DRIVE TEST MANUAL
May, 2017
Table of Contents
CHAP I: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS .............................................................................................. 4
1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 4
1.2. Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications ........................................................................... 4
1.3. BTS basic knowledge .................................................................................................................. 5
1.3.1.
Important Definitions ......................................................................................................... 5
1.3.2.
Frequency reuse .................................................................................................................. 6
1.3.3. Interferences ........................................................................................................................ 6
1.4. GSM RADIO PARAMETERS .................................................................................................. 7
1.5. UMTS overview ........................................................................................................................... 9
1.5.4. 3G Radio parameters .............................................................................................................. 12
1.6. NEIGHBOUR CELL RELATIONS ............................................................................................ 13
CHAP 2. NOTION ON NETWORK OPTIMIZATION ....................................................................... 14
2.0. General introduction ..................................................................................................................... 14
2.1. Overview on network Optimization ............................................................................................. 14
2.1.1. Benefits of Network Optimization ......................................................................................... 14
2.1.2. Causes of poor quality of a network ...................................................................................... 14
2.2. Notion on network planning.......................................................................................................... 15
2.3. Cell Neighboring ............................................................................................................................ 15
2.4. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 16
CHAP 3. DRIVE TESTING.....................................................................................................................17
3.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 17
3.2. Types of drive tests .........................................................................................................................17
3.3. Tools and materials ........................................................................................................................ 17
3.3.1. Hardware: ................................................................................................................................ 17
3.3.2. Software: .................................................................................................................................. 17
3.4. Preparation and precautions for drive and walk tests ............................................................... 18
3.5. Creating FTP server ...................................................................................................................... 18
3.5.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 18
3.5.2. How to create an FTP server ................................................................................................. 18
3.6. TESTS TO DO ............................................................................................................................... 20
3.6.1. Static Test ................................................................................................................................ 20
3.6.2. Mobility Test ............................................................................................................................ 20
3.7. Choosing routes.............................................................................................................................. 21
3.8. Reading a map................................................................................................................................ 21
3.9. TEMS PRODUCTS........................................................................................................................23
3.9.1. TEMS POCKET......................................................................................................................23
TEMS Pocket Devices....................................................................................................................... 24
Registering Your TEMS Pocket Device.......................................................................................... 24
Product Package License Types.......................................................................................................26
Procedure for Activating Licenses...................................................................................................26
Deactivating/Returning Licenses..................................................................................................... 28
Downloading TEMS Pocket Software............................................................................................. 28
1.9.2.
TEMS DISCOVERY......................................................................................................... 40
3.9.3.
Analyzing data................................................................................................................... 49
3.9.4.
MapInfo professional.........................................................................................................50
5. REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................... 62
CHAP I: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS
1.1. Introduction
Communication is one of the integral parts of science that has always been a focus point for
exchanging information among parties at locations physically apart, it has made the life easy
shortly. After its discovery, telephones have replaced the telegrams and letters. Similarly, the
term ‘mobile’ has completely revolutionized the communication by opening up innovative
applications that are limited to one’s imagination.
The purpose of the drive test is to perform the RF design verification, identify any coverage and
quality problems to optimise network performance. These theories about BTS concepts will help
you understanding data that the drive test provides and analysing them.
1.2. Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications
The 1st commercial automated cellular network was launched by NTT in Japan in 1979,
followed by the launch of Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland,
Norway and Sweden, in 1981 and officially in USA in 1983& UK, The technology was only for
voice communication. Below is the summary of the mobile evolution from the 2nd generation.
1.3. BTS basic knowledge
1.3.1. Important Definitions
Base station: A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio communication with
mobile station. Base stations are located at the center or on the edge of a coverage region and
consist of radio channel and transmitter and receiver antenna mounted on a tower.
Control channel: Radio channels used for transmission of call setup, call request, call initiation,
and other control purposes.
Forward channel: Radio channel used for transmission from the base station to the mobile.
Reverse channel: Radiation channel used for transmission of information from the mobile to
base station.
Full duplex systems: Communication system which allow simultaneous two-way
communication. Two radio channels are used, one for transmission and another one for reception.
Half duplex systems: Communication systems which allow two way communication by using
the same radio channel for both transmission and reception. At any given time, the user can only
either transmit or receive information.
Handoff (Handover): The process of transferring a mobile station from one channel or base
station to another.
Page: A brief message which is broadcast over the entire service area, usually in a simulcast
fashion by many base stations at the same time.
Roamer: A mobile station which operates in a service area (Market) other than that from which
service has been subscribed.
Simplex System: Communication systems which provide only one-way communication
Subscriber: A user who pays subscription charges for using mobile communications system
Transceiver: A device capable of simultaneous transmitting and receiving radio signals.
Set up time: The time required to allocate a radio channel to a requesting user. As a number of
