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Memory?
◦ Types of memory, CNS regions, memory impairments
Learning?
◦ Models for learning

if attended

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Short-term Memory (STM)
◦ Limited capacity (7 items)
 can use chunking
◦ Brief duration
◦ Can be lost without rehearsal or with interference

if attended


Short-term Memory (STM)
◦ Limited capacity (7 items)
 can use chunking
 Brief duration
 can be lost without rehearsal or with interference

Long-term Memory (LTM)
◦ more permanent storage
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Consolidation
- Process by which rehearsal of information in STM results in transfer to LTM

if attended

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Amnesia refers to a failure to remember
◦ Anterograde amnesia - difficulty in forming new memories for events that occur after a brain trauma
◦ Retrograde amnesia - inability to recall events that occurred prior to a trauma
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Amnesia can be temporary or permanent

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Severe anterograde amnesia follows damage to the hippocampus

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Surgery – 1953 for debilitating epilepsy
◦ bilateral removal of hippocampus
 consequences:
 severe anterograde amnesia
 short-term memory intact
 long term memory prior to surgery intact
 motor memories intact
◦

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Declarative memory: memories available as facts, events, or specific stimuli
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Nondeclarative memory: stimulus-response and motor memories that control behaviors at an unconscious level

Hippocampal dependent

these can be true or false

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Prefrontal Cortex-
◦ memory deficits – planning, sequence of events
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Cerebellum
◦ motor memories

 amygdala
◦ part of the limbic system; emotional memories

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Alzheimers disease
◦ Hippocampus has many cholinergic neurons
◦ basal forebrain – area specifically affected by AD
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Korsakoff’s syndrome

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Korsakoff’s syndrome
◦ severe anterograde amnesia with elements of confabulation
◦ consequence of chronic alcohol abuse
 lesions in a number of brain structures including

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ECS – electroconvulsive shock
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State dependent memories (and state dependent learning)