Renaissance Powerpoint - Avon Grove School District
CHAPTER 12
Recovery & Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
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Chapter 11/Western Civ Quiz
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What Characteristics distinguish the
Renaissance from the Middle Ages?
Jacob Burckhardt created the concept of the Renaissance – rebirth from the
Middle Ages
Revival of antiquity
Perfecting of the individual
Secularism
: there was not a sudden or dramatic cultural break with the Middle
Ages (1000 years between Roman
Empire and the Renaissance)
What Characteristics distinguish the
Renaissance from the Middle Ages?
Age of century
Black Death
Political disorder
Economic recession from the horrible 14
Rediscovery of
Greco-Roman culture th
Emphasis on
ability
Leon Battista Alberti: “Men can do all things if they will”
Human dignity & worth
“L’uomo uniersale” (universal person) – well rounded personality capable of many achievements
What major social changes occurred during the Renaissance?
Economic recovery
Italian merchants flourished in commerce throughout the Mediterranean & North Atlantic
Seaboard
: Northern German coastal towns formed commercial and military association
Commercial bases in England, Denmark, Norway,
Sweden
Monopoly on Northern European trade
Timber, fish, grain, metals, honey, wines
Bruges, Belgium became the economic crossroads of
Europe in 14 th century
What major social changes occurred during the Renaissance?
Industry
Printing, mining, metallurgy, textiles flourished
Entrepreneurs took advantage of new machinery
The Medicis and Banking
House of Medici was the greatest bank in Europe
Venice, Milan, Rome, Avignon, Bruges,
London, Lyons
Principal bankers of the papacy
Made Florence the banking capital, became wealthy
What major social changes occurred during the Renaissance?
The Renaissance inherited social structures from
Middle Ages
Three Estates:
1 st – clergy
2 nd – Nobility: privilege earned providing security & justice
3 rd – peasants & inhabitants of cities and towns
What major social changes occurred during the Renaissance?
Nobility had new expectations
Baldassare Castiglione wrote The Book of the Courtier
1.
2.
3.
How to be an aristocrat
Impeccable character, grace, talents, noble birth
Participate in military and bodily exercises *but unlike knights of old they also had to*
Classical education – music, drawing, painting
Make a good impression, modest with grace
What major social changes occurred during the Renaissance?
Peasants made up 85-90 % of European Population
Decline of Manorial System & Elimination of Serfdom
Introduction of a money economy in 12 th century
Less peasantry after Black Death
Lord’s lands were worked by hired workers or rented
Urban Society
– wealthy traders, industry, bankers
– shopkeepers, guild masters, guild members
Property-less workers – low, low wages
Unemployed – miserable lives (30-40%)
Note:
The Renaissance was a time of Rebirth for the and the . The third estate was too busy trying to survive to consider new ways of thinking or interpreting the universe
Consider foundations of Renaissance
Burkhardt’s factors
Revival of antiquity
Perfecting of the individual
Secularism
Economic Revival
End of manorialism & serfdom
Industry & Banking More
Successful
Rise of individuals & Patricians
Castiglione’s rules for nobility
Create a thesis proposing why these factors would lead to an intellectual and artistic Renaissance
Should be one sentence
Create an outline showing how you would defend the thesis in three body paragraphs (don’t write the paragraphs – just bullet, letters, numbers, etc)
Italian States
Northern Italy divided between the duchy of Milan and the
Republic of Venice
Francesco Sforza a
(mercenary soldier) conquered
Milan and became its duke
Trade in Venice made it rich and powerful
Republic of Florence
Ruled by the Medici Family –
Cosimo, then Lorenzo the
Magnificent (republic in image only)
1.
2.
3.
4.
A few notes about your Elizabeth
Essays
“Unifying” thesis – outlines rest of paper
Watch “catholic” versus “Catholic”
Formal speech
1.
2.
No use of 1 st person
No slang or vernacular
Introductions and Conclusions
Italian States
Papal States
Central Italy
Under the political control of the popes
Great Schism enabled individual cities to become independent
Kingdom of Naples
Most of southern Italy, island of Sicily
Fought over by the French and the
Aragonese
Backward monarchy, poverty stricken peasants
Italian States
Independent City States
Led by powerful families
Urbino
Federigo da Montefeltro
Clasical education, humanist
Skilled at fighting
Reliable and honest
Great
Married to Battista Sforza
Niece of Duke of Milan
Governed while Federigo away
Italian State
Isabella d’Este
Daughter of duke of Ferrara
Known for her intelligence and political wisdom
“first lady of the world”
Attracted artists & intellectuals
Preventing the growth of any one state at the expense of others
Peace of Lodi: ended halfcentury of war and created a 40 year peace
Alliance system:
Milan, Florence, Naples vs. Venice &
Papacy
Ludovico Sforza (Duke of Milan) invited French to get involved in
Italian politics
Chalres VIII occupied Naples
Warfare in Italy
Italian states invited Ferdinand of Aragon for help
15 years: French and Spanish fought over Italy
Continued through next series of kings
Italians never considered uniting – fiercely loyal to own states
Italians began to send diplomats to find out information about their enemies
Birth of modern diplomacy
Machiavelli
Niccolo Machiavelli
Secretary to the Florentine Council of Ten
Made many diplomatic missions
1512: French defeated Spanish and reestablished Medici Power –
Machiavelli expelled
Wrote The Prince (1513)
The Prince
Acquisition and expansion of political power to maintain order
Late medieval scholars believed power should be exerted only if it was for the good of the People
Machiavelli said a Prince’s attitude toward power must be based on understanding human nature
Political activity could not be restricted by moral considerations
Prince must act on behalf of the state and let his conscience sleep
Who did Machiavelli find a good example for his theories?
