal desintegration of states

privatisation of force (Münkler: Die neuen Kriege)

globalisation
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International Framework

NATO

EU

UN
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Security concept

comprehensive: „Risks and threats have to be addressed with a
suitably matched range of instruments. These include
dipolomatic, economic, development policy and policing
measures as well as military means and, where called for, also
armed operations.“
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Weise Report
Reflecting the Mission – Concentration, Flexibility, Efficiency
October 2010

„The Federal Minister of Defence will set up a commission which
will come up with a proposal by the end of 2010 for key elements
of a new organisational structure, including the streamlining of the
command and administrative structures.“ (Coalition Agreement
2009)
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Weise Report
Reflecting the Mission – Concentration, Flexibility, Efficiency
October 2010


Paper refers to the Weizsäcker-Paper and the the White Paper
2006
looking for a new political consensus for the tasks of the
Bundeswehr (German interests)

challenge of asymetric warfare (9/11), technological innovation

conscription

Bonn/Berlin

budget

international framework
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A Secure Europe in a Better World
European Security Strategy December 2003

In reaction to the split of the EU in the Iraq question Javier
Solana was asked in summer 2003 to write an European
security strategy. It was adopted by the Council in December
2003.
Document

clarifies its security strategy

aims to achieve a secure Europe in a better world

identifies the threats facing the Union

defines its strategic objectives and setting out the political
implications for Europe
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Terminology






comprehensive approach
different aspects of internal and external security are difficult to
separate;
for some globalisation is frustration and unfair;
non-governmental players become more important in global
issues;
competion for natural ressources – especially water - create
migration und turbulences;
energy dependence creates concern.
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Objectives/main challenges

terrorism

weapons of mass distruction

regional conflicts

failing or failed states

organised crime
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Demands



Stability, good governance, multilateralism
UN as a framework for preventive action against dynamic
threats
Core of the strategy is prevention of proliferation
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Partners

US, Canada, Japan, China, India
Tasks

humanitarian missions

peace-keeping as well as enforcement action
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NATO 2020 – Assured Securtiy:
Dynamic Engagement
May 2010

At their Summit in Strasbourg/Kehl in April, 2009, Alliance
leaders directed Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen to
convene a broadly-based group of qualified experts to prepare
the ground for a new NATO Strategic Concept. The Group of
Experts, led by its chair Madeleine K. Albright (United States)
and vice-chair Jeroen van der Veer (The Netherlands), began
work in September 2009.
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NATO 2020 – Assured Securtiy:
Dynamic Engagement
May 2010

In line with its mandate to encourage an open discussion of
NATO’s organisation and purpose, the Group engaged in an
extensive series of seminars and consultations with scholars
and officials, civilian and military alike, from within and outside
the Alliance. The Group, which submitted an interim statement
to NATO’s governing body (the North Atlantic Council) on
November 24, 2009, presents now its final report.
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Security Environment

Proliferation

international terrorism




persistence of corrosive regional, national, ethnic and religious
rivalries
increased reliance on potentially vulnerable information
systems
competition for petroleum and other strategic resources
(maritime security)
demographic changes that could aggravate global problems
such as poverty, hunger, illegal immigration and pandemic
disease

envirnonmental degradation

climate change
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Role of NATO in 2020




Collective Defence

Protecting against
unconventional threats
Expanding NATO
Establishing Guidelines for
Operations Outside Alliance
Borders

Success in Afghanistan

Managing Crises
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New Era of Partnerships
Comprehensive Approach to
complex problems

Engaging with Russia

Missile Defence

Responding Cyber Attacks

No World Policeman
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Interests
von Weizsäcker: Chapter I „Risks and Interests“

survival of the German citizens and protection of a democtratic
political system

protection of the stability in Europe (Balkans)

maintaining the transatlantic partnership

good relations to the US, France, GB

support of the transformation in Russia

stabilisation of Middle and Eastern Europe

looking to the Mediterranean

reforming the UN

disarmament and arms control
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White Paper 2006

preserving justice and freedom, democracy, security, prosperity

ensuring the sovereignity and integrity of German territory




preventing regional crises and conflicts that may affect
Germany's security
confronting global challenges (international terrorism,
proliferation)
helping uphold human rights and strengthening the international
order on the basis of international law
promoting free and unhindered world trade
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White Paper 2006

