Which situation brought about the rapid growth
of industry between 1865 and 1900?
1. high worker morale resulting from good
wages and working conditions
2. availability of investment capital
3. establishment of western reservations for
Native American Indians
4. decline in the number of people attending
schools
In the decades after the Civil War, the
major result of the shift from single
proprietorship to corporate organization
was that business was able to
1. make more efficient use of natural resources
2. concentrate on improving the quality of
manufactured goods
3. provide workers with higher wages
4. raise large sums of money
Businesses formed trusts, pools, and
holding companies mainly to
1. increase profits by eliminating competition
2. offer a wide range of goods and services to
consumers
3. provide employment opportunities for
minorities
4. protect the interests of workers
A negative effect of holding companies
(trusts), mergers, and pools on the United
States during the late 19th century was
that these combinations
1. encouraged the Federal Government to
spend more than its income
2. reduced the need for labor unions
3. decreased competition between businesses
4. ended United States participation in international trade
The 19th-century philosophy of Social
Darwinism maintained that
1. the government should have control over the
means of production and the marketplace
2. all social class distinctions in American
society should be eliminated
3. economic success comes to those who are
the hardest working and most competent
4. wealth and income should be more equally
distributed
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9vOUhkmtSw
• Robber Barons or
captains of industry?
LABOR
ONE SEES HIS FINISH UNLESS GOOD GOVERNMENT RETAKES THE SHIP
Mark Hanna- iron and coal
industrialist
Philip Armour- meatpacking
industrialist
“What a Funny Little Government”, by Horace Taylor for the September 25, 1899
issue of The Verdict
THE TRUST GIANTS POINT OF VIEW
“WHAT A FUNNY LITTLE GOVERNMENT”
“The Standard Oil Octopus”
Keppler 1904 Puck
“The Standard Oil Octopus”
Joseph Keppler - 1889 political cartoon
"The Bosses of the Senate",
“The Protectors of our Industry”
1883
Samuel Ehrhardt, ‘History Repeats Itself: The Robber Barons of the Middle Ages and the Robber
Barons of Today’, Puck, c. 1889
Labor Unions Emerge:
• Working Conditions:
– Six or seven days a week
– 12+ hours
– No benefits (vacation, sick time, unemployment, injury)
• Dangers:
– injuries common; dangerous equipment
– 675 deaths a week in ’82
• Wages:
– to survive, women and children often had to work
• child labor:
– 20% of boys, 10% of girls work full time- no education
• sweatshops:
– done in tenement houses;
– women and children (27 cents for 14 hour day- children)
Union
Types of workers it
organized
Knights of
Labor
ALL WORKERS
(men, women,
minorities,
immigrants, skilled
unskilled)
American
Federation
of Labor
(craft
unions)
American
Railway
Union
(industrial
union)
Tactics used (strikes,
collective bargaining,
arbitration)
Goals- types of reforms
sought
Level of success?
Mostly
arbitrationthird party
solves dispute
Skilled workers
Collective
bargainingLEADER:
negotiation
Samuel Gompers
between labor
and
management
Strikes used
8-hour work day
Equal pay for
men and women
Declines after
failure of
strikes
“bread and
butter issues”
Higher wages
Shorter work
weeks
Quite
successful
All workers in a
specific industry
(railroad)
Unskilled, semiskilled, some skilled
Higher wages
Declines after
failure of a
strike
LEADER:
Eugene V. Debs
Strikes
Why was the AFL more successful than
the Knights of Labor?
• Knights of Labor– too diverse a group of workers- different goals
– unskilled workers easy to replace
• American Federation of Labor- (AFL)
– workers in same craft- same goals
– skilled workers have more power
Collective Bargaining
• negotiation between labor and management
to settle disputes
Homestead Strike
• http://www.history.com/videos/andrewcarnegie-and-the-homestead-strike
• Pullman Strike
• http://video.answers.com/impact-of-thepullman-strike-300994006
In both the Homestead and Pullman
Company Strike, what role did the
government play? Did they support
the workers or big business?
• Government sends in troops to end the strike,
orders Debs to end the strike.
• ****supports business
In re debs
• The government does have the power to
order Debs to stop strike
• Article one, Section 8 of Constitution• - interstate commerce; post office
• (RR strike interfered with commerce and the
delivery of the mail)
•
• What is the ILGWU:
• International Ladies’ Garment Union
•
• What was the “Uprising of 20,000”? What was the
outcome?
• A successful seamstress strike in 1909
•
• Describe the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire of 1911:
• 1911 fire- all doors locked; 146 women burn to death
•
• What positive result did the tragedy have in New York?
• New York sets up a task force to improve safety conditions
Homestead Strike:
• Conditions that led to the strike:
– Announcement to cut wages at Carnegie Steel.
• Tactics used by both sides (labor and
management):
– Labor: go on strike; attack plant- occupy it and keep
it closed
– Management: hires scabs, hires “Pinkertons” (armed
guards) to protect plant
• Role of the state and/ or federal government:
– National Guard sent in to reopen plant
• Outcome of the strike:
– after 5 months, union gives in to company; loses
public support;
– (45 years until steel workers unionize again)
Pullman Strike
• Conditions that led to the strike:
– Pullman lays off more than half of work force; cuts pay of rest
– Still charges the same for rent
• Tactics used by both sides (labor and management):
– Labor: strike called; Debs asks for arbitration; ARU boycotts Pullman
trains; go after strikebreakers (scabs)
– Management: hires scabs; refuses arbitration
• Role of the state and/ or federal government:
– President Cleveland sends in federal troops to end strike
– Courts issue an “injunction” (order) to halt the strike
– Debs is arrested for refusing the injunction
• Outcome of the strike:
– Pullman fires strikers
– Strikers “blacklisted”- no RR company will hire them