Warm-Up – 3/18 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the
following questions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
What are the two common classifications of fuel
systems in small aircraft?
What are some causes that may have led to
Accidents attributed to fuel contamination?
What are the basic components of a hydraulic
system?
What gauge displays a full-scale minus deflection
indicates a malfunction of the alternator/generator?
What is the purpose of a loadmeter?
Questions / Comments
Warm-Up – 3/18 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the
following questions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
What are the two common classifications of fuel
systems in small aircraft?
What are some causes that may have led to
Accidents attributed to fuel contamination?
What are the basic components of a hydraulic
system?
What gauge displays a full-scale minus deflection
indicates a malfunction of the alternator/generator?
What is the purpose of a loadmeter?
Airframe Systems
Fuel Systems
• Two common classifications
apply to fuel systems in
small aircraft:
• Gravity-feed
• Fuel-pump systems.
Warm-Up – 3/18 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the
following questions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
What are the two common classifications of fuel
systems in small aircraft?
What are some causes that may have led to
Accidents attributed to fuel contamination?
What are the basic components of a hydraulic
system?
What gauge displays a full-scale minus deflection
indicates a malfunction of the alternator/generator?
What is the purpose of a loadmeter?
Fuel Systems
Fuel Contamination
• Accidents attributed to
powerplant failure from
fuel contamination have
often been traced to:
• Inadequate preflight
inspection by the pilot.
• Servicing aircraft with
improperly filtered fuel
from small tanks or
drums.
Fuel Systems
Fuel Contamination
• Storing aircraft with
partially filled fuel
tanks.
• Lack of proper
maintenance.
Warm-Up – 3/18 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the
following questions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
What are the two common classifications of fuel
systems in small aircraft?
What are some causes that may have led to
Accidents attributed to fuel contamination?
What are the basic components of a hydraulic
system?
What gauge displays a full-scale minus deflection
indicates a malfunction of the alternator/generator?
What is the purpose of a loadmeter?
Aircraft Systems
Hydraulic Systems
• A basic hydraulic system
consists of a:
• reservoir
• pump (either hand,
electric, or engine driven),
• a filter to keep the fluid
clean
• selector valve to control
the direction of flow
• relief valve to relieve
excess pressure
• and an actuator.
Warm-Up – 3/18 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the
following questions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
What are the two common classifications of fuel
systems in small aircraft?
What are some causes that may have led to
Accidents attributed to fuel contamination?
What are the basic components of a hydraulic
system?
What gauge displays a full-scale minus deflection
indicates a malfunction of the alternator/generator?
What is the purpose of a loadmeter?
Aircraft Systems
Electrical Systems
• A full-scale minus deflection
indicates a malfunction of the
alternator/generator.
• A full-scale positive deflection
indicates a malfunction of the
regulator.
Warm-Up – 3/18 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the
following questions:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
What are the two common classifications of fuel
systems in small aircraft?
What are some causes that may have led to
Accidents attributed to fuel contamination?
What are the basic components of a hydraulic
system?
What gauge displays a full-scale minus deflection
indicates a malfunction of the alternator/generator?
What is the purpose of a loadmeter?
Aircraft Systems
Electrical Systems
• The loadmeter reflects the total percentage of the
load placed on the generating capacity of the
electrical system by the electrical accessories
and battery.
Questions / Comments
THIS DAY IN AVIATION

March 18
• 1906 — Trajan Vuia, a
Rumanian, first tests a
monoplane in France.
• Although it only hops and
does not fly, Louis Blériot
(1872-1936) decides that
its monoplane design is
superior to his biplane.
THIS DAY IN AVIATION

March 18
• 1938 — Only seven months
after its first flight, the
prototype Heinkel He.115-V1
begins a series of flights
breaking eight seaplane speed
records by carrying loads
between 1,100 lb. and 4,400
lb. over distances of 1,000 km
(621 miles) and 2,000 km
(1,242 miles) at an average
speed of 204 mph.
• The He.115 is the Luftwaffe's
most successful seaplane.
THIS DAY IN AVIATION

March 18
• 1942 — Gen. Douglas
MacArthur was appointed
commander of the
Southwest Pacific
Theater.
THIS DAY IN AVIATION

March 18
• 1952 — Two USAF Republic F-84 “Thunderjets” land in
Neubiberg, Germany after the longest sustained jet flight;
they flew 2,800 miles from the USA in 4 hours 48 minutes,
without refueling.
THIS DAY IN AVIATION

