The United States and an international
conflict
Besides contributing our ungrudging moral and practical support to the
establishment of peace throughout the world, we must actively and
intellectually prepare ourselves to do our full service…..
President Woodrow Wilson 1916
 Which
international action was influenced by
the goals of President Wilson?
A. The rejection of the Treaty of Versailles.
B. The containment of Soviet military
forces.
C. The requirement of war reparations.
D. The establishment of the League of
Nations.
3E
BASIC
DOK 2
Besides contributing our ungrudging moral and practical support to the
establishment of peace throughout the world, we must actively and
intellectually prepare ourselves to do our full service…..
President Woodrow Wilson 1916
 Which
international action was influenced by
the goals of President Wilson?
A. The rejection of the Treaty of Versailles.
B. The containment of Soviet military
forces.
C. The requirement of war reparations.
D. The establishment of the League of
Nations.
3E
BASIC
DOK 2
The question in every case is whether the words used are used……to create
clear and present danger that……will bring about the substantive evils that
Congress has a right to prevent….When a nation is at war, many things that
might be said in a time of peace…..will not be endured so as long as men
fight, and …..no court could regard them as protected by any constitutional
rights.
How did this ruing alter behavior with United States society?
A. Public debates concerning issues of national security were no longer
tolerated.
B. Critical comments regarding the governing party were no longer tolerated.
C. Legal scholars were targets of investigations during national crisis.
D. Civil liberties were subject to interpretation during national crisis.
1D
DOK 3
Proficient
The question in every case is whether the words used are used……to create
clear and present danger that……will bring about the substantive evils that
Congress has a right to prevent….When a nation is at war, many things that
might be said in a time of peace…..will not be endured so as long as men
fight, and …..no court could regard them as protected by any constitutional
rights.
How did this ruing alter behavior with United States society?
A. Public debates concerning issues of national security were no longer
tolerated.
B. Critical comments regarding the governing party were no longer tolerated.
C. Legal scholars were targets of investigations during national crisis.
D. Civil liberties were subject to interpretation during national crisis.
1D
DOK 3
Proficient
Which post World War I policy conflicted with
the United States tradition of respecting
individual liberty?
A. Encouraging people to enlist in the military.
B. Placing taxes on the consumers for luxury
goods.
C. Encouraging people to ration goods for the
military.
D. Setting quotas on immigrants from specific
regions.
1D
DOK 2
Proficient
Which post World War I policy conflicted with
the United States tradition of respecting
individual liberty?
A. Encouraging people to enlist in the military.
B. Placing taxes on the consumers for luxury
goods.
C. Encouraging people to ration goods for the
military.
D. Setting quotas on immigrants from specific
regions.
1D
DOK 2
Proficient
 3RD
 PROGRESSIVE
 PRESIDENT
 TR
GAVE
 HIM THE
 ELECTION
 PRESIDENT
 DURING WORLD
 WAR I
 WHAT
WAS THE SPARK THAT STARTED THE
WAR?
 June 28, 1914, when Archduke Francis
Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were killed by
a terrorist group called the BLACK HAND. The
shooter’s name was Gavarilo Princip.
WWI
1914-1919
 A.
Imperialism—there was a scramble for
colonies in the late 1800’s this created
bitter rivals and a need to outdo other
nations.
 B.
Militarism-this was aggressive building
up of a nations military, of course, this
meant preparation for war. AustriaHungary, France, Germany, Russia and
Great Britain were the major world
Powers of the time and they were all
competing militarily.
The Major Players: 1914-17
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Nicholas II
[Rus]
Wilhelm II [Ger]
George V [Br]
Victor Emmanuel
II [It]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Enver Pasha
[Turkey]
Franz Josef [A-H]

C. Secret Alliances—nations wanted to bolster
their security and they enter numerous
entangling alliances which led to war.

D. Nationalism—2 kinds: (1) countries were
prideful and acted in their own self interest,
and (2) In countries with diverse populations—
many ethnic minorities declared
independence.