users is greater than the number of channels in a trunk/channel pool! Hence user may be blocked
or has to wait.
Blocked call: A call that cannot be completed at the time of request due to congestion.(Lost
call).E.g. during Christmas &New year’s events as many people try to call at the same time.
Holding time: Average duration of a typical call. It can be regulated by increasing or decreasing
the cost per minute.
Request Rate: The average number of calls per unit time (λ) Lambda.E.g the number of calls
per hour (2calls/hour, at home, 5calls/hour in the office&35calls/hour in a call center).
Grade of service (GoS): A measure of the congestion which is specified as a probability.
1.3.2. Frequency reuse
Cellular radio system rely on an intelligent allocation and reuse of channels throughout a
coverage region. Each base station is allocated a group of radio channels to be used within a
small geographic area called a cell.
Base stations in adjacent cells are assigned channel groups which contain completely different
channels than neighboring cells. The base station antennas are designed to achieve the desired
coverage within the particular cell. By limiting the coverage area to within the boundaries of a
cell, the same group of channels may be used to cover different cells that are separated from one
another by distances large enough to keep interference levels within tolerable limits. The design
process of selecting and allocating channels groups for all of the cellular base stations within a
system is called: Frequency reuse or Frequency planning.
1.3.3. Interferences
1.3.3.1. Co-channel interference
Frequency reuse implies that in a given coverage area there are several cells that use the same set
of frequencies. These cells are called co-channel cells, and the interference between signals from
these cells is called co-channel interference.
1.3.3.2.
Adjacent Channel Interference
Interference resulting from signals which are adjacent in frequency to the desired signal is called
adjacent channel interference. Adjacent channel interference results from imperfect receiver
filters which allow nearby frequencies to leak into the pass band. The problem can be
particularly serious if an adjacent channel user is transmitting in very close range to a
subscriber's receiver, while the receiver attempts to receive a base station on the desired channel.
By keeping the frequency separation between each channel in a given cell as large as possible,
the
adjacent
channel
interference
may
be
reduced
considerably.
1.4.
GSM RADIO PARAMETERS
Rxlev - Avg received signal strength of the serving cell measured on all time slot and
subset of time slots.
Rxlev (Full) – Rxlev of a full rate traffic channel
Rxlev(Sub)- If DTX-DL is used in the network the “SUB” set is used.
-10 to -65: Very Good
-65 to -75: Good
-75 to -95: Fair
-95 TO -105: Worst
Rxqual - Avg: received signal quality of the serving cell measured on all time slot and
subset of time slots. It is measured on basis of BER. For call without hopping Rxqual
should be less than 4. For call with hopping it should be less than 5
FER: The percentage of frames being dropped due to high number of non-corrected bit
errors in the frame. It is the ratio of discarded speech frames to that of received speech
frames. It should be 0.
0 TO 4% GOOD
4 TO 15 % DEGRADED
15 % < VERY BAD
BER Actual: Ratio of the number of bit errors to the total number of bits transmitted in a
given time interval. BER is a measure for the voice quality in network. Depending on
BER RxQual is measured.
SQI: SQI is a more sophisticated measure which is dedicated to reflecting the quality of
the speech (as opposed to radio environment conditions). This means that when
optimizing the speech quality in your network, SQI is the best criterion to use. SQI is
updated at 0.5 s intervals. It is computed on basis of BER and FER.
18 to 30 – Good
0 to 18 - Bad
C/I: The carrier-over-interference ratio is the ratio between the level of the signal
strength of the current serving cell to that of the signal strength of undesired (interfering)
signal components. It is updated twice after every second and is measured when
frequency hopping is enabled.
25 to 15 Good
15 to 9 so good
C/A : It is the ratio between the level of the signal strength of the current serving cell to
that of the signal strength of adjacent frequency
CGI: It stands for the Cell Global Identity which is unique for every sector of the site. It
consists of MCC, MNC, LAC, CI.
BCCH ARFCN: It tells by which BCCH is the mobile station getting served.
TCH ARFCN: On which Traffic Freq. call is going on.
BSIC: It is combination of Network Color Code (NCC) (0 – 7) & Base Station Color
Code
1.5. UMTS overview
The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the major new third
generation mobile communications systems being developed within the framework defined by
the ITU and known as IMT-2000.
1.5.1. UMTS architecture
UTRAN in the UMTS architecture
1.5.1.1.
UTRAN Architecture
The UTRAN is composed of several Radio Network Subsystems (RNSs). One RNS is linked
with the Core Network using the Iu interface. The RNS consists of 1 Radio Network Controller
and several Nodes B attached to it through the Iub interface.
The RNC controls the radio resources in its domain (all the attached Nodes B) as well as the
User Equipment connection. The RNC also provides services to the Core Network. The RNC can
be considered as the Service Access Point (SAP) for the CN.
The Node B is a logical node responsible for radio transmission / reception in one or more cells
to/from the UE. The logical node terminates the Iub interface towards the RNC. It also
participates in radio resource management.
1.5.1.2. Core network
The Core Network Domain consists of the physical entities which provide support for the
network features and telecommunication services.
The support provided includes functionality such as the management of user location information,
control of network features and services, the transfer (switching and transmission) mechanisms
for signaling and for user generated information.
Some important terminology used in UMTS
1. Active set: the set of cells with which the UE is currently connected/communicating with;
Drive tests usually show them as scrambling code (SC) or Pilots but they are actually
cells; Monitored Set are Cells that the UE has detected and is monitoring and are known
to the network.
2. Scrambling code: By using the scrambling code, Node B can separate signals coming
simultaneously from many different UEs and UE can separate signals coming
simultaneously from many different Node B.
3. Soft and softer handover: Softer handover is a handover between two sectors of the
same cell of a Node B. Soft handover is a handover between two cells (different
Node Bs).
4. Master Head Amplifier (MHA): the MHA can be used in WCDMA in the
uplink direction to compensate for the cable losses and thus reducing the required
mobile station’s transmit power.
5. Pilot pollution: when the number of strong cells exceeds the active set size, there is
“pilot pollution” in the area. Typically the active set size is 3, so if there are more than
3 strong cells then there is pilot pollution. Pilot pollution is faced on a certain area when
there is no clearly dominant CPICHs over the others. It creates an abnormally high
level of interference, which is likely to result in the performance problems.
Increased interference level
Poor service quality, decreased throughput or increased
delay Decreased service access
Frequent changes in active set and potential risk for unnecessary handovers.
Higher non-controllable load
Pilot pollution can be avoided (at least partially) by planning the CPICH powers and SHO
parameters so that throughout the network there is only 2-3 CPICHs available for the UE’s ,
strong enough to be included in the active set.
1.5.4. 3G Radio parameters
1.5.4.1. CPICH Ec/No
Chip Energy Per Noise
Ranges for Ec/No
-30 to -7: Good
-7 to -10: Acceptable
-10 to -36: Bad
1.5.4.2. CPICH RSCP
Received signal code power is the level of the signal received by the UE or in simple RSCP
is the total power of the entire cell or a specific common pilot channel received by the user
equipment.
Ranges of RSCP
-30 to -75: Good
-75 to -85: Acceptable
-85 to -140: Bad
1.5.4.3. RSSI
Received signal strength indicator is the total power of the entire common pilot channel received
by the mobile station including neighbours interference and noise as well as neighbours and itself
also.
RSSI=RSCP + Ec/No
RSSI ranges:
0 to -75: Good
-75 to -85: Acceptable
-85 to -140: Bad
1.6. NEIGHBOUR CELL RELATIONS
The monitored set is also called as a neighbor list. This list can be defined in network
planning and it can be later changed in network optimization.
The list of neighbours play an important role since WCDMA is interference limited.
Insufficient planning of neighbor relations will lead to unnecessary high interference.


