Chapter 12
The Presidency
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WHO GOVERNS?
1. Did the Founders expect the presidency
to be the most important political
institution?
2. How important is the president’s
character in determining how he
governs?
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TO WHAT ENDS?
1. Should we abolish the electoral college?
2. Is it harder to govern when the
presidency and the Congress are
controlled by different political parties?
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Presidents and Prime Ministers
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Presidents are Often Outsiders
Presidents Choose Cabinet Members
from Outside Congress
Presidents Have No Guaranteed
Majority in Congress
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The first cabinet: left to right,
Secretary of War Henry Knox,
Secretary of State Thomas
Jefferson, Attorney General
Edmund Randolph, Secretary of
the Treasury Alexander
Hamilton, and President George
Washington. p. 360
Bettmann/Corbis
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Divided Government
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Divided government – One party
controls the White House and another
party controls one or both houses of
Congress
Unified government – The same party
controls the White House and both
houses of Congress
Does gridlock matter?
Is policy gridlock bad?
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Copyright © 2011 Cengage
The Evolution of the Presidency
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Concerns of the Founders
The Electoral College
The President’s Term of Office
The First Presidents
The Jacksonians
The Re-emergence of Congress
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America witnessed peaceful
transfers of power not only
between leaders of different
parties (such as Woodrow
Wilson and William Howard Taft
in 1913), but also after a
popular leader was
assassinated (Lyndon Johnson
is sworn in after John F.
Kennedy’s death). p. 366
Library of Congress
Cecil
Stoughton/White
House/AP Photo
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The Powers of the President
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Mark Wilson/Getty Images
News/Getty Images
A military officer carrying “the football” –
the briefcase containing the secret codes
the president can use to launch a nuclear
attack. p. 370
Powers of the
President Alone
Powers the President
Shares with the
Senate
Powers the President
Shares with
Congress as a Whole
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The Office of the President
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The White House Office
• Pyramid structure
• Circular structure
• Ad hoc structure
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The Executive Office of the President
The Cabinet
Independent Agencies, Commissions,
and Judgeships
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Source: Statistical Abstract of the
United States, 2009, table 481.
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Who Gets Appointed
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Prior federal experience
“In-and-outers”
Political following
Expertise/ administrative
experience
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Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins
(left), appointed by President Franklin
Roosevelt, was the first woman cabinet
member.
Bettmann/CORBIS
When Condoleezza Rice was selected
by President George W. Bush to be
National Security Advisor, she became
the first woman to hold that position
(and later the first African American
woman to be Secretary of State).
p. 378
Bob Daemmrich/PhotoEdit
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Presidential Character
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Dwight Eisenhower
John Kennedy
Lyndon Johnson
Richard Nixon
Gerald Ford
Jimmy Carter
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Ronald Reagan
George H. W. Bush
Bill Clinton
George W. Bush
Barack Obama
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The Power to Persuade
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The Three Audiences
• Fellow politicians and
leaders
• Partisan grassroots
• The public
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Popularity and Influence
The Decline in Popularity
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Alex Wong/Getty Images
President Bush shakes
hands with Speaker
Nancy Pelosi after his
State of the Union
address. p. 380
Sources: Updated from
Congressional Quarterly, Guide to
U.S. Elections, 928; and Congress
and the Nation, vol. 4 (1973–
1976), 28.
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Figure 14.2 Presidential Victories on
Votes in Congress, 1953–2006
Note: Percentages indicate number of congressional votes supporting the president divided by the total
number of votes on which the president has taken a position.
Sources: Congressional Quarterly Almanac (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, various years);
Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (CQ Weekly) (1992), 3894; (1993), 3473; (1994), 3620; (1996),
3428; (1998), 14; (1999), 76, 2972; (2001) 54; (2002), 142, 3237; (2004), 54–55,
2947–2948; (2006), 87; (2007), 50.
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The Power to Say No
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Veto
• Veto message
• Pocket veto
• Line-item veto
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Executive Privilege
Impoundment of Funds
Signing Statements
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Source: Norman J.
Ornstein, Thomas E.
Mann, and Michael J.
Malbin, Vital Statistics
on Congress, 2001–
2002 (Washington,
D.C.: Congressional
Quarterly Press, 2001),
207 (updated).
Copyright © 2011 Cengage
Source: Norman J. Ornstein, Thomas E. Mann, and Michael
J. Malbin, Vital Statistics on Congress, 2002–2003
(Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2003),
207 (updated).
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Copyright © 2011 Cengage
The President’s Program
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Putting Together a Program
• Interest groups
• Aides and campaign advisers
• Federal bureaus and agencies
• Outside, academic, other specialists and
experts
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Attempts to Reorganize
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Scherl/SV-Bilderdeinst/The image Works
A group of Civilian Conservation
Corps workers hired by the government
during the Great Depression. p. 390
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Presidential Transition
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Michael Evans/The White House
The Vice
President
Problems of
Succession
Impeachment
Lame duck
President Reagan, moments before he was
shot on March 30, 1981, by a would-be
assassin. The Twenty-fifth Amendment
solves the problem of presidential disability
by providing for an orderly transfer of power
to the vice president. p. 392
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WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
MEMORANDUM
To: Delegate James Nagle
From: Amy Wilson, legal staff
Subject: Six-year presidential term
The proposal to give the president a single six-year term is
perhaps the most popular amendment now before the
convention. Polls suggest that it is supported by a sizable
percentage of the American people.
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WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
Arguments for:
1. Today, a president no sooner learns the ropes after being
elected for the first time than he or she has to start
preparing for the next election. A six-year term will give the
president a chance to govern for several years after
learning how to be president. This will lessen the extent to
which political pressures dictate what the president does.
2. Limited to a single term, the president need not cater to
special-interest groups or the media in deciding on policy.
He or she can concentrate on what is good for the country.
3. Many states have limited their governors to a single term.
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WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
Arguments against:
1. It is the need to win reelection that keeps the president
(like any politician) attentive to what the people want. A
president unable to succeed himself or herself will be
tempted to ignore public opinion.
2. Limiting a president to a single term will not free him or her
from the need to play to the media or special-interest
groups, since the formal powers of the presidency are too
weak to permit the incumbent to govern without the aid of
Congress and the press.
3. There is no evidence that presidents (such as Dwight
Eisenhower) who served a second term knowing that they
could not run for reelection did a better or less “political”
job in the second term than in the first.
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WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
Your decision:
Favor amendment?
Oppose amendment?
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How Powerful is the President?
Presidential rules of
thumb for dealing with
political problems:
• Move it or lose it.
• Avoid details.
• Cabinets don’t get much
accomplished; people
do.
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Susan Walsh/AP Photo
Barack Obama is sworn
in as the 44th
president. p. 396