E. June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand
and his wife Sophie, were gunned down in the
streets of Sarajevo, Bosnia. Gavarilo Princip, a
Bosnian Nationalist was responsible. He
believed that Austria-Hungary had no right to
rule over Bosnia.
The Assassination: Sarajevo
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand & His Family
The Assassin:
Gavrilo
Princip
Who’s To Blame?
II. HOW DID THE CONFLICT
TURN INTO A WORLD WAR?
A. June 28, 1914 the Archduke Frances
Ferdinand is assassinated.
B. July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared
war on Serbia.
C. July 29, Russia mobilized acting as
Serbia’s protector.
D. Germany was Austria-Hungary’s chief
ally and they demanded that the
Russians stop mobilization—Russia
refused.
E. France was Russia’s main ally and they started
preparing for war as did Germany.
F. Russia came to Serbia’s aid. Russia is the
mother of Slavic nations.
G. Germany wanted to cross Belgium to attack
France. Belgium stated that they wanted to remain
neutral and did not want Germany crossing their
land. Belgium had been granted neutrality by the 75
Year International Treaty
signed in the late 1800’s. Germany ignored the
neutral position and crossed Belgium to attack
France. Germany also declared war on
Belgium. This treaty violation angered Great Britain
and caused them to declare war on Germany.
 H.
August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on
Russia—because Russia aided Serbia
 I. 1 week after war started there were 2
sides: (1) Central Powers—
Germany and Austria-Hungary and (2)
Allies-Russia, France, Serbia and Great
Britain.
 WWI

A. There was a natural alliance to Great
Britain, however the United States was
sympathetic with the Central Powers due to
a large number of immigrants
Germany, Bulgaria, Turkey, etc. Also, Irish
Americans were natural enemies to the
British. The customs, laws, etc. aligned the
United States with Great Britain. Americans
started to resent the German’s intense
military attitude and character.

B. Between 1897 and 1914 the USA had over
$3.5 billion dollars of interest overseas—USA
wanted to protect their business interests. The
essence of United States military action during
this time was intended to protect the US neutral
rights at sea, especially on the Atlantic. This was
very hard to maintain. The Germans violated
neutrality with unrestricted submarine warfare.
Great Britain was also violating international law
by: expanding the contraband list to include
food, carrying neutral ships to British ports, and
declaring the North Sea a military zone and
filling it with mines. Germany realized that
Great Britain could starve them into submission
so they started ignoring international law.
 C.
August 4, 1914 President Woodrow Wilson
officially announced American neutrality.
 D. America went into a state of
“preparedness”. The USA wanted
to be in a position to aid Great Britain if the
need arose.
 E. December 1914 The National Security
League was formed to promote patriotic
education.
 F.
By the summer of 1915—Wilson had men
being trained for the US military.
 G. By the summer of 1916, Wilson had
persuaded Congress to increase the
size of the military.
 H. November 1915, a group of men and
women formed the American Union
against Militarism.
 I. 1916 Congress increased income taxes.
 J. Wilson authorized American bankers to
make huge loans to the Allies.
A. German u-boats were sinking ships.
B. A major incident took place on May 7, 1915. The
passenger liner ,The Lusitania was struck by a German
torpedo, and it sank in less than 18 minutes. 1198
passengers were killed, including 128 Americans. The
Lusitania had been flying the American flag and it was
later learned that It was carrying ammunition.
Nevertheless, the Allies and the United States were
outraged by the attack. At this point, Germany urged
Americans not to travel abroad because of the dander
involved. President Woodrow Wilson defended the right of
Americans to go anywhere that they desired. The
Secretary of State, Williams Jennings Bryan, disagreed
with Wilson on this point and resigned in protest. On
September 1, 1915, the Germans issued the Arabic Pledge.
Germany agreed not to sink any more unarmed liners, but
President Wilson was skeptical. President Wilson began
urging Americans to begin preparing itself militarily.
 UNRESTRICTED
SUBMARINE WARFARE
 THE
LUSITANIA