E.g. if suitable SHO candidate is not in the monitored set and thus it is not selected to active
set then it’s turning to a “pilot polluter”
On the other hand, unnecessary neighbours increase signaling and affects the SHO
selection negatively.
Accurate neighbor relations planning in 3G is much more important than in GSM
In GSM, it is possible to “hide” cell planning mistakes by frequency planning, in CDMA the
inaccuracies will affect the system capacity.
A neighboring set (or monitored set) is defined for each cell, UE monitors the neighboring
set that may contain:



Intra-frequency monitored list: Cells on the same WCDMA carrier (Soft HO)
Inter-frequency neighbor list: Cells on another WCDMA carrier ( Hard HO)
Inter-system neighbor list: for each neighboring PLMN
CHAP 2. NOTION ON NETWORK OPTIMIZATION
2.0. General introduction
In mobile communication, the goal for the communication service provider is to have an
accessible, reliable network which is able to give the services to the customers as it is required.
The customers need a network which carries their traffics, which is accessible everywhere all
the time and with full capacity in handling the traffics for the users with a full coverage.
2.1. Overview on network Optimization
Network optimization is a technique used by network operators to assess the current network
system performances experienced by the customers for improving the network performance to
the optimal working of the current resources for ensuring the satisfaction of the customers.
Network optimization in mobile telecommunication companies is done by putting themselves
into subscriber’s shoes for ensuring the customer’ service satisfaction.
In mobile communication, Network optimization is mainly used to assess the coverage,
capacity and quality of services (QoS) of a mobile radio network.
2.1.1. Benefits of Network Optimization
Measuring what a wireless network subscriber would experience in any specific area, wireless
carriers can make directed changes to their network that provide better coverage and service
to their customers.
Also network optimization helps the companies to assess if the resources are well used at their
maximum and prevents the wastage of resources.
Tests done during mobile Network Optimization include Drive tests for outdoor performance,
Walking test for indoor’s performance.
Optimization is carried out in the network to:
Minimize the call drop and RF interference in the network
Increase the indoor and outdoor coverage and better speech quality of the network.
Increase the customers by ensuring their optimal satisfaction
2.1.2. Causes of poor quality of a network
The quality of a network is called poor due to different factors on its performance; mainly a poor
network is characterized by poor coverage, low signal quality, interference is high, high dropped
call rates, high blocked calls rates, higher rates of handover failures, low quality of services.
The main cause of poor quality of a network is the wrong network planning and design;
construction of the network plays a big role in its good or bad performance. The quality of a
network can be affected by environmental conditions of the network; if the BTS is located in a
valley or on a high places like on a hill or mountains and if the BTS is located in an area of
high buildings or in forests.
Also Network installation is another factor that can affect the performance of a network; if the
quality of tools used in installation is poor also the network will be affected, if the tools used for
installation of a network meet the standards but are installed wrongly, losses and
interference will result and the quality of a network will be affected.
2.2. Notion on network planning
Network planning is an essential study that predicts the overall working of the network once it is
implemented, network planning in mobile communication starts with selecting
The locations for the
site Height of towers
Transmission methods
Network capacity
Frequency re-use
pattern Interference
Radio propagation
With a good network planning, may include a prediction package which provides:
Coverage prediction
Co-channel interference predictions
Adjacent channel interference predictions
When the network planning is done effectively, the performance of the network can be
predicted to be on its optimal working.
2.3. Cell Neighboring
Cell is defined as an area which is covered by one BTS, in mobile communication the size of a
cell is limited due to the location where the BTS is installed and due to the coverage and
capacity to be provided by the network.
For a large geographic area like a city or the whole country to be covered it requires many cells
of same network to be connected together as a one cell made of many different cells (this is
referred as Cell neighboring).
In mobile communication, the cell at which the MS is connected to is called Serving cell, as the
MS moves out of the current serving cell coverage, a new coverage cell (called Neighboring cell)
will be asked by the BSC to connect a new MS which is in its coverage to avoid the interruption
of connection between MS and the network, and this is called Handover.
Handover allows the MS to move around different cell’s coverage without losing the connection
to the network. The list of neighbors play an important role since WCDMA is interference
limited. Insufficient planning of neighbor relations will lead to unnecessary high interference.
2.4. Conclusion
Mobile network, when it is not assessed well it can operate under the expected standard level
which lead to the loss of revenues and misuse of radio resources, and finally the complaints are
increasing to the customers side. None of the operators ever wished to be in such situation in the
world of business, Network Optimization is the only tool to rely on in order to control the
customer’s satisfaction level. With it the network can operate at its optimal level, services
offered by the network can be boosted as good as possible.
CHAP 3. DRIVE TESTING
3.1. Introduction
The Drive Test is a test performed in cellular networks regardless of technology (GSM, CDMA,
UMTS, LTE, etc. ...) usually Performed in order to Analyze and optimize the Network Quality.
Although by the analysis of KPI's we can identify problems of Parametrical Issues e.g.
(Handover failure, Interference, Traffic etc.….) the drive tests allow a deeper analysis in the
field, identifying areas of each sector of coverage, interference, evaluation of network
changes and various other parameters.
Drive test (Outdoor): It measures the actual network coverage and performance that a user on
actual drive route would experience. In Drive-Test we use GPS for area location.
Walk test (Indoor): It measures the actual network coverage and performance in buildings
or pedestrian area. Walk testing uses pinpoint or waypoint for area location.
3.2. Types of drive tests
Performance analysis
To answer customer complaints
Integration of new sites and change parameters of existing sites
When the site is completely integrated, DT for site investigation
Marketing
Benchmarking
Etc
3.3. Tools and materials
3.3.1. Hardware:
• 1x Laptop
•
1x Smart Phones (2G/3G/LTE)
•
USB Receiver cable
•
1x Car
•
Power bank
•
1x call receiving phone
3.3.2. Software:
• TEMS Pocket
•
TEMS discovery
•
Map
Tools
(Map
Info
&
Google
Earth)
and
cell
files
3.4. Preparation and precautions for drive and walk tests
Before you start a drive a test, you need to make sure that:









