IGCSE GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10 - COMPLETE NOTES (RIVERS + INDUSTRY)
RIVERS
A river is a natural flowing stream of water from its source to its mouth.
Upper Course: Steep gradient, vertical erosion, features include V-shaped valleys and waterfalls.
Middle Course: Gentler slope, both erosion and deposition, features include meanders.
Lower Course: Very gentle slope, deposition dominates, features include floodplains and deltas.
River Processes:
Erosion: wearing away of land (hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, solution).
Transportation: movement of material (traction, saltation, suspension, solution).
Deposition: dropping of material when river loses energy.
Key Landforms:
Waterfalls, gorges, meanders, oxbow lakes, floodplains, levees, deltas.
Flooding:
Causes include heavy rain, deforestation, and urbanisation.
Management includes dams, levees, afforestation, and zoning.
INDUSTRY
Industry involves extracting, processing, and providing goods and services.
Types of Industry:
Primary: extraction (farming, mining).
Secondary: manufacturing (factories).
Tertiary: services (teaching, transport).
Quaternary: knowledge-based (IT, research).
Location Factors:
Transport, labour, power, market, raw materials, capital.
Industrial Change:
Deindustrialisation is decline in manufacturing due to automation and global competition.
Advantages:
Jobs, infrastructure, economic growth.
Disadvantages:
Pollution, congestion, business competition.