ECE 415
Power System Analysis
Week 1
1
Shivam Chaturvedi
schatur2@gmu.edu
About Me
Introduction
➢ Dr. Shivam Chaturvedi
Assistant Professor, ECE, GMU.
➢ Previous Position:
❑ Research Investigator and LEO lecturer
❑ Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
❑ University of Michigan (4 years)
➢ Research Interests:
❑ Control of DC/AC Microgrids, Control of Single Stage Inverters, Real Time
Hardware in Loop Control Electric Vehicle Applications, Virtual Impedance Shaping.
2
Research Interests- DC-DC, DC-AC Power Converters
DC-DC
Converter
Electric
Vehicle
Applications
My
Research
DC-AC
Power
Conversion
Figure: DC-DC/DC-AC converters
Machine
Learning in
PE
Figure: DC-DC Microgrid Configuration
Figure: DC-DC Microgrid HIL Implementation 3
Research Interests- Electric Vehicle Applications
DC-DC
Converter
Figure: EV configuration
Electric
Vehicle
Applications
My
Research
DC-AC
Power
Conversion
Machine
Learning in
PE
Figure: EV Inverter Lifetime accelerated testing
Figure: EV charging topology testing 4
Research Interests: ML in power conversion
DC-DC
Converter
Figure: Automated topology generation
Electric
Vehicle
Applications
My
Research
DC-AC
Power
Conversion
Machine
Learning in
PE
Figure: Machine learning implementation
5
Different research setups:
Research on Power Electronic Converter Control and Applications
❑ Design the DC-DC converters to achieve the
voltage and current dynamics.
DC-DC
Converter
❑ Robust control for DC/AC microgrids coupled
with photo-voltaic panels.
Electric
Vehicle
Applications
My
Research
DC-AC
Power
Conversion
❑ Implement various control strategies to
enhance the dynamics of EV motors.
❑ Implement EV battery charging topologies.
Machine
Learning in
PE
❑ Application of AI in power electronics.
7
Collaborations
Lecture 1-8
Syllabus
Syllabus
Syllabus
Syllabus
Syllabus
History of Power Generation
August 29, 1831: Faraday demonstrated how to make electricity from a change in magnetism
History of Power Generation
•
The earliest practical applications of electricity emerged with the telegraph in the 1860s,
followed by arc lighting in the 1870s.
•
In the early 1880s, Thomas Edison launched the Pearl Street DC power system in
Manhattan, initially serving 59 customers.
•
In 1884, Frank J. Sprague developed the first commercially practical DC motor.
•
The transformer was invented in 1885, enabling efficient voltage conversion.
•
During the mid-1880s, Westinghouse and Tesla introduced a competing AC power system.
•
By the late 1880s, Nikola Tesla invented the AC induction motor.
•
In 1893, a three-phase transmission line operating at 2.3 kV was demonstrated.
History of Power Generation
1876: World’s 1st R&D Lab by Thomas Edison
• Founded in 1876 at Menlo park, NJ when Edison was 29 years old.
• Edison’s team on the front steps of the lab building (circa 1880).
History of Power Generation
1882: 1st Commercial Power Plant for a City (by Edison)
History of Power Generation
•
Tesla designed the polyphase AC system (generators, transformers, transmission lines,
motors) that became the global standard, allowing electricity to be sent far more
efficiently than direct current (DC).
Nikola Tesla in the lab he set up in Colorado Springs (1899) to study electric energy by generating millions of volts (note: the photo is a double exposure.)
History of Power Generation
•
Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison played key roles in the War of the Currents.
Edison developed direct current -- current that runs continually in a single direction, like in a
battery or a fuel cell. During the early years of electricity, direct current (shorthanded as DC) was
the standard in the U.S.
But there was one problem. Direct current is not easily
converted to higher or lower voltages.
Tesla believed that alternating current (or AC) was the solution to this problem. Alternating
current reverses direction a certain number of times per second -- 60 in the U.S. -- and can be
converted to different voltages relatively easily using a transformer.
https://www.energy.gov/articles/war-currents-ac-vs-dc-power
History of Power Generation
•
Westinghouse-Tesla Polyphase Exhibit In The “Electricity Building” At The Chicago World's Fair (1893)
History of Power Generation
History of Power Generation
•
Frequency standardized in the 1930’s
•
Transmission voltages up to 345 kV by 1949
•
1969: First 765 kV transmission in US
•
Major opening of industry to competition occurred as a result of National Energy
Policy Act of 1992. This act mandated that utilities provide “nondiscriminatory”
access to the high voltage transmission.
•
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 repealed PUHCA and introduced revisions to PURPA.
History of Power Generation
•
Today our electricity is still predominantly powered by alternating current, but
computers, LEDs, solar cells and electric vehicles all run on DC power.
•
And methods are now available for converting direct current to higher and lower
voltages.
•
Since direct current is more stable, companies are finding ways of using high voltage
direct current (HVDC) to transport electricity long distances with less electricity loss.
Power Considerations
Introduction
Power Generation
Practical power system
U.S. Electric System Overview
Transformers in generation
Transformers in transmission
Transformers in distribution
U.S. Electric System Overview
U.S. Electric System Overview
Population density
https://www.nrel.gov/news/feature/2024/national-transmission-planning-study
Installed Capacity
https://www.nrel.gov/news/feature/2024/national-transmission-planning-study
Transmission Grid
Transmission
https://www.nrel.gov/news/feature/2024/national-transmission-planning-study
Supply – Demand Balance
Interconnects
US Interconnects
The U.S. grid is divided into three major regions:
•The Eastern Interconnection, which operates in
states east of the Rocky Mountains.
•The Western Interconnection, which covers the
Pacific Ocean to the Rocky Mountain states.
•The Texas Interconnected system.
Management Structure of the U.S. Bulk Electric System
FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission)
NERC (North American Electric Reliability Corporation)
Regional Entities (e.g., MRO, NPCC, WECC, RFC, SERC,
TRE)
ISO/RTOs (e.g., PJM, MISO, CAISO, ERCOT)
US Interconnects
US Interconnections
https://www.nerc.com/programs/bulk-power-system-awareness/reliability-coordinators
Where we are..
Regional Transmission Organization (RTO)
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/elec-ovr-rto-map.pdf
Generation and consumptions
Distributed power generation
One Line Diagram
Typical structure
Power Grid Graph Representation
Power Grid Graph Representation
END