TYPES OF MEMORY
• Sensory Memory
– Records information from the senses for up to three
seconds
– Examples are Iconic (Visual) Memory and Echoic
(Auditory) Memory
• Short-Term Memory
– Holds about seven items for up to twenty seconds
before the material is forgotten or transferred to
long-term memory
• Long-Term Memory
– Relatively permanent, can hold vast amounts of
information
Information-Processing Model
of Memory
A model of memory in which information must
pass through discrete stages via the processes
of attention, encoding, storage, and retrieval.
l
SENSORY MEMORY
– Records information from the senses for up to three
seconds
– Iconic (Visual) Memory - form of sensory memory
that holds visual information for up to one second.
– Echoic (Auditory) Memory- form of sensory
memory that holds auditory information for one to
two seconds
– Functions- 1) regulates stimulus, 2) decision time,
3) provides stability, playback, and recognition
SHORT TERM MEMORY
• FEATURES-A) LIMITED DURATION /
MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL
B) LIMITED CAPACITY /
INTERFERENCE
• FUNCTIONS-1) ATTENDING
2) REHEARSING TO PROCESS
EX. CHUNKING
3) STORING INTO LTM
COMPONENTS OF LONG
TERM MEMORY
• ENCODING- automatic vs. effortful-chunking,
mneumonics, maintenance & elborative rehearsal
• STORAGE- Procedural Memory
– Stored long-term knowledge of learned habits and skills.
– Examples are how to drive, ride a bike, tie one’s shoes, etc.
• Declarative Memory
– Stored long-term knowledge of facts about ourselves and the
world.
– Includes both semantic (nonpersonal) and episodic (personal)
memories
STEPS OF LTM cont’d
• RETRIEVAL
Explicit Memory
– The types of memory elicited through the conscious retrieval of
recollections in response to direct questions.
– Conscious retention, direct tests, disrupted by amnesia, encoded in
the hippocampus
Implicit Memory
– A nonconscious recollection of a prior experience that is
revealed indirectly, by its effects on performance.
– Nonconscious retention, indirect tests, intact with amnesia,
encoded elsewhere
Types of Memory
• Photographic -ability to form detailed visual
images after short exposure to picture.
• Eidetic-photographic memory in children
• Flashbulb - vivid recollection of dramatic or
emotionally charged events
• Childhood amnesia -The inability of most people
to recall events from before the age of three or
four
• Hindsight Bias - The tendency to think after an
event that one knew in advance what was going to
happen