You have a right map of the place
You have coordinates of the place in case you are going to do a single site verification
Your tools are fully charged because (for example) a phone with low battery can provide wrong data.
Your vehicle is working properly and is fuelled
Your phones are recharged with airtime enough to do the activity it’s to be used for.
You have identifications (eg: BCCH/PSC, Azimuth, CID, etc… .) of the site on which you are going
to do a drive test.
You have identified routes to be used in drive test
You understand the scope of the work, the reason of doing a drive test and existing information about
the operation of the site.
You have an updated database from the customer of all sites (with the locations of sites,
information of the site, etc……)
3.5. Creating FTP server
3.5.1. Introduction
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a network protocol.
It is used for data transfer from one computer to another through a network called internet. FTP
server is useful to anyone who wants to save and retrieve files on their computer from anywhere.
An FTP client can connect to an FTP server to manipulate the files on the server. TEMS Pocket
use FTP server as a central repository for settings and auxiliary data (scripts, map sets, cell
files). TEMS Pocket devices can connect to the server and download all material currently
available in these categories, or a subset of them.
3.5.2. How to create an FTP server
We will use DriveHQ as one of the largest FTP Hosting service providers. DriveHQ FTP
Server is standard-compliant. Which means you can use any popular FTP client software, such
as FileZilla to connect to our FTP server.
Steps:


You need to log on to www.DriveHQ.com
Create account
Go to Google and download an Ftp client software, here we will use FileZilla