March 18
• 1954 — The first
production
Boeing B-52A
“Stratofortress”
rolls out of the
Boeing plant.
Questions / Comments
March 2014
SUNDAY
2
MONDAY
3
TUESDAY
4
WEDNESDAY
5
Fuel Systems
9
10
11
Chapter 6
THURSDAY
6
FRIDAY
SATURDAY
7
8
14
15
Electrical
Systems
12
13
Chapter 6
FltLine Friday
Hydraulic
Systems
16
17
18
19
Chapter 7
23
24
25
Chapter 7
30
31
20
21
22
28
29
Chapter 7
26
27
Chapter 7
Questions / Comments
Questions / Comments
Chapter 7 – Flight Instruments
FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
Today’s Mission Requirements
 Mission:

Identify in writing how to interpret and operate flight instruments.

Describe the pilot’s ability to recognize errors and malfunctions
with flight instruments.

Describe the pitot-static system and associated instruments.

Describe the vacuum system and related instruments.

Describe the gyroscopic instruments and the magnetic compass.

EQ:
Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the
student pilot learning to fly.
Flight Instruments
• In order to safely fly any aircraft, a pilot must
understand how to interpret and operate the
flight instruments.
Flight Instruments
• The pilot also needs to be able to recognize
associated errors and malfunctions of these
instruments.
Flight Instruments
• This chapter addresses the pitot-static system
and associated instruments, the vacuum system
and related instruments, gyroscopic
instruments, and the magnetic compass.
Pitot-Static Flight Instruments
• The pitot-static system is a combined system
that utilizes the static air pressure, and the
dynamic pressure due to the motion of the
aircraft through the air.
Pitot-Static Flight Instruments
• These combined pressures are utilized for the
operation of the airspeed indicator (ASI),
altimeter, and vertical speed indicator (VSI).
Pitot-Static Flight Instruments
Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines
• Static pressure, also
known as ambient
pressure, is always
present whether an
aircraft is moving or
at rest.
• It is simply the
barometric pressure
in the local area.
Pitot-Static Flight Instruments
Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines
• Dynamic pressure is present only when an
aircraft is in motion; therefore, it can be thought
of as a pressure due to motion
Pitot-Static Flight Instruments
Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines
• The pitot tube has a small opening at the front
which allows the total pressure to enter the
pressure chamber.
Pitot-Static Flight Instruments
Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines
• The total pressure is made up of dynamic
pressure plus static pressure.
Pitot-Static Flight Instruments
Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines
• Both openings in the
pitot tube need to be
checked prior to flight
to insure that neither is
blocked.
• This helps to keep
bugs and other objects
from becoming lodged
in the opening of the
pitot tube.
Pitot-Static Flight Instruments
Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines
• The total pressure is transmitted to the Airspeed
Indicator from the pitot tube’s pressure chamber
via a small tube.
Pitot-Static Flight Instruments
Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines
• The static pressure is also delivered to the
opposite side of the ASI which serves to cancel
out the two static pressures, thereby leaving the
dynamic pressure to be indicated on the
instrument.
Pitot-Static Flight Instruments
Impact Pressure Chamber and Lines
• The two remaining instruments (altimeter and
VSI) utilize only the static pressure which is
derived from the static port.
Pitot-Static Flight Instruments
Static Pressure Chamber and Lines
• The static chamber is vented through small
holes to the free undisturbed air on the side(s)
of the aircraft.
Pitot-Static Flight Instruments
Static Pressure Chamber and Lines
• An alternate static
source is provided in
some aircraft to
provide static
pressure should the
primary static source
become blocked.
• The alternate static
source is normally
found inside of the
flight deck.
Pitot-Static Flight Instruments
Static Pressure Chamber and Lines
• When the alternate static source pressure is
used, the following instrument indications are
observed:
Pitot-Static Flight Instruments
Static Pressure Chamber and Lines
• 1. The altimeter
indicates a slightly
higher altitude than
actual.
• 2. The ASI indicates an
airspeed greater than
the actual airspeed.
• 3. The Vertical Speed
Indicator shows a
momentary climb and
then stabilizes if the
altitude is held
constant.
Pitot-Static Flight Instruments
Static Pressure Chamber and Lines
• In an aircraft not equipped with an alternate
static source, an alternate method of introducing
static pressure into the system should a
blockage occur is to break the glass face of the
VSI.
Pitot-Static Flight Instruments
Static Pressure Chamber and Lines
• This most likely
renders the VSI
inoperative.
• The reason for
choosing the VSI as
the instrument to
break is that it is the
least important static
source instrument for
flight.
Questions / Comments