Modern Europe Great Britain History 1960’s and 1970’s • Severe economic problems • Outdated factories, low productivity = can’t compete • Result raised taxes & increase borrowing • Result unemployment & high inflation 1980’s and 1990’s • Margaret Thatcher elected prime minister (Britain's first female prime minister 1979 to 1990) • Govt. & Economic reforms = economic growth mid 80’s • John Major elected prime minister (1990-1997) Recent History 2000’s • Tony Blair elected prime minister (1997 to 2007) - strong ally w/ U.S. in War in Iraq & Afghanistan = hurts him politically • Gordon Brown prime minister (2007 to 2011) - 2008-09 recession hurts economy and banking • David Cameron prime minister (2011 to Present) Economy • Type: Market Economy • Welfare State w/ recent reductions in public ownership • GDP: 2.174 trillion • GDP Rank: 7th • Labor Force: Farming: 4%, Industry: 24%, Services: 72% Northern Ireland Background & History • Northern Ireland is a part of Great Britain • Northern Ireland is protestant & Ireland catholic Background: • 1967 to 1972 Northern Ireland Civil Right Movement leads civil resistance campaign • 1969 to 1997 Irish Republican Army (IRA) catholic paramilitary group in the north who use violence to achieve goals of driving out British & uniting all of Ireland Recent Times: • 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement • 1994 cease-fire between IRA & U.K. • 1998 Belfast Agreement (Good Friday Agreement) • 2005 IRA decommission their arsenal • 2007 First Minister of Northern Ireland elected • 2011 Sinn Fein left wing political party (rep. 25%) France History Fourth Republic: 1945 to 1958 • Economic growth after WWII • Conflict overseas (Algeria & Indochina) • Result govt. grows weak & unstable Fifth Republic: 1958 to Present • 1958-1969 Charles de Gaulle president - ends conflicts overseas, strengthens presidency, economy falters • 1969-1974 George Pompidou president - introduce social programs, increase trade, alliance w/U.S. grows • 1974-1981 Valery Giscard d’Estaing president - reduce state control of economy, cooperation overseas • 1981-1995 Francois Mitterrand president - increase role of govt., nationalized banks, raised taxes on rich, social programs, unemployment hit 10% Recent History 2000’s • 1995-2007 Jacque Chirac president - conservative, increase govt. role in economy, guilty of corruption in 2011 • 2007-Present Nicolas Sarkozy current president - 2008-09 recession leads to debt crisis, increase cooperation w/U.S. & U.K. Economy • Type: Mixed Economy (moving towards Market) • GDP: 2.145 trillion • GDP Rank: 5th • Labor Force: Agriculture : 1%, Industry: 25%, Services: 74% France Germany History Divided Germany: 1945 to 1990: • East Germany (Communist) and West Germany (Democratic) • 1990 Reunified as one Germany Modern Germany: 1990 to Present • 1982-1998 Helmut Kohl chancellor - strong ally w/U.S. & U.K. - re-unification economic challenge - 1994 Berlin becomes capital again (Berlin Republic) Recent History 2000’s • 1998-2005 Gerhard Schroder chancellor - economic problems, active role in E.U., sends forces to help NATO • 2007-Present Angela Merkel current chancellor - first female chancellor of Germany - central role in European Financial & Debt Crisis - domestic policy: healthcare reform & energy development - considered the world’s most powerful women (currently) Economy • Type: Market Economy • GDP: 2.94 trillion • GDP Rank: 4th • Labor Force: Agriculture : 1%, Industry: 31%, Services: 68% Italy History • 1946 Italy became a voted be become a republic • 1948 Italy ratified a constitution 1960’s and 1970’s • Severe economic crisis (Years of Lead) • Social conflict & terrorism • Result 1978 assassination of leader 1980’s • Coalition govt. forms = political stability • Free Market reforms = economy improves 1990’s • Results national debt, corruption, scandals, coalition govt. disbands Recent History 2000’s • Weak bureaucracy • Wealth gap (between north & south) • European debt crisis internal financial problems • Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi resigns (2011 sex scandal) Economy • Type: Mixed Economy • GDP: 1.77 trillion • GDP Rank: 8th • Labor Force: Agriculture: 5%, Industry: 32%, Services: 63% Greece History • Greek Civil War (1946-1949): democratic army vs. communist army; democratic govt. wins with help of Truman Doctrine 1960’s and 1970’s • Colonels Military coup (1967) overthrows King Constatine II • Counter-coup (1973) establishes dictatorship (till 1974) • Republic govt. created in 1974; constitution in 1975 1980’s and 1990’s • Join E.U. in 1981 leads to period of sustained economic growth • Standard of living increases Recent History 2000’s • Replace currency with Euro in 2001 • 2008-09 European Financial Crisis leads to Greek Debt Crisis and billions in bailouts from E.U. • Greek government Confidence votes bring govt. to edge of dissolving Economy • Type: Mixed Economy • GDP: 318 billion • GDP Rank: 34th • Labor Force: Agriculture: 20%, Industry: 20%, Services: 59% Spain History • 1947 Falange (civil war regime) becomes National Movement • Francisco Franco is dictator (political & economic