Cesare Borgia – son of Pope Alexander VI
Used ruthless measures to achieve control
“anyone who decides that the policy to follow when one has newly acquired power is to destroy one’s enemies, to secure some allies, to win wars, whether by force or by fraud, to make oneself both loved and feared by one’s subjects…cannot hope to find, in the recent past, a better model to imitate than Cesare Borgia.”
Does it? – Give an Example
Machiavelli Debate – 2 groups
One group will represent PRO to Machiavelli’s Prince
One will be CON to Machiavelli’s theories
Each group must think of 5 scenarios to defend their opinion
AT LEAST Three historical
2 may be hypothetical
Consider the positions the opposite side will present – create rebuttals and responses to these
Tomorrow we will debate where one or more representatives will speak
Machiavelli Debate - Timeline
4 min, Pro Position Presentation
4 min. Con Position Presentation
3 minute Work Period
3 minute Rebuttal - Pro
3 minute Rebuttal - Con
2 minute Work Period
2 minute Response - Pro
2 minute Response - Con
1 minute Work Period
2 minute Position Summary -
Pro or Con
2 minute Position Summary -
Pro or Con
5 minutes Tallying of scores, declaration of “winner”
Intellectual Renaissance
2 characteristics of Renaissance emphasis on the interest in unique traits of each person religious things
– focus on worldly things as opposed to
Most noticeable in intellectual & artistic realms
Italy was cultural leader in Europe thanks to wealthy urban lay society
Intellectual Renaissance
– intellectual movement based on study of
Greek and Roman classics from secular perspective
Studied liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, ethics, history)
All based on Greek & Roman writings
Studies we call “humanities”
Petrarch – “father of Italian Renaissance Humanism”
didn’t become lawyer – writer instead
Characterized Middle Ages as period of “darkness”
Emphasized use of “pure Latin” like Cicero
What effect did Humanism have on philosophy, education, politics, writing?
– using Cicero as a guide, it is the duty of an intellectual to live an active life for one’s state
Study of humanities should be put to service of the state
– Marsilio Ficino - resurgence in study of Plato, synthesized Christianity and
Platonism in a single system
Chain of being from lowest to purest (plants God)
What effect did Humanism have on philosophy, education, politics, writing?
– from Corpus
Hermeticum, stressed the occult sciences, astrology, alchemy, magic; philosophical beliefs
– seeing divinity embodied in all aspects of nature and in the heavenly bodies
Giordano Bruno – “God as a whole is in all things”
a new view of humankind
Human beings were created as divine beings endowed with creative power That which is above is also below
Renaissance Art
Mathematical
Laws of perspective
Organization of outdoor space and light with geometry
Movement and anatomical structure
Realistic portrayal of human nude became mission of
Renaissance artists
Greek & Roman Influence
Advances in sculpture and architecture
Human individuality
Portraits & tombs
Neoplatonic ideal of Human grandeur
The Renaissance Artist
Began career as an apprentice to masters in their craft guild
Depended on Patrons for commissions
Newly wealthy and powerful families (like the Medicis) would hire artists to paint their portraits, decorate their homes, or sculpt their tombs
During the Renaissance artists’ social status shifted from “lowly artisans who work with their hands” to celebrity status
Early to Mid Renaissance Artists
Boticelli
Donatello
Brunelleschi
Sandro Boticelli (1445- 1510) Primavera
Cupid
Zephyrus
Mercury Three
Graces
Venus,
Goddess of love
Flora,
Goddess
Of Spring
Chloris, nymph
Donato di Donatello (1386-1466) David
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446) Dome
of the Duomo, Florence
High Renaissance
(1480-1520) final stage of
Renaissance art which flourished
marked by increasing importance of Rome as the cultural center
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Moved from realism to idealization of nature (showed psychological dimensions)
Raphael (1483 – 1520)
Madonnas surpassed human beauty, balance, harmony & order
(Greco-Roman ideals)
Michelangelo (1475-1564)
Believed in Neoplatonism- Sistine Chapel shows divine humans
Leonardo (1452-1519)– The Last Supper
Raphael (1483-1520) School of Athens
Raphael, Small Cowper Madonna, 1505
Michelangelo (1475-1564) David
Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, 1508-1512
Titian (1485-1576), Venus of Urbino
Remember Me!