C. January 27, 1917 President Woodrow
Wilson asked the European nations involved in
fighting to consider a “peace without victory.”
This proposal was not successful. Germany
agreed to the Sussex Pledge agreeing to warn
ships before they attacked them. However, on
January 31, 1917, Germany declared
unrestricted submarine warfare and on
February 1, 1917, Germany violated the Sussex
Pledge. February 3, 1917 The United States
broke off diplomatic relations Germany. Wilson
also asked Congress to arm merchant ships.
Which one of the following was MOST
decisive in changing America’s
neutrality to support for the Allied
Powers in World War I?
 A The sinking of the battleship U.S.S.
Maine
 B Unrestricted German submarine
warfare
 C Publication of the De Lomé Letter
 D Violation of the Polish border by
German troops





Which one of the following was MOST
decisive in changing America’s neutrality
to support for the Allied Powers in World
War I?
A The sinking of the battleship U.S.S.
Maine
B Unrestricted German submarine warfare
C Publication of the De Lomé Letter
D Violation of the Polish border by German
troops
 ATTACK
 USA
 D.
Arthur Zimmerman, Germany’s foreign
secretary made a secret offer to Mexico. He
asked Mexico to join the Central Powers and
invade the United States. This would keep
the United States out of World War I.
Germany promised Mexico to recover lost
territory in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.
The Zimmerman Telegram was captured by
intelligence and caused the United States to
move closer to war.
 The
first Russian Revolution in March 1917
had caused America to welcome Russia into
the ranks of democratic and constitutional
states.
 In November, however, the Bolsheviks had
overthrown the moderate Kerensky
government and embarked on the Soviet
road.
 RUSSIAN

TSAR
 RUSSIA
 BECOMES
 USSR
 COMMUNIST
 E.
March 1917—Russian Revolution—see
handout. Tsar Nicholas was driven from the
throne and a communist government was
installed under the leadership of Vladimir
Lenin. The entire royal family was executed.
This new communist government started a
Red Scare in the United States.
 F.
Between March 16-18—Germany sank the
following US ships: City of Memphis,
Illinois, Vigilance.
G. On April 2, 1917, President Woodrow
Wilson asked the United States Congress for and
received a Declaration of War against Germany.
On April 6, 1917 The United States declared
war on Germany. The vote was 82 to 6 in the
Senate and 373 to 50 in the House—in favor of
war.
H. Wilson no longer spoke merely of neutral
rights. He said: “ The world must be safe for
democracy Americans must fight for the rights
and liberties of small nations and bring peace
and safety to make the world itself, free at
last.”
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s
Land”
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie
Rickenbacher, US
Francesco
Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick”
Mannoch, Br.
Willy Coppens de
Holthust, Belg.
Rene Pauk
Fonck, Fr.
Manfred von
Richtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
Flame
Throwers
Grenade
Launchers
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
A. Congress sent $3 billion in loans to the
Allies.

B. During the Presidential election of 1916,
Woodrow Wilson was the democratic candidate
who was the “peace candidate.” He reminded
the nation that he was the incumbent President
that had kept the nation out of war thus far.
The Republican candidate was Charles Evans
Hughes. Hughes attacked Wilson’s foreign
policy. Hughes felt like the Atlantic violations of
US neutrality needed to be taken more serious.
This election was the closest presidential
election since the disputed election of 1876.

