Memory
●​ Memory goes through a series of stages
Encoding process
Storage of information
Retrieval of information
Sensory input
●​ Constant stimulation through senses
All the above information is stored in sensory memory
→ Working memory
●​ One of the features of working memory is limited capacity
●​ 7 +/- 2 pieces of information
●​ Serial position effect
→ Some information from working memory goes on to become long term memory
●​ End of the list is easier to remember because it’s fresh on memory
●​ End of list- recency effect
●​ Serial position effect
○​ As new information comes in, it interferes with past information
Salient
●​ Ex: you walk past a person and you notice them but they don’t notice you
●​ Sensation of clothing against your skin activate touch receptors
○​ You don’t notice it- it’s not salient
●​ Not important information
●​ Salient information is typically discarded
●​ Cocktail party effect
○​ Think you’re not listening to conversations, yet someone says your name and you
notice
○​ At some level, your brain is always listening to distant conversations
Mnemonic
●​ Chunking
●​ Maintenance rehearsal
●​ The moment you have other information coming in, you’ll lose the information
●​ People use mnemonic devices using acronyms
●​ Shallow — — — deep
○​ With depth of process you’re connecting something to more nodes
●​ Raw factual information is harder to remember
○​ Shallow encoding
●​ The more deeply you encode information, the more/ better you’re storing it
Sleep
●​ Sleep is crucial for memory development
●​ NREM
●​ REM
○​ New memories get integrated into memory network
Emotional memories are encoded more deeply than those that don’t have emotions attached
Hippocampus is crucial for long term storage of information
Declarative memory is memory for facts
●​ Explicit memory
Sensory input → Sensory memory → Working memory → long term memory
Long term memory ← Working memory is retrieval, consolidation
Inadequate retrieval cues (tip of the tongue phenomenon): Information is there but you have
trouble finding it
When you retrieve information from long term memory it’s called
Deeper processing is more easily remembered
●​ When things become procedural, they become harder to explain w/o making motions
○​ Tying shoes
Procedural vs declarative memory
Forgetting curve
Retroactive interference
●​ New information interferes with old information
Proactive interference
Habituation