taking into account Germany's geographical location in the
heart of Europe

cultivate the close and trusting relationsship with the US

strengthen the European area of stability



develop and deepen a lasting and durable security partnership
with Russia
develop and deepen partnerships with countries in far-away
regions
safeguarding the security interests primarily in international and
supranational institutions
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A secure Europe in a better world:
Being

more active

more capable

more coherent

working with partners („No single country is able to tackle
today's complex problems on its own.“)
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Interests defined in the decisions
of the German Bundestag
For example:
Antrag der Bundesregierung vom 04.11.1998 "Deutsche Beteiligung
an der NATO-Luftüberwachungsoperation über dem Kosovo":
"Es liegt im besonderen Interesse der Bundesrepublik
Deutschland, zur Stabilisierung der Verhältnisse im Kosovo
sowie zu einer dauerhaften und tragfähigen Friedensregelung
beizutragen und ein Umfeld zu schaffen, in dem eine humanitäre
Katastrophe abgewendet werden kann."
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Afghanistan


In 2001 the epoch-making event of 09/11 changed the
international security environment.
The international security community answered with military but
also with polical means (similar to the Balkans).
The Afghanistan Compact has a focus on

Security, good governance

human rights

economical and social development

fighting the drug economy
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Germany has a focus on

creating income

drinking water

energy

education

good governance

sustainable ecomical cooperation
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EUFOR RD Congo
Chronology of the Bundeswehr Mission
12/27 2005
Jean-Marie Guéhenno from France, UN-Undersecretary responsible for the
blue helmet missions, asks in a letter for „deterrence forces“ from the EU to
support MONUC.
04/25 2006
The UN Security Council adopts Resolution 1671/ 2006 for a EU-Mission in RD
Congo
04/27 2006
The European Commission adopts a "Joint Action" for the deployment of a
multinational contingency to protect the presidential and parliamentary
elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo
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EUFOR RD Congo
Chronology of the Bundeswehr Mission
05/17 2006
The German Government decides on the the mission.
05/24 2006
Approval by the EU.
06/01 2006
The German Bundestag decides.
06/07 2006
Javier Solana, High Represantative for the Common Foreign and Security
Policy of the EU, visits the Operations Headquarters (OHQ) in Potsdam-Geltow.
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EUFOR RD Congo
Chronology of the Bundeswehr Mission
07/05 2006
Minister of Defence Franz Josef Jung (CDU) visits the Demokratic Republic of
Congo and Gabun to get informed on the preparatory work for the mission
07/10 2006
Bundeswehr starts to bring its contingency to RD Congo. There will be up to
780 soldiers for four months.
07/30 2006
The first free presidential and parliamentary elections after 45 years take place.
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EUFOR RD Congo
Chronology of the Bundeswehr Mission
08/21 2006
None of the candidates finds a majority, neither President Joseph Kabila (45
per cent) nor Jean-Pierre Bemba (20 per cent). Both go into a second round
October 29.
08/22 2006
Bemba and Kabila men get involved in combat. EUFOR-have to protect
European and US diplomats.
10/29 2006 election day.
11/16 2006
The results show that Joseph Kabila is the winner (58 per cent), Jean-Pierre
Bemba (42 Prozent).
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EUFOR RD Congo
Chronology of the Bundeswehr Mission
11/28 2006
The Supreme Court of RD Congo confirms the result.
11/30 2006
After four months the mandate for "EUFOR RD CONGO" ends.
12/01 2006
German Forces are homeward bound.
12/3 2006
German soldiers are home again.
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Long lasting decision making process







emotions („The heart of
darkness“)

infant soldiers

climate
lack of experience in Africa
is the RD Congo interested in
European help?
whether and how?
how many soldiers from which
countries?
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are'nt we already overstretched
(Balkans, Afghanistan, Horn of
Africa)?
the battle-group concept
what can 1500 European soldiers
effect in comparison to nearly
17.000 UN soldiers?

easy to go in but difficult to go out

Headquarter?

the obvious wish of the Congolese
people to have democratic
elections after more than 40 years
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German conditions

