Part 1: Models & Coding
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Q: What are the three stores in the Multi-Store Model?
A: Sensory Register, Short-Term Memory (STM), Long-Term Memory (LTM).
Q: What is Sensory Register coding?
A: Modality-specific (Iconic for visual, Echoic for sound).
Q: What is Sensory Register capacity?
A: Potentially unlimited (takes in everything the senses perceive).
Q: What is Sensory Register duration?
A: Less than half a second.
Q: What is STM coding?
A: Acoustic (sound).
Q: What is STM capacity?
A: $7 \pm 2$ items.
Q: What is STM duration?
A: 18–30 seconds.
Q: What is LTM coding?
A: Semantic (meaning).
Q: What is LTM capacity?
A: Potentially unlimited.
Q: What is LTM duration?
A: Potentially a lifetime.
Part 2: Studies (MSM)
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Q: What did Baddeley find about STM and LTM coding?
A: STM codes acoustically; LTM codes semantically.
Q: How did Peterson & Peterson test STM duration?
A: Used nonsense trigrams while counting backwards to prevent rehearsal.
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Q: What did Bahrick find about LTM duration?
A: High school yearbook recall was 70% accurate after 48 years.
Q: Why is HM a strength for the MSM?
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A: Shows LTM and STM are separate stores (due to hippocampus damage).
Q: Why is KF a weakness for the MSM?
A: KF had damaged auditory STM but intact visual STM.
Part 3: Working Memory Model (WMM)
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Q: What does the Central Executive do?
A: Coordinates/controls all stores; limited capacity, modality-free.
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Q: What does the Phonological Loop do?
A: Processes auditory data (sound). Capacity is 2 seconds of speech.
Q: What does the Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad do?
A: Processes visual/spatial info. Capacity is 3–4 objects.
Q: What does the Episodic Buffer do?
A: Combines info from all stores to create a coherent memory.
Q: What is one strength of the WMM?
A: Dual-task studies show visual and verbal tasks use separate stores.
Q: What is one weakness of the WMM?
A: The Central Executive is too vague and poorly understood.
Part 4: Forgetting
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Q: What is Proactive Interference?
A: Old memories disrupt the recall of new memories.
Q: What is Retroactive Interference?
A: New memories disrupt the recall of old memories.
Q: What did McGeoch & McDonald find about interference?
A: Interference is strongest when memories are similar (synonyms).
Q: What is Retrieval Failure?
A: Forgetting due to the absence of correct cues.
Q: What did Godden & Baddeley find (Context-Dependent)?
A: Recall was 40% lower when learning/testing environments didn't match.
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Q: What is State-Dependent forgetting?
A: Recall is worse if internal physiological state doesn't match learning.
Part 5: Eyewitness Testimony (EWT)
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Q: How do leading questions affect EWT?
A: They suggest an answer and distort the original memory.
Q: What did Loftus & Palmer find?
A: "Smashed" verb led to higher speed estimates and false memory of glass.
Q: What is Post-Event Discussion (PED)?
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A: Co-witnesses discuss events and contaminate each other's memories.
Q: What did Gabbert find about PED?
A: 71% of participants recalled details they didn't see themselves.
Q: What is the Weapon Focus Effect?
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A: High anxiety narrows attention to a weapon, missing other details.
Q: What did Johnson & Scott find?
A: 33% accuracy with bloody knife; 49% accuracy with grease pen.
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Q: What did Yuille & Cutshall find about anxiety?
A: Real-life high-stress witnesses were 88% accurate (positive effect).
Q: What are the 4 techniques of Cognitive Interview?
A: Report everything, reinstate context, reverse order, change perspective.
Q: What is one strength of Cognitive Interview?
A: Köhnken found an 81% increase in correct information.
Q: What is one weakness of Cognitive Interview?
A: Increases incorrect information (confabulation) and requires expensive
training.