Chapter 16 The Civil War
(1861-1865)
Section 2 Early Stages of the War
What do you think is the most important
element for the North or South to gain
advantage in the early years of the war?
A. a large army
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D
C
D. adequate funding and
financial support
B
C. quick, decisive victories
A. A
B. B
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D. D
A
B. strong leaders
Why did neither the Union nor the
Confederacy gain a strong advantage
during the early years of the war?
The Civil War
• Fought on sea and land
• The Union navy began
a blockade of all
Confederate ports
• The Southerners hoped
to break the blockade
with a secret weapon
• An abandoned Union
warship, the Merrimack
• The Confederates
covered the wooden
ship with iron and
renamed it the Virginia
• The Virginia could
withstand Union cannon
fire
Summer of 1861
• July 21, about 30,000
inexperienced Union troops
under General Irvin
McDowell attacked
• The Confederates had a
smaller, but also
inexperienced force under
P.G.T. Beauregard
• Fighting took place in
northern Virginia
• 5 miles from Manassas
Junction near a small river
called Bull Run
• Hundreds of residents from
Washington D.C. went to the
battle site to watch and have
a picnic
First Battle of Bull Run
• The Yankees drove the
Confederates back… at first
• The Rebels rallied, inspired
by reinforcements under
General Thomas Jackson
• Jackson was seen holding
out heroically, “like a stone
wall”
• Jackson got the nickname
“Stonewall Jackson”
• The Confederates
counterattacked and forced
the Union lines to break
• The retreating Union troops
ran into the picnickers
• Civilians fled back to
Washington D.C. in panic
Results of 1st Bull Run
• The outcome shocked
Northerners
• They began to understand the
war could be long, difficult, and
costly
• President Lincoln appointed a
new general, George B.
McClellan, to head and
organize the Union army of the
East
• Called the Army of the
Potomac
• Lincoln called for more troops
• Lincoln signed two bills
requesting a total of 1 million
soldiers to serve for three
years
• Victories in the West raised
Northern spirits and also
increased enlistment
•
•
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•
•
•
•
The
War
in
the
West
The main goal in the West for the
Union was to control the Mississippi
and its tributaries
Controlling the Mississippi would keep
Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas from
supplying the rest of the Confederacy
Union gunboats and troops could also
move into the heart of the South
The battles for the rivers began in
February 1862 when the Union
captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee
River
Led by naval commander Andrew
Foote and army general Ulysses S.
Grant
Foote and Grant moved to take Fort
Donelson and told the Confederates…
“No terms except an unconditional and
immediate surrender can be accepted”
“Unconditional Surrender” Grant
became the North’s new hero
War on the Ironclads
• March 8, 1862- The
Merrimack (Virginia),
attacked Union ships
of the coast of
Virginia
• The wooden Union
ship’s shells bounced
off its iron sides
• The Union had its
own ironclad warship,
the Monitor
• March 9th, the two
ironclads met in battle
• Neither could sink the
other
In the West
• General Grant and
40,000 troops headed
south toward Corinth,
Mississippi
• There was an important
railroad junction there
• The Union army camped
at a church named
Shiloh (about 20 miles
away)
• More Union troops came
from Nashville to join
Grant
• Confederate leaders
attacked first, before the
reinforcements arrived
The Battle of Shiloh
• Early morning of April 6th,
Confederate forces led
by Albert Sidney
Johnston and P.G.T.
Beauregard launched a
surprise attack
• The Battle of Shiloh
lasted two days,
• Narrow victory for the
Union
• The losses were
enormous- Together the
two armies suffered
23,000 casualties
• The Union gained
control of Corinth on May
30th
• Memphis fell to the
Union on June 6th
New Orleans Falls
• April 25, 1862- New
Orleans falls to the Union
under David Farragut
• Controlling New Orleans
(Mouth of Mississippi)
meant the Confederacy
could no longer use the
river to carry goods to sea
• The Union now controlled
most of the Mississippi
• Only the city of Vicksburg,
Mississippi blocked Union
control of the river and the
success of the Union’s
strategy
War in the East
• Another campaign was
being fought in the East to
capture Richmond (Capital
of the Confederacy)
• The Confederacy was able
to win victories because of
General Robert E. Lee and
Stonewall Jackson
• Knowledge of the terrain,
speed of movement, and
ability to inspire their troops
• Confederate forces turned
back General George B.
