Complete the Guided Reading as you view the Power
Point.
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Objective 7.01: Explain the conditions that led
to the rise of Progressivism.
Essential Questions:
• How did the political, economic, and social
conditions of the Gilded Age lead to the
Progressive Era?
• How did scientific and technological advances
create a mass consumer culture?
• To what extent did an emerging mass consumer
culture define what it means to be an American?
• What tactics were most effective in bringing
about the social, economic, and political reforms of
the Progressive Era?
The Rise of
Progressivism
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Progressive Period: when government officials and
citizens called for reforms in business, politics, and
society as a whole
Many reforms came about during this time
Most people were poor while only a small portion of
the population enjoyed great wealth
Urban slums grew in cities
Slums often had open sewers that attracted rats,
and disease
Slums often had polluted air from coal-fired steam
engines and boilers
Why is it important?
◦ These types of conditions led people to call for reforms
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Working conditions were terrible for
immigrants and the poor
1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire: when a
fire broke out in the factory many of the doors
had been locked to prevent employees from
taking breaks and stealing- 146 people died
The fire led to demands for better working
conditions
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1991 Hamlet, North Carolina the Imperial
chicken processing plant fire
25 people died because the doors had been
locked to prevent theft and vandalism
The plant had not been properly inspected
before the accident
Why is it important?
◦ Shows that today there is still a need to protect
workers
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
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The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
Tragedy of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
Fire
Worker’s Rights: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
Fire
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Muckrakers: journalists that exposed the “muck”
in society
Frank Norris: first important naturalist authorinspired other writers to expose abuses in
government and big business
Lincoln Steffens: exposed corruption in
St. Louis in his novel “The Slave of the Cities”
Ida Tarbell: exposed the abuses in Standard Oil
Upton Sinclair: wrote “The Jungle” in 1906
exposed the truth about the meat packing industry
◦ Helped to create the federal meat inspection program
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Early Industrial America
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Objective 7.02: Analyze how different groups of
Americans made economic and political gains in
the Progressive Period.
Essential Questions:
• How effective was the Progressive Movement in
addressing the political, economic, and social needs
of all Americans?
• To what extent did progressive political reforms
successfully combat the social and economic ills
created by a rapidly industrializing
society?
• How successful were the Progressive Era
Presidents in leading reform efforts?
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Reform in Meatpacking and For Labor
Efforts at Political,
Economic, and
Social Reform
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In addition to muckrakers many others fought for
reforms
Jacob Riis: exposed horrible living conditions in
tenements
Jane Addams: opened Hull House- provided help
for poor immigrants and workers
Hull House led to an investigation of economic,
political, and social conditions in the city of Chicago
Why is it important?
◦ Started the ground work for future reforms and inspired
other settlement houses across the country
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The Temperance Movement grew as calls for
reforms increased
Carrie Nation: leader of the Temperance
Movement- would walk into saloons and smash
bottle of liquor with a hatchet while her
supporters prayed and sang hymns
1919 18th Amendment: prohibited the making,
selling, or transportation of alcohol
◦ Called prohibition because it prohibited alcohol
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Theodore Roosevelt was a Progressive president who
called for many reforms
1902 Anthracite Coal Mine Strike: 150,000 miners went
on strike demanding higher pay and shorter work days, and
recognition of their union
Mine owners would not negotiate
Roosevelt called both sides to the White House and
demanded they work it out- threatened to send in troops
Mine owners agreed to arbitration (third party helper ex.
Mr. Colvin)
Why is it important?
◦ Miners got a wage increase
◦ Roosevelt seen as hero
◦ President sided with workers, not owners- change from
the past
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Roosevelt did believe some regulations were
needed although he did support big business
Roosevelt was concerned about trusts and the
monopolies they created
1895 United States v. E.C. Knight Co.- the
Supreme Court ruled some monopolies could not
be broken up- (sugar) (couldn’t have a monopoly
for distribution, but could have monopoly for
manufacturing)
President Roosevelt believed many monopolies
were harmful and worked to stop them
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Roosevelt put limits on the railroads by pushing
for the Elkins Act
Elkins Act: made rebates from railroads to big
business illegal
Roosevelt sued the Northern Securities
Company and its railroad monopoly in the Pacific
Northwest
1904 Northern Securities v. U.S.- the
Supreme Court ruled the company’s existence
violated federal law and must be broken up
Roosevelt was admired as a reformer
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President Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt
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1908 Taft became president
Taft supported some Progressive reforms, but not as
many as Roosevelt
Mann-Elkins Act: expanded the power of the
Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate telephone
and telegraph rates
Taft brought many anti-trust cases to court
American Tobacco Company (started by James Duke in
Durham) controlled 90% of the nation’s cigarette
production
American Tobacco v. U.S.- Supreme Court ruled the
Dukes had an illegal monopoly under the Sherman
Antitrust Act
American Tobacco Company was forced to break up
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Taft was expected to win re-election in 1912
until the Payne-Aldrich Tariff problem
Payne-Aldrich Tariff: was intended to lower
tariffs and help people, but when Congress
finally passed it they had changed the bill so
much that it ended up raising tariffs and
hurting consumers
People were furious- even made Taft’s friend
Roosevelt mad
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Why is it important?