I’ll be important in 300 years !
Human Form
Individual Grandeur
Perspective
Wealth of Patrons
Greek Reference
Northern Renaissance
Different approach from Italian Renaissance
Italy- human form, frescoes in churches
North – stained-glass windows in Gothic churches resulted in “Illuminated” manuscripts and wooden panel paintings for altarpieces
North ignored perspective to gain mastery of detail in nature
Jan van Eyck (1390-1441)
Among 1 st to use oil paint
Striking details
Jan van EyckGiovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
Was van Eyck hinting at something ELSE in this painting?
Recreate & Create a “Renaissance” work
You may work in partners, groups, or individually
You may also have “guest subjects” to play roles, if needed
Choose a Renaissance work and recreate it in photography
Use costumes, props, and backgrounds to fit with the original image
Consider what makes the Renaissance work typical for the period
New Monarchies
In the second half of the 15 th century monarchies tried to reestablish centralized power monarchs taking back centralized power in the late 15 th century
Also called “ ”
Growth of French Monarchy
Hundred Years War (with England…remember Joan of
Arc?) left France ruined
Strong Nationalism
Charles VII crowned king at Reims
Established a royal army with cavalry and archers
Right to levy – yearly, direct tax on land
Louis XI “the spider”
Devious
Retained tailles as permanent tax
Expanded territory to Burgundy, Anjou, Provence
England: Civil War and New Monarchy
Hundred Years War (England trying to take
French Crown) ruined England economically
War of the Roses (1450s)
Civil War
House of Lancaster (Red Rose)
Led by Henry Tudor
House of York (White Rose)
Led by Edward, then Richard York
Henry Tudor defeated Richard at Bosworth Field
England: New Monarchy
Henry VII (1485-1509)
Worked to strengthen monarchial government
Makes sense…just won a CIVIL war
Established Court of Star Chamber
No juries
Allowed torture
Financial reform, fiscally conservative
Diplomatic – avoided wars
Left England stable and prosperous
Unification of Spain
Reconquista: taking Spain back from Muslims
In Middle Ages Spain consisted of several independent Christian kingdoms
Aragon & Castile were strongest
Navarre – small kingdom in north
Granada – last Muslim kingdom in south
Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married in 1469
Maintained separate kingdoms
Worked to strengthen royal control
Unification of Spain
Ferdinand & Isabella
Reorganized military
Developed strong infantry force- best in Europe
Strict religious uniformity
Spanish Inquisition: persecuted Jews and Muslims
1492: took back Granada, kicked out Muslims
Expelled all Jews from Spain
1502: expelled all Muslims
Holy Roman Empire
Controlled by the Hapsburg
Family
Did not have strong centralized authority
Didn’t fight wars, formed alliances through marriage
Emperor Maximilian I
Son Philip married Joana
(daughter to Ferdinand & Isabella)
Son Charles would become heir to the Hapsburgs, the Burgundian, and the Spanish
Eastern Europe
Population mostly Slavic, authority
Bohemia
Under Holy Roman Empire but the Czechs allied with Poles and Slavs
Russia – Ivan III freed Moscow from Mongols
Ottoman Turks and End of Byzantine
Empire
Byzantine Empire had been the buffer between the
Ottoman Turks and Europe
1453: Ottomans ended the Byzantine empire
Mehmet II laid siege to Constantinople
Cannons breached the walls
End of the fifteenth century Turks were threatening
Europe
The Church & Renaissance
John Wyclif (1328-1384)
Englishman
Attacked papal authority
No biblical basis for popes
Bibles should be in vernacular so everyone can read it
Rejected everything not in the bible
Pilgrimages
Saints
Ritual
: Wyclif’s followers
The Church & the Renaissance
Lollards spread to Bohemia
Czech reformers led by John Hus
Native Czechs embraced Hus’s teachings
Attempted to deal with heresy, summoned Hus
Hus condemned and burned at stake in 1415
Bohemia responded with upheaval raged in HRE until 1436, ended with truce
The Church & the Renaissance
Reforms were issued to little avail
By mid-fifteenth century popes reestablished authority
Moral leadership declined
Pope Alexander VI – led debauchery and criminal acts
Had children with mistresses
Encouraged son Cesare (inspiration for The Prince) to take a state from Papal states (Urbino)
Pope Leo X (son of Lorenzo de’Medici) major patron of arts
Commissioned Raphael to paint portrait and other works
Helped Rome become the artistic center of the Renaissance