From your FTP client software (FileZilla), enter our FTP server name (or IP
address) as a Host, and your DriveHQ username and password.
Free users can only connect to ftp.drivehq.com as an ftp server name, Paid members
can also connect to proftp.drivehq.com.
Note: Free users are allowed to connect to the FTP server only 25 times/day, with some
other restrictions.( https://www.drivehq.com/help/Price/pricing.aspx).
How to create a file of any size
As free users, we have limited features on the server, we are allowed to 1GB storage, and only
2 users can access the server at the same time.
Meanwhile, we will need to create files of specific sizes. In other to manage our storage using
the Window Command Line (cmd) of our computer is used.
Fsutil.exe is a built in filesystem tool that is useful to do file system related operations from
command line. We can create a file of required size using this tool. syntax to create a file:
fsutil file createnew filename length
(Length is in bytes)
For example, to create a dummy file test.txt, with size as 1MB:
fsutil file createnew Local Disk:\folder name\ filename length
After this you, go back to FileZilla and upload your data to the server
First, you will need to launch your FTP client and enter your FTP username, password,
host (ftp.drivehq.com), and then click on the connect button.
Next step is to upload the file and create a directory for the server where you are going to put
your data.
Having an FTP server helps in uploading and downloading when making a Packet switch (PS)
test (FTP) which helps in analyzing the rate of how data are received or sent.
3.6. TESTS TO DO
Two types of tests are performed to verify sites:
3.6.1. Static Test
CS and PS call test to check accessibility and throughput on each sector.
On each sector, the Drive Test (DT) team has to choose a good radio condition static point
(RSCP above -80 dBm and Ec/Io around -5 dB) for the following tests:
✴ Test#1 Static PS: FTP Test (Downlink and Uplink)
✴ Test#2 Static CS Call: CS short call MOC (Mobile Originating call)
3.6.2. Mobility Test
CS and PS call test to validate Softer HO, the coverage and cross feeder detection.
The mobility test is performed at approximately 30% of the cell range. The
DT team will focus on the softer HO, Scrambling code plan, RF conditions
(RSCP, Ec/Io, TxPower) and cross feeder detection.
During the mobility test, the measurements are done in clockwise and
Anti-clockwise around the site.

Clockwise measurement:
✴ Test#1 Mobility PS: FTP Test (Uplink)
✴ Test#2 Mobility CS Long Call: MOC (Mobile Originating call)

Anti-clockwise measurement:
✴ Test#1 Mobility PS: FTP Test (Downlink)
✴ Test#2 Mobility CS Call: Long Call MOC (Mobile Originating call)
3.7. Choosing routes
Drive Test routes are the first step to be set, and indicate where testing will occur. This area is
defined based on several factors, mainly related to the purpose of the test.
The routes are predefined in the office.
A program of a lot of help in this area is Google Earth. A good practice is to trace the route on
the same using the easy paths or polygons. The final image can then be brought to the driver.
It is advisable to check traffic conditions by tracing out the exact pathways through which the
driver must pass. It is clear that the movement of vehicles is always subject to unforeseen events,
such as congestion, interdicted roads, etc.. Therefore, one should always have on hand - know alternate routes to be taken on these occasions.
Avoid running the same roads multiple times during a Drive Test (use the Pause if needed). A
route with several passages in the same way is more difficult to interpret.
Choosing routes, you need to be at least 100m away from the site and not exceeding 300m unless
there is a critical reason.
3.8. Reading a map
If you want to know how to get from point A to point B without getting lost (and your GPS is on
in your phone), no need to ask for directions: just pull out your trusty map! Knowing how to read
a map isn't difficult. The symbols, topography lines and direction helpers all might require a little
understanding, but the answers are all right there, we’ll show you how to find the key to finding
your way.

Choose the right map.
A wide variety of maps are available for a wide variety of uses. For example, there are road maps
for drivers with highways and byways. Tourist maps for sightseeing, with famous landmarks or
conspicuous celebrities. Sectionals, or maps for pilots that feature air routes, terminal areas, plus
landmarks and tall things that planes would be wise to avoid. A good general free online map for
certain parts of the world is Google Maps. However, this may not be available to you when
needed, so it's important to learn how to read printed maps too.

Check the map's orientation.
Most maps are drawn with north located at the top.
Sometimes this may be depicted using a compass rose. Or, it might simply be stated to be the
assumption of the map. If there is no indication to the contrary, presume it is north at the top.

Understand the scale of the map.
The map scale shows you a ratio of map distance to real distance. These differ in size from
map to map. Look for the scale, generally located on the side or bottom of the map. It will look
something like 1:100,000, which denotes that 1 unit on the map is the equivalent of 100,000
units in real life. In general, the following scales work best as stated:
Get a 1:25,000 map for walking
Get a 1:190,000 map for driving
Get a 1:24,000,000 map for seeing the whole world.
To determine how far your destination is, use a ruler and the scale to measure how many miles
it is from point A to B. For example, if your map's scale is 1:250,000, and the distance from
point A to point B is 6 inches (15.2 cm), the total distance is 6 * 250,000 = 1,500,000 inches
(3,810,000 cm). One mile is 63,360 inches, so the distance from point A to point B is 1,500,000
÷ 63,360 = 23.7 miles (1 kilometer is 100,000 cm, so the distance from point A to point B is
3,810,000 ÷ 100,000, or 38.1 km).