 General
Pershing had 14,500 men serving
under him in April of 1917. Pershing
recommended that the armed forces total 1
million. When WWI started the USA had only
120,000 men enlisted and 80,000 National
Guardsmen. May 1917, Congress passed the
Selective Service Act drafting men for
military service. Over 24 million men
registered for the draft and 3 million served
as a result of the draft. The Selective
Service Act did not allow the buying of
substitutes, all men, ages 21-31, were
subjected to selective service.
The Selective Service used the lottery
system to determine which men would be
drafted. By the end of World War I,
24 million men were on the Selective Service
rolls. 3 million men went into service. The
National Guard was federalized during the
war. The total armed forces of the United
States during the war numbered nearly 5
million men. Volunteers and National
Guardsmen made up the remainder of the
American Expeditionary Forces (AEF).
 D.
Over 11,000 women volunteered to serve
as nurses, drivers and clerks.
 E. 14,000 women served abroad working
with the government.
 F. By March 1917 American ships traveled in
a convoy.
 G. Liberty Bonds were sold to finance the
war. Over $20 million dollars was raised
and over $10 billion was loaned to the
Allies.
 H.
Every Scout to Save a Soldier—Boy Scout
campaign to promote PATRIOTISM.
I. The government started a rationing
program. The Food and Fuel Adm. were
agencies formed to conserve resources
during the war. The food programs were
“Meatless Mondays” and “Wheat less
Wednesdays.” Victory Gardens were also
popular. The less people ate, the more
supplies the troops were sent.
I. The Clean Your Plate Campaign started
during World War I. The fuel program that
was started was “Heatless Mondays.”
Daylight savings time was started to
conserve fuel.
 J.
Sedition Act of 1917 was passed.
Schneck v. United States: this was a
Supreme Court case that stated that 1st
Amendment rights to free speech can be
limited when the government is placed in
“Clear and Present Danger.” Schneck sent
16,000 letters to drafted MEN ENCOURAGING
THEM NOT TO SHOW UP. He was arrested
and said that his actions were protected
under the 1st Amendment. He was found
guilty of sedition.
.
Industries in the United States were
converted to wartime industries. Many
wartime necessities were produced
by the United States in order to wage war.
They were: ships, weapons, money, etc.
The government spent over $23 billion on
World War I. The government controlled
railroads, telephone, telegraph and cable
companies during the war.
 Herbert
Hoover, the Director of the Food
Administration, urged food conservation.
The War Industries Board was given
complete control of the nation’s industries,
in order to prepare for war. For the first
time, women and African-Americans filled
opened jobs. There was a growing
need for wartime labor.
 L.
The Committee on Public Information
was created to build support for the war at
home. The government issued propaganda to
encourage Americans to support the war
effort. Slogans like “Loose Lips Sink Ships”
and “Uncle Sam Wants You” were popular.
Americans became anti-German during the
war. The movies portrayed Germans as the
villains and German food, like Sauerkraut
became liberty cabbage.

M. Three acts were passed during the war that
definitely raised questions concerning whether
or not civil liberties/rights of the American
people were being jeopardized. The Espionage
Act of 1917. The Sedition Act of 1917, and the
Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 were
passed and strictly enforced. Because the war
was so controversial and divisive within the
U.S.A. the federal government viewed these acts
as being “absolutely essential” to winning the
war. The Sedition Act was a direct violation of
the First Amendment to the US Constitution.
Espionage means to spy for the enemy.
Sedition is any act that can incite a
movement to overthrow the government.
American participation in World War I
contributed to the economic opportunities
available to African Americans by —
 A creating a need for African American workers on
Midwestern grain farms.
 B encouraging the African American owners of
small businesses to seek war contracts.
 C inflating the price of cotton and thus increasing
profits from sharecropping.
 D opening up Northern industrial jobs to African
American workers.





American participation in World War I
contributed to the economic opportunities
available to African Americans by —
A creating a need for African American workers
on Midwestern grain farms.
B encouraging the African American owners of
small businesses to seek war contracts.
C inflating the price of cotton and thus
increasing profits from sharecropping.
D opening up Northern industrial jobs to African
American workers.
Woodrow Wilson developed the 14 Point
Plan—his peace outline.
B. January 1919 the Paris Peace Conference
was held.
C. Wilson’s main goal was establishing a
peace keeping organization—he
was not interested in the spoils of war.
Many US senators wanted
spoils of war—Wilson was not concerned
with this!
A.
 D.
Points 1-5 of the 14 Point Plan included:
freedom of the seas, no Secret treaties
between nations, and self-determination.
Self-determination is the right of countries
to determine their own form of
government. Articles 6-13 dealt with specific
areas in Europe, such as returning land to
certain countries and restoring borders.
 E.
League of Nations was formed by the
provisions of the 14 Point Plan,
however, the United States did not join.
Many republican senators (irreconcibles)
fought the League of Nations because of
Article 10 which stated an attack on one
member was an attack on all.
 F.
The Big 4- Georges Clemenceau (French
Premier), David Lloyd George
(British Prime Minister), Vittorio Orlando
(Italian Prime Minister) and Woodrow Wilson
(US President) were the main leaders at the
Paris Peace Conference. June 28, 1919
Germany signed the treaty.