◦ This caused the Republican Party to split into two groupsRepublicans and Progressives
◦ Taft won the nomination for the Republicans
◦ Roosevelt won the nomination for the Progressives
 Nicknamed Bull Moose Party
 Ideas like the Populists of the 1890’s
 Wanted better working conditions, government regulation of
business, women’s suffrage, end to child labor, direct election
of public officials
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Problem: Republican vote was divided and neither
Taft or Roosevelt got enough votes to win
Wilson became president in 1912
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Wilson opposed big business and big government
He enforced antitrust laws without hurting
competition
1913 Federal Reserve Act: established a federal
reserve to oversee banking in the U.S.
◦ Gave the federal government greater control over the
circulation of money and helped prevent bank failures
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1914 Clayton Antitrust Act: made strikes, peaceful
picketing, and boycotts legal
◦ Meant employers could no longer use antitrust laws to put
down strikes or break up labor unions
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16th Amendment: (1913) Congress could collect
income tax
17th Amendment: (1913) senators elected by
people, not state legislatures
18th Amendment: (1919) prohibited alcohol
19 Amendment: (1920) women’s suffrage
(right to vote)
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Progressives in states began to make changes like
the ones made on the federal level
Robert La Follette: famous reform governor of
Wisconsin
Wisconsin began the direct primary system in
their state to elect people to public office
This allowed the people to choose and took power
away from Party Bosses
◦ Within 10 years almost every state had adopted the idea
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Wisconsin Idea included a merit system for state
civil service workers, and state regulations and
taxes on railroads
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Why is it important?
◦ States began using reforms (ideas from Populists)
 States used referendums- citizens can vote directly on
government issues
 States used initiatives- citizens of a state can force the
vote on a specific issue
 States used recall- having special elections to remove
officials from office
 States used secret (Australian) Ballot- people vote
secretly so they are not afraid to vote the way they
choose
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Party Bosses like Boss Tweed made people call
for reforms in city government
Cities began to use Commissions: a group of
people who run the city government instead of
a single mayor or political boss
City Managers are used to oversee the cityare hired, not elected and have to answer to
the commission or city council
City Council- group of people who are elected
to run the city instead of a single mayor or
political boss
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Objective 7.03: Evaluate the effects of racial
segregation on different regions and segments of
the United States’ society.
Essential Questions:
• To what extent were the social, political, and
economic standing of African Americans positively
affected by progressive efforts?
• What did it mean to be black in America at the
turn of the century?
• Why did multiple perspectives develop for
addressing racial injustice during the Progressive
Era?
Racial Segregation
During the
Progressive Period
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Disenfranchisement: to deny a group the right
to vote
13th Amendment ended slavery
14th Amendment defined citizenship and
granted equal rights and due process to
citizens
15th Amendment gave all male citizens the
right to vote
Even with these changes to our constitution
African Americans still faced racism and
discrimination
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To keep power out of the hands of black
people states made their own laws to stop black
people from voting
Literacy Tests: made people read before they
could vote
Poll Taxes: made people pay a fee before they
could vote
Grandfather Clause: allowed poor illiterate
people to vote if they had a family member who
had ever voted before, or if they had fought
for the Confederacy in the Civil War
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When literacy tests and poll taxes didn’t’ stop
black people from voting racists used violence
to scare people
Ku Klux Klan: hate group that used violence to
scare black people and other minorities
Hate groups used kidnapping, torture, beatings
and lynching to intimidate
Lynching
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During the late 1800’s African Americans
gained political and social power in
Wilmington, N.C.
Republicans and Populists had cooperated to
stop racists Democrats from taking power
Two important events occurred that caused a
riot- a black newspaper editor printed a
controversial news article and after an election
Democrats won power in the N.C. General
Assembly (state Legislative Branch)
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Why is it important?
1898 Wilmington Race Riot started
◦ White Democrats began violent attacks against
African Americans
◦ Democrats overthrew the city of Wilmington’s
Republican government and replaced it with a
Democratic council and mayor
◦ State of North Carolina passed Jim Crow
Segregation laws
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Wilmington Race Riots are seen as the end of
African American rights after Reconstruction
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Jim Crow Segregation Laws: the legal separation of
races
Two Kinds of Segregation:
◦ De jure segregation- based on law
◦ De facto segregation- based on economic or social factors
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Plessy v. Ferguson: 1896 Homer Plessy was 1/8
black sat in the “Whites Only” train car- he was
arrested because he was considered black
Plessy lost in court so he took his case to the
Supreme Court stating the segregation law was
unconstitutional
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Why is it important?
The Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson
that segregation is legal as long as it allows for
separate but equal facilities for the races
Known as the “separate but equal” ruling
This allowed separate restaurants, buses,
theaters, rest rooms, schools, divisions in the
military, hospitals, etc. to be legal
1954 Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka, Kansas the Supreme Court over
turned Plessy and made segregation illegal
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De facto Segregation- evolves due to
economic or social factors
This type of segregation was common in
northern cities
Great Migration: when thousands of African
Americans left the South and moved North
looking for industrial jobs created by World
War I
Inner city neighborhoods became divided by
poverty, race, and cultural differences
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Booker T. Washington: former slave who began the
Tuskegee Institute
Tuskegee was a place where African Americans were
trained in a trade so they could earn their own money
and escape the oppression of uneducated people
Washington believed if black people did well in their
field of expertise that would eventually help all black
people been seen as equals and be treated equally
Tuskegee trained people to be farmers, teachers, and
blue collar workers
Washington believed segregation was acceptable
◦ Believed we can be separate socially as long as we unite for
“mutual progress”
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W.E.B. Du Bois: first black Ph.D. graduate
from Harvard University
Disagreed with Washington about segregation
Called Washington’s speech about segregation
the Atlanta Compromise because he felt
Washington had sold out to try to please white
people
Du Bois believed black people should work to
gain jobs in white collar fields
Believed black people must be politically,
legally, and socially active to gain equality
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Niagara Movement: group organized by Du
Bois- goal to outline a plan for African
American progress in the United States
1905 the group had to meet in Canada because
they were denied hotel accommodations in the
U.S.
1909 Du Bois help start the NAACP: National
Association for the Advancement of Colored
People- goal to devote itself to the progress of
the African American community
◦ The Crisis- magazine published by the NAACP
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Ida Wells-Barnett: fought for civil rights
guaranteed to Americans in the Constitution
Fought for equality on railway cars before the
Plessy ruling
Fought to end lynching in the South
Fought for women’s right- refused to stand at
the back of suffrage parades just because she
was black
Helped Du Bois start the Niagara Movement
and the NAACP
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Marcus Garvey: encouraged “black pride”had over 500,000 followers
Known for his “Back to Africa” movement- he
advocated for blacks to leave the United
States and move to Africa to create a
homeland
His ideas began a sense of cultural pride many
African Americans had not felt before
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Native Americans suffered from discrimination
By 1871 the United States no longer
recognized Native Americans as members of a
distinct tribe or nation
They were not granted the rights of
citizenship
1924 Snyder Act: granted full citizenship
rights to native Americans
◦ Also known as the Native American Suffrage Act
because the Snyder Act gave Native Americans the
right to vote
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Objective 7.04: Examine the impact of
technological changes on economic, social,
and cultural life in the United States.
Essential Questions:
• What was the economic and social impact of
the technological changes of the Progressive
Era?
• How was American culture redefined during
the Progressive Era?
• Does society cause government to change or
does government cause society to change?
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The Progressive Period happened at the same
time as big business was growing and
Industrialization was happening
Many technological advancements happened
during this time that changed American culture
Electricity: factories could stay open longer
and production increased
Electric Sewing Machine: changed the market
for pre-made clothes- more could be produced
quicker with less physical energy
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Refrigerator: food could be kept longer
without spoiling
Electric Trolleys: people could move through
the city faster than walking, could move out of
the city and take the trolley into work, less
time traveling allowed people more time for
entertainment
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1850’s Bessemer process made it easier to
produce large amounts of steel quickly
As more people moved to cities less and less
land was available to use
Steel made it possible to build up instead of
out
Skyscrapers: buildings so high they seem to
touch the sky
Construction Workers Eating Lunch
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Henry Ford: first to perfect the car and to
successfully market it
1907- Ford sold 30,000 of the first mass
produced car- the Model T
Ford wanted regular people to be able to
afford to buy one of his cars
He believed if he could sell enough cars he
could charge less for them and make them
affordable for people to buy
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Why is it important?
Ford began to use the assembly line to produce his
cars
Assembly Line- Ford had his employees stay in one
place while a conveyer belt moved the pieces in
front of the workers
◦ Faster than having workers walk to different parts
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Ford saw his workers as consumers and wanted
them to be able to buy his cars
◦ Paid his workers $5.00 a day
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From 1907-1926 Ford built about half the cars in
the world
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Airline Industry: making and using planes for
business and leisure travel transportation
1903 the Wright Brothers successfully flew
the first flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
Airplanes were first used to carry mail and
military service
1926 Commercial Air Travel: passengers could
fly to their destinations and get there faster
than ever before
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Mass Culture: forming a culture for the nation
Before technological advances in communication
and travel most values and priorities were
defined by where you lived
Mail Order Catalogs: allowed people to buy
products from across the country- united
Americans as we could all have the same
fashions and products
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Movie Camera: began the motion picture
industry
◦ 1903 first movie “The Great Train Robbery” was made
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People from all over the country saw the same
images of movie stars in fancy cars, clothes,
dancing, eating, smoking and drinking and falling
in and out of love
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Kodak produced cameras regular people could
afford to own and were able to operate
For the first time people could take pictures
themselves instead of hiring a professional
Coca Cola was the first bottled soft drink
◦ Launched the sale of Coca Cola with one of the first
national advertising campaigns
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Why is it important?
◦ The United States began to develop a national culture
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Progressivism at the National Level
How We Lived
Progressives’ Programs