power point - Education and Democracy
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SOCIAL MOVEMENTS OCCUR when EVERYDAY PEOPLE ACT COLLECTIVELY at the RIGHT HISTORICAL MOMENT January 2013 Some of the MAJOR EVENTS OF THE SOUTHERN FREEDOM MOVEMENT Leading to: CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS 1957 1960 1964 1965 AND Freedom from Fear and Freedom of Association 1954 Brown v Board 1965 Selma 1960 Sit Ins 1955 Montgomery bus boycott 1961-3 Freedom Rides 1964 COFO Freedom Summer BUT NOT FREEDOM FROM POVERTY OR FREEDOM FROM DISCRIMINATION Some key components of a successful social movement: Get Ready to Be Ready Personal relationship and community building, Building an infrastructure Development of local leadership, Creating coalitions, Identifying the problem and doing your homework, Strategic use of the arts, Strategic use of nonviolent direct resistance, Learning how to deal with the contradictions within the movement, and being in the right historical moment. ORGANIZATIONS: --Build Infrastructure and Coalitions --Develop experienced activists 1910 --- NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 1942 --- CORE Congress of Racial Equality 1957--- SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference 1960 --- SNCC (snick) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 1962-4 --- COFO Council of Federated Organizations = NAACP, CORE, SCLC, SNCC The Importance of Infrastructure 1837-1861-1890------ HBCU’s------------------------------------------------------------------------1919 Associated Negro Press--------------------------------------1964 1925 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and Maids 1950 A. Philip Randolph 1932 - -------------Highlander--------------------------------------------- Esau Jenkins Myles Horton 1908 Federal Council of Churches------------1950 National Council of Churches 1910 NAACP NAACP local chapters Youth chapters 1957 SCLC Churches -------Local independent civil rights organizations------e.g., Women’s Political Council e.g., Montgomery Improvement Association e.g., Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights e.g., Nonviolent Action Group Jo Ann Robinson Fred Shuttlesworth 1942 CORE Local chapters C.T. Vivian 1960 SNCC Black College Campuses Friends of SNCC World War II CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS 1957 1960 1964 1965 Gandhi The Importance of Historical Moment 1957 SCLC King 1955 Montgomery bus boycott 1910 NAACP 1908 Springfield IL Race riots 1960 Sit Ins SNCC 1942 CORE 1961-3 Freedom Rides NAACP local chapters in S. bolstered by black WW II vets 1964 COFO Freedom Summer LYNCHING Panic of 1907 -----Cold War-----------------------------------------1955 Bandung Conference African anti-colonial movements African Independence Timeline 18 1960 Sit ins at HBCUs y ear of independence 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1951 1956 1957 1958 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1968 number of countries achieving independence 1974 1975 1976 1977 1980 1990 1993 Thurgood Marshall World War II Roy Wilkins Walter White Gandhi National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 1954 Brown v Board 1944 Smith v Allwright 1946 Morgan v Virginia 1910 NAACP 1908 Springfield IL Race riots W. E. B. Dubois 1960 Boyton v Virginia IN SOUTH: local chapters youth chapters CHARLES HOUSTON 1917 Silent March 1915 Protests against Birth of a Nation 1964 COFO Freedom Summer MFDP MEDGAR EVERS -----Cold War-------- 1963 Kennedy shot Ida B. Wells LYNCHING End of Reconstruction Bandung Conference African anti-colonial movements World War II Southern Christian Leadership 1957 SCLC Council Gandhi King SEPTIMA CLARK Citizenship schools 1955 Montgomery bus boycott JO ANN ROBINSON 1965 Selma 1964 COFO Freedom Summer Freedom Schools E.D. NIXON KING AND BAYARD RUSTIN Lynching highpoint 1898 Plessy 1896 ELLA BAKER 1963 Kennedy shot African anti-colonial movements -----Cold War-------- World War II Student Nonviolent Co-ordinating Committee Gandhi 1965 Selma DIANE NASH BOB MOSES 1960 Sit Ins SNCC 1964 COFO Freedom Summer Voter Registration MFDP ELLA BAKER WAZIR PEACOCK Lynching highpoint 1898 Plessy 1896 1963 Kennedy shot African anti-colonial movements -----Cold War-------- World War II Gandhi Congress of Racial Equality CORE 1947 Journey of Reconciliation 1961-3 Freedom Rides 1942 CORE 1964 COFO Freedom Summer James Farmer Community centers Lynching Plessy 1896 1963 Kennedy shot African anti-colonial movements -----Cold War-------- Washington, D.C. Nashville Birmingham