What type of memory is involved when you remember what you had for dinner last night?
A. Semantic memory
B. Episodic memory
C. Procedural memory
D. Sensory memory
Answer: B. Episodic memory
Which of the following is a feature of short-term memory?
A. Unlimited duration
B. Capacity of 7±2 items
C. Encoded semantically
D. Unlimited capacity
Answer: B. Capacity of 7±2 items
Bartlett’s study of War of the Ghosts showed that memory is:
A. An exact copy of the original event
B. Influenced by schemas and cultural expectations
C. Mostly photographic
D. Not reconstructive
Answer: B. Influenced by schemas and cultural expectations
Which technique did Bartlett use in his experiment?
A. Classical conditioning
B. Repeated reproduction
C. Brain scanning
D. Word lists
Answer: B. Repeated reproduction
What is the primary criticism of the Multi-Store Model of Memory?
A. It ignores long-term memory
B. It’s too complex
C. It treats each store as a single unit
D. It’s only based on animal research
Answer: C. It treats each store as a single unit
What is amnesia?
A. A disease that causes hallucinations
B. A condition that affects the ability to smell
C. A memory disorder that results in forgetting
D. A personality disorder
Answer: C. A memory disorder that results in forgetting
Which type of amnesia involves difficulty forming new long-term memories?
A. Retrograde amnesia
B. Anterograde amnesia
C. Procedural amnesia
D. Semantic amnesia
Answer: B. Anterograde amnesia
Retrograde amnesia affects:
A. Memories before the injury or trauma
B. Only sensory memory
C. The ability to learn new motor skills
D. Working memory only
Answer: A. Memories before the injury or trauma
Which of the following statements is TRUE about Clive Wearing’s case study?
A. He could recall most of his childhood
B. He suffered from both retrograde and anterograde amnesia
C. He could remember new facts after his illness
D. His procedural memory was completely lost
Answer: B. He suffered from both retrograde and anterograde amnesia
Which of the following would a person with anterograde amnesia MOST LIKELY struggle with?
A. Remembering how to play the piano
B. Remembering what they had for breakfast
C. Recognising their own name
D. Remembering their childhood home
Answer: B. Remembering what they had for breakfast
Which technique is most commonly used to study the effects of amnesia on memory?
A. Lab experiments with animals
B. Structured observations
C. Case studies of individuals
D. Surveys and interviews
Answer: C. Case studies of individuals
What are schemas in the context of memory?
A. Drugs used to improve recall
B. Units of memory stored in the brain
C. Packets of knowledge based on past experience
D. Genetic traits linked to intelligence
Answer: C. Packets of knowledge based on past experience
What was a key finding in Bartlett’s study?
A. Memory is completely unreliable
B. Participants always shortened and changed details
C. All participants remembered word-for-word
D. Memory was unaffected by culture
Answer: B. Participants always shortened and changed details
A criticism of Bartlett’s study is that:
A. It used a very scientific method
B. It was highly controlled
C. It lacked standardised procedures
D. It used brain scans
Answer: C. It lacked standardised procedures
Reconstructive memory is most relevant when considering:
A. Muscle memory
B. Eyewitness testimony
C. Sensory processing
D. Intelligence testing
Answer: B. Eyewitness testimony
In the information processing model, what does 'input' refer to?
A. The way we store information
B. The information we retrieve from memory
C. The data we receive from the environment
D. The feelings we experience
Answer: C. The data we receive from the environment
What is the correct sequence in the information processing model?
A. Output → Input → Storage
B. Input → Processing → Output
C. Memory → Emotion → Output
D. Attention → Forgetting → Storage
Answer: B. Input → Processing → Output
In terms of memory, what would 'output' involve?
A. Forgetting information
B. Processing emotional responses
C. Recalling information or giving a response
D. Paying attention to sensory details
Answer: C. Recalling information or giving a response
What is one key assumption of the information processing model?
A. The brain functions like a camera
B. The brain processes information similarly to a computer
C. People have unlimited attention
D. Memory is genetically determined
Answer: B. The brain processes information similarly to a computer
How many stores are in the Multi-Store Model of Memory?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
Answer: B. 3
(Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, Long-Term Memory)
According to the MSM, what is required to transfer information from STM to LTM?
A. Forgetting
B. Repetition
C. Attention
D. Rehearsal
Answer: D. Rehearsal
Which store has the shortest duration?