Note the latitude and longitude.
If you're traveling to the next town, this isn't so important. But if you are sailing, flying, or
touring long distances, this might be useful. The latitude refers to the distance in degrees north
or south of the equator. The longitude refers to the distance in degrees east or west of the
Greenwich Meridian Line.
Each degree is divided into 60 minutes, with each minute representing a nautical mile (or 1.15
land miles/1.85km). This means that one degree is the equivalent of 60 nautical miles or 69 land
miles/111km. The latitude is represented by the numbers on the side of the map.
The longitude is represented by the numbers at the top and bottom of the map. Where the
latitude and longitude cross at your location is your point of reference. Latitude and longitude
points are often used when there are no landmarks or roads to help determine a location.
When using google earth, note that for locating an exact location of a place, you type latitude
and longitude in search area starting by latitude, space and longitude, then enter.

Examine the legend.
Most maps have a legend or key of symbols on the map itself. Get familiar with how your
map represents data—that is key to understanding the rest of the map. In general, maps do the
following:
Lines in varying sizes, colors, and unbroken or broken lines depict roads, from lanes to freeways
and all in between. Mountains tend to be shown as brown or green, and are height-dependent:
darker at the bottom, lighter or white at the top. Rivers, lakes, the ocean and other water bodies
are generally shown in blue. Forests, woods, parks, golf courses, or other large bodies of trees or
green space are usually depicted in green. Towns and city limits are often shown in a pastel pink
or yellow, and the size and boldness of their names indicate relative population size or
importance. Buildings tend to be shown in gray or black colors.

Figure out where you are.
You have your map and you're ready to use it. Now you need to figure out where you are
before you can plot where you're going.
You can do so by matching what you can see in real life with what is on the map. Common
features that help identify your location on a map includes road names, landmarks and
prominent natural features, like rivers.
If you have a compass, align the map with the direction shown on the compass. Or, use the
sun or markers to help you do this.
A good way to find your location if you are unsure is to find two landmarks. For example, if
you can see a prominent tower in front of you, and a city at 45 degrees to your left. Find those
two landmarks on the map. Align the map so that the point in front of you is at the top of your
map, and draw a straight line from that point down. Then draw a line from the diagonal
landmark, till it intersects the first landmark. The point that they intersect is roughly your
location. Look for closer landmarks to zero in on your position.
3.9. TEMS PRODUCTS
Test Mobile System (TEMS) is a technology used by telecom
operators to measure, analyze and optimize their mobile networks. It is considered as the basic
tool to perform wireless network drive testing, benchmarking, monitoring and analysis.
3.9.1. TEMS POCKET
TEMS Pocket is a handheld tool for verification, maintenance, and troubleshooting of mobile
networks as well as for basic cell planning tasks. Built into a commercial mobile phone or tablet,
TEMS Pocket collects measurements and events and presents them on the device display. The
measurements can be stored for later analysis in other products such as TEMS Discovery Device
and TEMS Investigation.
3.9.1.1. Introduction
Please note that the TEMS Pocket product also exists in various regional editions, all of which
are covered by the product documentation (including this user-Guide) but are not
differentiated there. This means that descriptions of Functionality and external device
compatibility are not necessarily applicable in every single respect to the TEMS Pocket edition
you have purchased. Any restrictions that apply to your edition are indicated in the Release
Note Included in the delivery.
NB:
3.9.1.2. Product Packages and Licensing
TEMS Pocket 15.3 Product Packages
TEMS Pocket 15.3 is available in a variety of packages:



The Professional package encompasses the full set of product features, and it is the
package covered in this User’s Manual.
The Standard package does not include log file recording or indoor pinpointing, nor
can it be combined with the scanning options. In other respects, the Standard package is
identical with Professional.
The Remote package converts TEMS Pocket into an autonomous probe, which is
controlled by Fleet Manager.
TEMS Pocket Devices
TEMS Pocket is usually purchased along with the device on which it is going to run, and the
device is then delivered with the TEMS Pocket application already installed. However, there
are two cases where customers need to install TEMS Pocket software by themselves:



When upgrading to a new TEMS Pocket version on the same device. TEMS Pocket 15.3
User’s Manual 28
When the customer supplies devices of their own, purchasing only TEMS Pocket
software from Ascom.
In these situations, the customer must also install the product package license. A new
device must also be registered in Ascom’s licensing system, GLS. Details follow in
subsequent sections of this chapter. (We are assuming here that you are going to perform
these tasks yourself. Alternatively, they might be done for you by the GLS admin in
your organization.)
Registering Your TEMS Pocket Device
If you are using an Ascom-supplied device, you can skip this section. However, if you are using
a device supplied by your organization, you first need to register the device with Ascom’s
licensing system, GLS. Ascom will have sent a welcome email to the person in your organization
named as email contact, containing a link to the GLS web interface. You need to obtain this
email.
o Click the link provided in the welcome email. It will take you to a login page.
o Click the Password Finder link at the bottom of the page.
o Enter your email address and press Submit. You will now receive another email with
a password for GLS.
o Now start the TEMS License app on the device.
o Under Administration, tap Register device.
If you are going to run TEMS Pocket Lite on this device, check the option
Register as generic device and select Pocket Lite. Otherwise, leave this box unchecked.