THE BIG FOUR PARIS PEACE TREATY
Big Four
 H.
The Treaty of Versailles ended World War
I. The Treaty of Versailles included the
following terms:
1. Germany’s colonies and the Ottoman
Empire were divided among the
Allies.
2. New countries were created, such
as: Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia,
Finland, Estonia, Latavia, Lithuania,
and Poland.
3. Germany was forced to disarm and
admit full guilt for the war.
 Treaty
of Versailles
 4. Germany was forced to pay billions of
dollars in war reparations (war debts) which
in later years destroyed their economy and
paved the way for Hitler to take over.
Article 231 of the Versailles Treaty listed the
specific war reparations.
 Treaty
of Versailles
 5. The League of Nations was created. It had
a general assembly that allowed
all nations to be members. The League
called on each member nation to
stand ready to protect the independence and
territorial integrity of other nations. This
made many people in the United States
oppose the League. The United States was
moving back toward favoring isolationism.
 I.
Wilson sought approval of the Versailles
Treaty at home—it was not approved. A
group of Senators were called the
“Irreconcilables” because they block the
Treaty’s approval and there was no hope of
compromise. The Irreconcilables were
members of the Senate that totally rejected
the Treaty of Versailles. They wanted
absolutely nothing to do with the League of
Nations. The thought that the League would
force the United States to enter future wars.
They wanted to avoid all foreign
entanglements.
.
The Reservationists were a group of
Senators who would support the Versailles
Treaty and the League of Nations if the
treaty and league were amended. However,
President Wilson was unwilling to
compromise. The United States did not sign
the treaty and did not join the League of
Nations. This is ironic because they were
both Wilson’s ideas

J. Wilson was very upset with the Senate and so
he went on tour of the United States to
convince Americans that they should put
pressure on their Senators to sign the
treaty. While on tour, he suffered a stroke
and was basically bed ridden for the rest of
his presidency. The United States never
joined the League of Nations
Many historians believe that during the
months after President Wilson’s stroke
that his second wife, Edith Galt Wilson,
assumed many of the duties of the
President. In the 1920 election, Wilson did
not receive the nomination for the
Democratic Party and he became
extremely depressed.
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
9,000,000 Dead
The Selective Service Act was passed by Congress
in May of 1917 and was designed
 to —
 A create civilian conservation jobs to help people
who had lost their jobs in the Depression.
 B offer interned Japanese American men the
opportunity to serve in special military units.
 C expand the small peacetime army that had
existed before the United States entered
World War I.
 D eliminate the old system of government
patronage jobs in favor of a new system
based on merit.
The Selective Service Act was passed by Congress
in May of 1917 and was designed
 to —
 A create civilian conservation jobs to help people
who had lost their jobs in the Depression.
 B offer interned Japanese American men the
opportunity to serve in special military units.
 C expand the small peacetime army that had
existed before the United States entered
World War I.
 D eliminate the old system of government
patronage jobs in favor of a new system
based on merit.
President Wilson’s vision for international
policy after World War I is contained in

the —
 A Open Door Notes.
 B Kellogg-Briand Pact.
 C Fourteen Points.
 D Camp David Accords

 42.
President Wilson’s vision for international
policy after World War I is contained in

the —
 A Open Door Notes.
 B Kellogg-Briand Pact.
 C Fourteen Points.
 D Camp David Accords





One of the PRIMARY reasons for the United
States to build the Panama Canal was to —
A force transcontinental railroads to reduce
their rates.
B decrease the United States Navy’s sailing
time between the Atlantic and the Pacific.
C fulfill obligations under a treaty with the
French.
D protect the environment and native cultures
of the Central American countries.





One of the PRIMARY reasons for the United
States to build the Panama Canal was to —
A force transcontinental railroads to reduce
their rates.
B decrease the United States Navy’s sailing
time between the Atlantic and the Pacific.
C fulfill obligations under a treaty with the
French.
D protect the environment and native cultures
of the Central American countries.