Chapter 2 – The Young Republic
Section 1 – The New
Republic
•Bill of Rights added to the Constitution
•Research the amendment you have
been given and prepare an oral
presentation.
• Explain what the amendment protects.
• Explain the details of a Supreme Court
case involving your amendment. (Name
of the case, details of the case, and the
Court’s ruling in the case.)
•You will have time to work on your
presentation Wednesday or Thursday
and will give your presentation Friday.
Section 1 – The New Republic
•A new national bank
•Secretary Of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton
•Jefferson, Madison oppose – gives govt. too
much power
•Enumerated powers – specifically stated in
Constitution
•Implied powers “necessary and proper” clause
•Whiskey Rebellion
•Brought in needed revenue
•Western farmers rebelled violently
•1794 Washington ends rebellion with
13,000 troops
Section 1 – The New
Republic cont…
•
New political parties
•Federalists – Alexander Hamilton
•manufacturers, merchants, bankers,
Northeasterners, favored trade and
manufacturing
•Democratic-Republicans – Jefferson and
Madison
• farmers, Westerners and Southerners
•Alien and Sedition Acts
• Federalists in Congress passed in 1798
•Made it a crime to say or print anything
“false, scandalous, or malicious”
•Made it hard for foreigners to gain
citizenship , easier to be deported
•Kentucky and Virginia pass resolutions
challenging Constitutionality
•Election of 1800
•Peaceful transition of power – Adams to
Jefferson
•12th Amendment to avoid ties in elections.
Section 1 – The New
Republic cont…
•Jefferson in office
•Limited the reach of government
•Paid off Fed. Debt, cut govt. spending, eliminated
the whiskey tax, reduced the armed forces
•Marbury v. Madison
•John Adams and the Midnight Judges
•Jefferson withholds paperwork
•William Marbury asked Supreme Court to force
Jefferson to give him his appointment – the Court
says it can’t
•Supreme Court strikes down Judiciary Act of 1789
•Chief Justice John Marshall Establishes right of
judicial review
•Supreme Court has the power to decide if a law is
Constitutional
•Westward Expansion – France sells Louisiana Territory to
U.S.
•Louisiana Purchase costs 15 million dollars
•Purchase more than doubles the size of U.S.
•Jefferson troubled by decision – strict
constructionist
Section 1 – The New
Republic cont…
•War of 1812
• Madison becomes president in 1809
•Britain and France at war, U.S. is caught in
the middle
•British impressment, inciting Native
American attacks
•Embargo Act of 1807 – hurt our merchants,
not British
•Early U.S. victories in Canada, Britain
responds by burning the White House and
Capital in Washington D.C.
•September 13, 1812 – Francis Scott Key, “
The Star Spangled Banner”
•Treat of Ghent – December 24, 1814
•Federalists Party destroyed after discussing
secession during war
Section 1 Questions
Review pages 78 – 83 and answer the following questions:
1. Explain how the difference between enumerated powers and
implied powers were used to justify the National Bank.
2. What did the Alien and Sedition Acts do and what was inherently
wrong with the Sedition Acts?
3. How did the Marbury v. Madison decision by the Supreme Court
expand the power of the Judicial Branch?
4. Explain why Thomas Jefferson had such strong reservations about
buying the Louisiana Territory.
Section 2 – The Growth
of a Nation
•James Monroe easily won presidency
in 1816
•End of the Federalists Party
•Economic Changes
•The Second National Bank is established in
1816
•It had the power to issue a national
currency and control state banks
•The Tariff of 1816 – designed to protect
American manufacturers from cheap British
imports.
•Positive and negative effects
•Transportation improvements
•President Monroe vetoed bill authorizing
construction of roads and canals
•Private businesses and local governments
began work
Section 2 – The Growth
of a Nation cont…
•Important Supreme Court Decisions
•McCulloch v. Maryland 1819
•State of Maryland was attempting to tax the National Bank. The
court ruled that the federal government had the right to operate
the bank and that a state could not interfere with a government
agency
•Gibbons v. Ogden 1824
•The court ruled that states could regulate commerce only in their
own borders, but interstate commerce was controlled by the
federal government
•Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819
•Spain gave Florida to the U.S.
•Monroe Doctrine
•Issued by President Monroe in 1823
•Warned European countries to stay out of the affairs of newly
independent Latin American counties
•An act of aggression against them would be seen as an act of
aggression against the U.S.
Section 2 – The Growth of
a Nation cont…
•Transportation – Private and government
investment in roads, canals, and railroads
connected the rapidly growing country.
•Industrialization – Government policies
enabled business to grow. New
developments like interchangeable parts
allowed for the mass production of
consumer goods.
•Communication – Samuel Morse perfected
the telegraph and developed Morse Code.