McClellan at the Seven
Days’ Battle
• Then defeated General
John Pope at the Second
Battle of Bull Run
War in the East Continued
• Then General Ambrose
Burnside was defeated at
Fredericksburg
• May 1763, Lee’s army
defeated a Union army
twice its size
• All Confederate victories
took place in the
Confederacy
• Lee’s two attempts to
invade the North failed
• September 1862- Lee’s
army was turned back at
the Battle of Antietam
• A year later, the
Confederate army would
get defeated at Gettysburg
Invasion of the North
• Washington D.C. was too well
guarded for Lee to attack
• Jefferson Davis instead moved
onto western Maryland- Union
Territory
• Davis wanted to move into
Pennsylvania and move the war
to the Northern states
• In Maryland, Lee split his army
in four parts and moved them in
different directions
• Lee hoped to confuse
McClellan about the size and
destination of his army
• A Confederate office lost his
copy of the orders and Union
soldiers found them
Battle of Antietam
• McClellan did not attack
immediately, and Lee
reassembled his troops
• September 17, 1862The two sides met in
the Battle of Antietam
near Sharpsburg,
Maryland
• About 6,000 were killed
and 17,000 wounded
• Deadliest single day of
fighting
• Important victory for the
Union
• Lee retreated to Virginia
Reason for the Civil War
• Lincoln wanted to save the Union
• As the war went on, Lincoln
changed the way he thought
about slavery and its role in the
war
• Lincoln hated slavery, but didn’t
move on it because of the border
states
• At the start of the war,
abolitionists (Including Frederick
Douglass) urged Lincoln to
make the war a fight to end
slavery
• Some argued that 1. slavery was
morally wrong and
• 2. slavery was the root of the
division between North and
South
• Therefore the nation could never
be fully restored if slavery
continued
Make It A War To End Slavery?
• Frederick Douglas and
others brought up foreign
policy
• Southern leaders were
trying to get Britain and
France to recognize the
Confederacy’s
independence
• Public opinion in Britain
and France were
antislavery
• Douglas pointed out, by
making it war for freedom,
Britain and France would
be less likely to support the
South
• This would help the Union
Lincoln Decides
• Lincoln knew the
Constitution did not give
him the power to end
slavery
• The Constitution did allow
him to take property from an
enemy in wartime
• By law, enslaved people
were property
• September 22, 1862Lincoln announced he
would issue the
Emancipation
Proclamation
• This freed all enslaved
people in rebel territory on
January 1, 1863
Effects of the Proclamation
• The Proclamation did not
actually free a single
enslaved person
• It was only for enslaved
people in the Confederacy
• There, Lincoln had no
power to enforce the policy
• It had an important impact
on America
• By issuing the
Proclamation, the
government declared
slavery to be wrong
• If the Union won the war,
slavery would be banned
forever
Why did neither the Union nor the
Confederacy gain a strong advantage
during the early years of the war?
-Decisions made by leaders
-Battles won by both sides
Chapter 16 Section 2 Quiz
The first major battle of the Civil
War was at
A. Shiloh.
B. Antietam Creek.
C. Bull Run
(Manassas).
D. Richmond.
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Who said “No terms except and unconditional
and immediate surrender can be accepted”
Ulysses S. Grant
David Farragut
Robert E. Lee
George B.
McClellan
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In the West, the Union goal was
to control
A. Texas.
B. the Tennessee
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C. the Mississippi
River.
D. Missouri.
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The single bloodiest day of the
entire Civil War took place at
A. Shiloh.
B. Antietam.
C. Bull Run
(Manassas).
D. Richmond.
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Together the Union and Confederate armies
suffered more than 23,000 casualties at
A. the Battle of Bull
Run.
B. New Orleans.
C. Richmond.
D. the Battle of
Shiloh.
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