Enter your email address and the password you were just sent. Note that the email
address must be in lowercase.
If your organization has multiple customer accounts with Ascom, you also need to
specify the correct Account id. If there is only one account, you can leave this
field blank.
Tap the Register button.
Tap OK to confirm.
The device is now registered in GLS and is assigned a “Base” license (which does not in
itself confer any rights to use TEMS Pocket functionality).
Product Package License Types
A TEMS Pocket device always needs to have a license for the product package installed;
specifically, one of the following:

Professional

Standard

Remote

Lite (not capable of acting as controller)

Lite capable of acting as controller
On TEMS Pocket devices supplied by Ascom, this license is preinstalled. However, if your
organization supplied the device, you need to activate this license yourself.
Procedure for Activating Licenses


Start the TEMS License app on the device.
Under Info, look up the Host id in this app:
You now need to log in to Ascom’s GLS web interface. It is preferable to do this on a PC.


Click the link provided in the welcome email
Enter your email address and GLS password
Note that the email address must be in lowercase.
You are taken to a page titled Download Central Home.

On this web page, in the navigation column under Device Management, click Search
Devices.

In the list of devices, find the device ID that represents your TEMS Pocket device by
entering the Host id from the TEMS License app in the Device ID search field. It is
usually sufficient to enter the last few digits of the string, preceded by a wild card, like
this: “*1234*”. Click the device ID link once you have located it.At the bottom of the
View Device screen, all license options (“add-ons”) that are pre-installed by Ascom on
your device are listed.
To activate any license options that are not pre-installed on your device, you need to map the
corresponding add-ons to it. Click the Map Add-Ons link beneath the list of installed options.
The Map Add-Ons screen appears, displaying an overview of the pool of TEMS Pocket add-ons
at your organization’s disposal. However, only add-ons that are applicable to the selected device
are listed. For reasons of space, only selected columns of the table are shown below.
The Available Units in Line Item column shows the number of licenses currently available, out
of the total purchased, which is given in the Total Units in Line Item column.
The Maximum Add-On Units Allowed on Device column tells how many license options of a
given type can be activated simultaneously on the same device. This number is one for all TEMS
Pocket add-ons. What you need to do here is to map the add-ons you have purchased.


For each add-on, enter a “1” in the Units to Configure column. Then click the Map Add-Ons
button. The status of each add-on changes to “License not generated”.
When you are done mapping add-ons, return to the TEMS License app and tap the Update
licenses item there.
The status of the add-ons in the GLS web interface will now change to “License generated”, and
the TEMS License app will display all the licenses that are now installed on the device. You are
now ready to start using TEMS Pocket with all features you have a license for.
Deactivating/Returning Licenses
To uninstall a TEMS Pocket license from your device and return it to the pool of available
licenses, but on the View Device screen, click the Remove Add-Ons link instead. The
table from the Map Add-Ons screen reappears here, and you can remove licenses
selectively as desired.
Downloading TEMS Pocket Software
Ascom-supplied TEMS Pocket devices are delivered with TEMS Pocket software already
installed. However, if this software is uninstalled for some reason, or you are using devices of
your own, then you need to download the software from the GLS web interface. This is done as
follows.
o Log in to the GLS web interface
o In the navigation column under Entitlements, click Product List.
o In the list of products, click TEMS Pocket.
o On the Product Information screen, click the TEMS Pocket installer you want
to download.