A. Sensory memory
B. Short-term memory
C. Long-term memory
D. Procedural memory
Answer: A. Sensory memory
What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Miller (1956)?
A. Unlimited
B. 5–7 items
C. 7 ± 2 items
D. 3–5 chunks
Answer: C. 7 ± 2 items
How is information mainly encoded in the short-term memory?
A. Visually
B. Semantically
C. Acoustically
D. Tactilely
Answer: C. Acoustically
Which of the following is a correct feature of long-term memory in the MSM?
A. Capacity: limited
B. Duration: 18–30 seconds
C. Encoding: mainly visual
D. Potentially unlimited capacity and duration
Answer: D. Potentially unlimited capacity and duration
What is a key criticism of the Multi-Store Model?
A. It overcomplicates memory processes
B. It lacks scientific evidence
C. It treats each memory store as too simple
D. It focuses too much on brain damage
Answer: C. It treats each memory store as too simple
What is the role of attention in the MSM?
A. Moves info from LTM to STM
B. Stores info permanently
C. Transfers info from sensory memory to STM
D. Deletes irrelevant memories
Answer: C. Transfers info from sensory memory to STM
What was the aim of the Peterson and Peterson study (1959)?
A. To investigate how STM is encoded
B. To study the capacity of long-term memory
C. To investigate the duration of short-term memory
D. To test the effects of schemas on memory
Answer: C. To investigate the duration of short-term memory
What method did Peterson and Peterson use in their experiment?
A. Case study
B. Observation
C. Structured interview
D. Lab experiment
Answer: D. Lab experiment
In the study, participants were asked to recall:
A. Word lists
B. Pictures
C. Trigrams (nonsense 3-letter combinations)
D. Sentences
Answer: C. Trigrams (nonsense 3-letter combinations)
Why were participants asked to count backwards during the task?
A. To test attention span
B. To prevent rehearsal of the trigram
C. To test their concentration
D. To distract them from the task
Answer: B. To prevent rehearsal of the trigram
For how long were participants asked to count backwards?
A. 2, 5, 7, or 9 seconds
B. 5, 10, 15, or 20 seconds
C. 3, 6, 9, 12, or 18 seconds
D. 1, 2, 3, or 4 seconds
Answer: C. 3, 6, 9, 12, or 18 seconds
What were the results of the study?
A. STM can last several minutes without rehearsal
B. Recall decreased as delay increased
C. Participants remembered more after longer delays
D. Rehearsal had no effect on memory
Answer: B. Recall decreased as delay increased
What did Peterson and Peterson conclude about the duration of STM?
A. STM is unlimited in time
B. STM can last up to 5 minutes without rehearsal
C. STM lasts about 18 seconds without rehearsal
D. STM and LTM have the same duration
Answer: C. STM lasts about 18 seconds without rehearsal
What is one key limitation of the Peterson and Peterson study?
A. It was too naturalistic
B. It had low reliability
C. It lacked control over variables
D. It lacked ecological validity
Answer: D. It lacked ecological validity
(Because remembering trigrams is not like real-life memory use)
What is reductionism in psychology?
A. Explaining behavior using multiple levels of analysis
B. Explaining behavior by breaking it down into simpler parts
C. Using case studies to explain complex behavior
D. Studying behavior in a natural setting
Answer: B. Explaining behavior by breaking it down into simpler parts
Which of the following is an example of a reductionist explanation?
A. Saying someone is aggressive because of their upbringing, biology, and peers
B. Saying someone is depressed due to a chemical imbalance
C. Considering cultural influences on memory
D. Looking at both nature and nurture when studying phobias
Answer: B. Saying someone is depressed due to a chemical imbalance
What is meant by a holistic explanation?
A. Ignoring biology when explaining behavior
B. Looking only at individual genes
C. Looking at the whole person and multiple factors influencing behavior
D. Focusing only on unconscious desires
Answer: C. Looking at the whole person and multiple factors influencing behavior
A criticism of holism is that:
A. It is too focused on science
B. It oversimplifies behavior
C. It can be hard to test and apply scientifically
D. It ignores social factors
Answer: C. It can be hard to test and apply scientifically
Which of the following is an example of holistic thinking?
A. Blaming only hormones for aggression
B. Considering personality, environment, and brain structure when studying aggression
C. Studying memory using only lab experiments
D. Using animals to study human depression
Answer: B. Considering personality, environment, and brain structure when studying
aggression