Jackson Montgomery New Orleans 1961 - The First Two Freedom Rides World War II 1957 Gandhi CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS 1960 1964 1965 1932 - ------------------------------------------------ Highlander 1910 NAACP 1908 Springfield IL Race riots 1944 Smith v Allwright Interaction Among Organizations and Leaders 1957 SCLC Citizenship schools King 1955 Montgomery 1965 bus boycott Selma 1946 Morgan v VA 1960 Boynton v VA 1960 Sit Ins SNCC 1942 CORE NAACP local chapters in S. est by black WW II vets Lynching 1961 Freedom Rides 1964 COFO Freedom Summer • Community centers • Freedom Schools • Voter Registration 1963 Kennedy shot African/Asian anti-colonial movements -----Cold War--------------- MISSISSIPPI FREEDOM SUMMER - 1964 ? Mississippi Literacy Test c. 1955 DOM VOTE The creation of the MFDP MFDP State Convention in Jackson 68 Convention Delegates: • 64 black • 4 white 5 Congressional Candidates 2 Senate Candidates Governor and Lt. Governor DISTRICTS Location of Mississippi projects Atlantic City, New Jersey - August 22, 1964 Fannie Lou Hamer (1917-1977) Speaking at the Credentials Committee Hearing of the National Democratic Presidential Nominating Convention Lyndon Johnson opposed the seating of the MFDP and spent political capital twisting arms. The Credentials Committee offered a “compromise:” MFDP to get two seats “at large” without voting power. MDP delegates to be seated, had to swear a loyalty oath to the Democratic Party. The MFDP voted against accepting the “compromise.” The Convention Delegates, under the impression that the MFDP approved the “compromise,” approved the Credentials Committee recommendations. The Success of Freedom Summer [T]he most significant thing that the movement gave to us was it removed people from fear. The freedom from fear of being dragged out of your house in the middle of the night for daring to want to be part of the mainstream, of daring to dream or want to participate, to want to have equal justice, that equal pay for equal work that my father used to talk about. The generations since the movement have not been taught to stay in their place or to understand that there’s a certain way to walk and stand and look at and relate to white people. For white and blacks, I think that is the most significant contribution it made to people in [Mississippi]. -- L.C. Dorsey The Failure of Freedom Summer What happened in 1964 symbolized the situation that we are in now. The National Democratic Party and the political leadership of that party at the time, said, okay, there’s room for these kind of people. And it was the professional people within our group who were asked to become part and did become part of the Democratic Party. On the other hand they said, there isn’t room for these people—grassroots people, the sharecroppers, the common workers, the day workers. There’s room for them as recipients of largesse— poverty programs and the like. There isn’t room for them as participants in power sharing. --Bob Moses The Lesson of Freedom Summer Never again were we lulled into believing that our task was exposing injustices so that the ‘good’ people of American could eliminate them. We left Atlantic City with the knowledge that the movement had turned into something else. After Atlantic City, our struggle was not for civil rights, but for liberation. -- Cleveland Sellers THE SOUTHERN FREEDOM MOVEMENT 1954 Brown v Board 1960 Sit Ins 1955 Montgomery bus boycott Leading to: 1965 Selma 1961 Freedom Rides 1964 COFO Freedom Summer CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS 1957 1960 Freedom from Fear 1964 1965 Freedom of Associatio BUT NOT Freedom from POVERTY or Freedom from DISCRIMINAT Vincent Harding From Fundi: The Story of Ella Baker (1981) “. . . Because this country has been changed [by the Southern Freedom Movement], we must change too if we are going to continue to carry on the struggle . . . . You move into a struggle with certain kinds of visions and ideas and hopes. You transform the situation and then you can no longer go on with the same kinds of visions . . . because you have created a new situation yourselves. And if anybody has taught us how to be flexible and change and recreate our ideas and our thoughts as time has gone on, Ella Baker has done that.” Ella Baker speaking at the MFDP State Convention “Until the killing of black men, black mother’s sons Is as important as the killing of white men, white mother’s sons We who believe in freedom cannot rest until it comes” San Francisco Freedom School Google: “sf freedom school”