By 1860 there was 50,000 mile of telegraph
wire across the country.
•Immigration – German and Irish
immigrants poured into the country. They
provided a plentiful supply of cheap labor.
Some Americans resented their arrival.
Section 2 – The Growth
of a Nation cont…
•Rise of Labor Unions
•Poor working conditions and long hours led to
the creation of labor union. However they were
not very effective at this time because labor was
plentiful and the courts did not support them.
•Importance of Agriculture
•Agriculture was the nations leading
economic activity.
•By 1860 cotton production accounted for
2/3’s of the nations export trade.
•Enslaved and Free African Americans
•The slave population grew from 1.5 million
in 1820 to 3.2 million in 1860. They made
up 37% of the South’s population.
•Free African Americans faced
discrimination in the North.
Section 3: Growing
Division and Reform
The Resurgence of Sectionalism
•The Missouri Compromise
•Henry Clay
•11 slave states & 11 free states
•Free states controlled House of
Representatives
•Balance in Senate important
•Missouri slave/Maine free
•36/30 Missouri Compromise Line
Section 3: Growing Division
and Reform, cont…
Andrew Jackson Elected
President in 1828 (felt he was
robbed of election in 1824)
•Jacksonian Democracy
•Support came from Southern
and Western States
•His inauguration was shocking
to Washington D.C. society
•Spoils system: gave
government jobs to party
supporters. Positives and Negatives
• National nominating
conventions instead of closed
meetings
Section 3: Growing Division
and Reform, cont…
Issues During Jackson’s Terms
•The Nullification Crisis
• 1828 Tariff of Abominations
•South Carolina threatens
secession
•V.P. John Calhoun (S.C.) –
nullification idea / treason?
•Henry Clay compromise again
•Native American Removal
•1830 Indian Removal Act
• Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
•“Marshall has made his decision,
now let him enforce it”
•Trail of Tears – 4000 died
Section 3: Growing Division
and Reform, cont…
The Reform Spirit
•The Second Great Awakening
•Evangelical revivals
•New Protestant Churches:
Unitarianism ,Universalism,
Mormons
•Benevolent societies
•Social reform
•Temperance
•Prison reform
•Education reform
•Women’s movement
•Abolitionist movement
Section 4: Manifest Destiny
and Crisis
Manifest Destiny
•1840’s – Oregon Trail, California
Trail, Santa Fe Trail
•Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)
•Texas gains independence (1836)
• Texas becomes a state (1845)
• Oregon becomes a territory
•War with Mexico (1846-1848)
•Mexico won’t sell California
•President Polk instigates war
•Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo
•U.S. gains 500,000 sq. miles
(California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona,
New Mexico, etc.)
Section 4: Manifest
Destiny and Crisis, cont…
Mexican War Impact
•Popular Sovereignty – citizens choose
• California Gold Rush (1849)
•Discovery of gold led to population
growth and request for statehood.
•Slavery issue again.
•Compromise of 1850
•Henry Clay again
•California free state
•Fugitive Slave Law adopted
•Slave trade (not slavery) abolished
in Washington D.C.
•Popular sovereignty in Utah and
New Mexico
Section 4: Manifest
Destiny and Crisis, cont…
The Fugitive Slave Act
•Created deep hostility in North
•Made it difficult to gain or keep
freedom
•Underground Railroad
•Harriet Tubman & Levi Coffin
•Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
•Harriett Beecher Stowe
•Aroused passionate anti-slavery
sentiment in the North
•Millions of copies sold
Section 4: Manifest
Destiny and Crisis, cont…
New Territorial Troubles
•Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
•Popular sovereignty to decide
slavery issue in territories
•Nebraska free/Kansas slave
•Bleeding Kansas
•Anti-slavery and pro-slavery
groups moved into Kansas to
influence election
•March 1856 – two
governments created
•Pro-slavery groups began
attacking anti-slavery groups
Section 4: Manifest
Destiny and Crisis, cont…
Sectional Divisions Grow
•Dred Scott v. Sanford (1856)
•Sued for his freedom since he
had been taken to free
territory to work for several
years.
•Court ruled that African
Americans were not citizens
and therefore could not sue in
courts.
•Also ruled that Congress could
not ban slavery in territories.
•Violence and disagreement
continued until 1861-when
Kansas became a free state.
Section 4: Manifest
Destiny and Crisis, cont…
John Brown’s Raid
•Violent anti-slavery activist
•Moved to Kansas to fight
•He and his supporters killed 5
pro-slavery settlers
•1859 – He and his followers
seized the federal arsenal at
Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
•Hoped to incite and lead a slave
rebellion
•The plan failed, his sons were
killed in gun battle with Marines,
Brown was captured, tried and
sentenced to death
• Hero or Terrorists?