isolation) 1960’s and 1970’s • Cold War = U.S. influence in region • Spanish Miracle (economic growth) • 1975 Franco dies; Juan Carlos becomes king • 1978 Spanish Constitution = democracy & regional power • ETA (separatist group from Basque region) use terrorism 1980’s • 1981 failed military coup • Economic problems • Strong democracy Recent History 2000’s • Replace currency with Euro economic growth • Terrorism by Islamic extremists (2004 train bombing) • European debt crisis Spanish Financial Crisis (08-12) Basque Region Economy • Type: Mixed Economy • GDP: 1.37 trillion • GDP Rank: 17th • Labor Force: Agriculture: 7%, Industry: 29%, Services: 64% Portugal History 1960’s and 1970’s • Portuguese Colonial War (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea) • Carnation Revolution (1974): bloodless military coup led by Antonio de Spinola ousts authoritarian regime • Result political and economic instability 1980’s and 1990’s • Free enterprise reforms = economic growth • continued economic growth Recent History 2000’s • Export-based economy grows till 2008-09 • European Financial crisis borrow money from E.U. to stabilize finances Economy • Type: Mixed Economy • GDP: 247 billion • GDP Rank: 42nd • Labor Force: Agriculture: 10%, Industry: 30%, Services: 60% Russia History 1990’s • December 1991 Soviet Union falls; 15 soviet states are now independent……. Biggest = Russia! • Boris Yeltsin is president of Russia -Economic restructuring & privatization= companies in hands of those with connections….. Result: economic crisis in 90’s -Rise of organized crime, corruption, and lawlessness -Separatists movements (Chechen) and Terrorism (Islamic extremists) - resigns in 1999 after 1998 economic crisis and social issues 2000’s • Vladimir Putin elected president in 2000 (took office1999) - Market Economy reforms economic growth - Political & Social reforms seen by West as “un-democratic” return order & stability to Russia Recent History Late 2000’s • 2008 Dmitry Medvedev elected President of Russia - Putin elected Prime Minister • 2012 Vladimir Putin re-elected President of Russia - protests against him and his election met with resistance Economy • Type: Mixed Economy • GDP: 2.22 trillion • GDP Rank: 9th • Labor Force: Agriculture: 12%, Industry: 23%, Services: 65% Czech Republic and Slovakia Recent History Background: • 1989 Velvet Revolution communist regime collapses and Czechoslovakia becomes independent • Vaclav Havel revolution ledr becomes president - democratic reforms and free market reforms - ethnic tensions rise in 1992 • 1993 Czechoslovakia dissolves : Czech Republic & Slovakia Czech Republic Economy: • Type: Market Economy • GDP: 261 billion • GDP Rank: 45th • Most stable & prosperous post-communist states Slovakia Economy: • Type: Market Economy • GDP: 120 billion • GDP Rank: 62nd • Most privatization has taken place (banking) Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Montenegro Podgorica * History Post WWI • Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918-1941) WWII • Invaded by Axis Powers in 1941 • Controlled by Axis Powers 1941-1945 • Soviets expel Axis Powers in 1945 Post WWII • 1946 = Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia created as a communist state (modeled after Soviet Union) - Josip Broz Tito elected to lead as prime minster - expelled from Soviet Bloc by Stalin (non-alignment in Cold War) • 1963 = name changed to Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia w/ Tito as “President for Life” History 1970’s : • Ethnic tensions and Economic crisis 1980’s • Josip Broz Tito dies in 1980 • 1986 Slobodan Milosevic elected president of Serbia - believed in Serbian nationalism & dominance over all other ethnicities Ethnicities of Yugoslavia: - Serbians, Macedonians, Montenegrins (Orthodox Christian) - Croats & Slovenians (Roman Catholic) - Albanians, Bosnians & Herzegovinians (Muslim) Ethnic Unrest • 1991 : Croatia & Slovenia declare independence – Result: Yugoslav army invades U.N. peacekeepers sent truce • 1992-: Bosnia & Herzegovina declare independence – Result: Yugoslavia left w/Serbia &Montenegro Yugoslav troops invade seize 70% of land carry out ethnic cleansing against Bosnian Muslims Bosnian Muslims carry out revenge killings U.N. & NATO intervene w/air strikes ends w/1995 Dayton Peace Accords international peacekeepers remain in Bosnia Ethnic Unrest • Crisis in Kosovo – Province of Serbia (90% Muslim) – 1989-1997 Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) wage guerilla war vs. Serbs • Crisis in Kosovo – 1998 Milosevic orders police & military campaign against KLA ethnic cleansing Albanian Kosovars flee – 1998 U.N. demands cease-fire agreed to then fight starts again – 1999 NATO intervened w/air strikes Yugoslav forces leave Kosovo international peacekeepers remain Recent History 2000’s: • 2000 Slobodan Milosevic forced to resign • 2001 International Criminal Tribunal arrest Milosevic & others - charged w/crimes against humanity & violation of customs of war • 2003 Yugoslavia = Serbia & Montenegro • 2006 Montenegro declares independence • 2006 Milosevic dies in jail cell of heart attack (no verdict)