Congolese approval

UN mandate

EU mandate

place of action (Kinshasa and region)

time/duration

substantial involvement of a number of European partners
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Interests
For the first time in the post cold-war era Germany discussed openly its interests
among which it discovered for die Mission in RD CONGO:



RD Congo is one of the most important countries in Africa. The
situation there has a large influence on its neighbours.
An instable situation in RD Congo may lead to new civil war and
flows of refugees that has direct influence on Europe.
The country has a lot of resources among which are those for
the construction of nuclear weapons.
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Interests
For the first time in the post cold-war era Germany discussed openly its interests
among which it discovered for die Mission in RD CONGO:



interest in the reliability of the UN system and the German wish
to become more influencial in this system
interest in a more important role for Europe as a partner in the
international arena
interest in the efficiency of the EU security politics
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Important for the decision:



responsibility for Africa (The EU summit in London under the British
Presidency had decided on a strategy for Africa in 2005)
the Ruanda experience
development policy (Germany and the EU invested a lot of money
and time in stabilisation and in the preparation of the elections)

deterrence

credibility of German foreign policy

creating an additional value for the UN mission

a signal for the Congolese, visibility

protect the international personnel, evacuation

RD CONGO is of strategic importance
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Evalutation





EUFOR RD CONGO was not a political „hero story“. It did not
really prove that the EU is ready to deliver. A lot of work has do
be done in the (near) future).
The mission showed that the EU seems to be overstrained and
doesn't have the experience for missions in Africa.
The coordination between the different soldiers was defective.
There was a lot of discussion on the numbers of soldiers and
the headquarter.
There were a lot of practical problems during the mission
(accomodation, bord, service) because of a lack of experience.
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Evalutation

In Germany the decision on EUFOR was mainly influenced and
encouraged by the Ministry of Development, the Foreign Office
and its parliamentary counterparts. Resistance came from the
different military levels.

The Congolese where sure that they had a free election.

Deterrence was successful.


Altogether he mission is said to be a success but not a
blueprint.
The first time in its history the EU led a multinational military
mission to suppurt the UN.
More work has do be done to help RD Congo to become a
stable democracy: politically, economically, in human rights and
humanitarian
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
Soziologie
Coalition Agreement between CDU, CSU and FDP
Chapter: Securing Peace through partnership and common
responsibility in Europe and the world
„The world has become smaller. And we have realised that we all
inhabit this one world. Cimate chance, issues of development in
many regions of the world, international terrorism and the
consequences of the international financiel and economic crisis
have all mad it obvious that we can only effectively combat major
challenges if we work tother on a global basis.“
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Coalition Agreement between CDU, CSU and FDP

Germany in Europe

Value-oriented and interest-led foreign policy

Germany's international responsibility

International deployment and instruments within German security
policy

Modern and efficient German Armed Forces (Bundeswehr)

Protecting human rights – promoting the rule of law

Cultural relations and education policy

Development co-operation
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Some observations

In foreign affairs and security politics their is usually a broad
concensus in all parties (except the LINKE). The Coalition
agreement reflects this.
„Germany's future in peace, freedom, security and prosperity is
enextricably linked to political developments in Europe and the
world. We are committed to a policy that both serves the
interests of our country in a unified Europe and contributes to
peace in th world. To this end, wie assume a formative role in
the alliances and international organisations with wihich we
cooperate.“
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Some observations

Their are a lot of examples that show the liberal origin.
„A an export nation we have a great interest in preserving the liberal
structures of the global economy on the basis of the charter for
sustainable economic activity and in free and secure transport
routes.“

In some ways the paper seems to be very detailed.
„We advocate substantially increasing the equal use of the German
language as a working language in European institutions; ….“
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Some observations

The search for compromise is obvious at certain points.
„If the EU does not have the capacity to absorb a new member or if
Turkey should not be in an position to meet all the obligations of
membership, Turkey must be linked as close as possible to
European structures in a way that allows the country to further
develop its prvileged relationsship with the EU.“

The lifespan of some regulations seems to bee not very long.
„The military service obligation has justified itself and proved its
value in recent decades. … The coalition partners remain firmly
committed to the principle of the general military service
obligation; we aim to reduce the period of miilitary service to six
months by 1 January 2011“.
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Thank you very much for listening!
Questions?
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