On the Product Download screen, click the download link for the TEMS Pocket
installer. A ZIP archive is now downloaded.
Install the TEMS Pocket software on your mobile device.
3.9.1.3. SIM/CSIM Card
For all TEMS Pocket functions except Wi-Fi scanning and data transfer, the TEMS Pocket
device must have a SIM or CSIM card installed. The application will start up even if no
SIM/CSIM card is present, and some data (for example, on detected network cells) may appear
in the user interface, but of course no mobile network related services can be used in
this situation.
3.9.1.4. TEMS Pocket User Interface
Each of these buttons has a single function or pair of functions:
3.9.1.5. SOME TEMS POCKET ENTITIES
Scripts
TEMS Pocket offers the use of scripts for automated testing of various services.
Events
When you run a script in TEMS Pocket, events are generated pertaining to radio (Layer
3 signaling), device operation, script progress,
Logfiles
You can record data collected by TEMS Pocket in logfiles and replay these files in TEMS Pocket
itself or load them in TEMS Investigation or TEMS Discovery Device.
Cell Files
You can import a cell file into TEMS Pocket in order to display cells by name (Rather than by
CGI) in data views as well as in the Outdoor Map view.
Control Functions
TEMS Pocket has a number of control functions modifying the device’s behavior in the cellular
network. These include locking the device to a RAT, band, cell, or channel. What control
functions are supported depends on the device.
GPS Positioning
TEMS Pocket supports positioning of data in logfiles using either the device’s built-in GPS or
an external GPS.
3.9.1.6. Data views
The presentation in data views combines textual and graphical elements. The colors used in the
latter and what value ranges they represent are customizable:
Many data views in TEMS Pocket are RAT-specific; there exist, for example, separate cell list
data views for each supported RAT. Which views can appear is of course dependent on the range
of technologies supported by the device; which view is shown at a given instant is governed by
the RAT the device is currently using. The switching between views is automatic. Whenever a
parameter is currently not valid, this is indicated in the data view by a dash “–”.
The Screenshot Capture Function
You can take screenshots of the data views using the built-in screen capture function. Whenever
you use this function, snapshots are taken of all data views as well as the currently shown data
view header.
Tap the Screenshot button on the action bar twice in rapid succession. After the first tap, the button
turns blue; after the second tap, the device vibrates briefly, and the screenshots are taken.
Survey of Data Views
On entering a data view, you can browse the data views within the same category by swiping left
and right. The array of indicators along the top edge of the data view show the position of the
current view in the category, counting only views that belong to the cellular technology the
device is currently using. There is no wraparound when browsing through data views in a
category.
Status Icons
Built-in Data View Header for GSM
All data shown in the header pertains to the current serving cell.
ARFCN: Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number
RxLev: Received Signal Level (dBm)
BSIC: Base Station Identity Code
CGI data (shown if no cell file is loaded)
MCC: Serving cell Mobile Country Code
MNC: Serving cell Mobile Network Code
LAC: Serving cell Location Area Code
CI: Serving cell Cell Identity, 16 bits, decimal (= C-Id: 3GPP 25.401, section 6.1.5)
If a cell file is loaded, the CGI parameters are replaced by the cell name. You can then tap and
hold this section of the screen (or, better, to the left or right of it to avoid obstructing the view) in
order to display CGI instead. The presentation reverts to cell name once you release your finger.
You can change the display format for some of these parameters by long-pressing them.
Indicators:
TxPwr: UE Transmit Power
RxQual: Received Signal Quality
RxLev: Received Signal Level
RLT: Radio Link Timeout, Current/Max ratio
Built-in Data View Header for WCDMA
UARFCN: UMTS Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number
RSSI: Received Signal Strength, equal to UTRA Carrier RSSI
SC: Scrambling Code of serving cell (idle mode) or strongest active set
Indicators:
TxPwr: UE Transmit Power
Ec/N0: Carrier-to-noise ratio, Ec/N0
RSCP: Received Signal Code Power
BLER: Block Error Rate in percent, average taken over all downlink transport channels
(DCH only)
Built-in Data View Header for LTE
All data shown in the header pertains to the current serving cell.
EARFCN: E-UTRA ARFCN (Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number)
RSSI: (Received Signal Strength Indicator)
Phy Cell ID: Physical layer Cell Identity
TAC: Serving cell Tracking Area Code
Indicators:
PUSCH: PUSCH Tx Power
PUCCH: PUCCH Tx Power
RSRQ: Reference Signal Received Quality
RSRP: Reference Signal Received Power
BLER DL: Block Error Rate on PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel)
3.9.1.7.The Indoor Map View
The Indoor Map function enables import of maps and positioning of measurements in indoor
locations and other places where GPS coverage is lacking. The positioning is done by
pinpointing the test route in the Indoor Map view on a geo referenced floor plan or other map
image. Please note that the map image must be geographically positioned (i.e. must have an
accompanying TAB file) if it is to be used in TEMS Discovery Device or TEMS Investigation
later on.
Creating a New Map Set
Tap the Menu button, and under Create/Modify select Indoor Maps.
Tap the Overflow button and select New Map Set.
Tap Name and enter a name for the new map set.
Now for each building to be covered by the map set, do the following:
Tap Buildings.
Tap the Overflow button and select Add Building.
Tap Name and enter a name for the building.
Then tap Maps.
Tap the Overflow button and select Add Indoor Map.
You are now invited to pick an image to use as a map. Select your floor plans or other
background images that you want to use. The selected image files are added to the map set.
A map set can contain up to 99 images.
Loading a Map Set into the Indoor Map View
At the outset the Indoor Map view is empty. A grid is drawn in the view when no map set is
loaded.
Here is how to load a map set into the Indoor Map view:
Tap the Menu button, and under Actions select Load Map Set.
Select the desired map set and tap Load. The map set now loads in the Indoor Map view.
If the map set contains several images, the first is shown. If there are several buildings in the map
set, the whole map set structure is flattened into a single sequence of maps when viewed here.
You flip through the maps by tapping the arrows that appear in the top left and right corners of
the Indoor Map view. The map sequence wraps around after you browse to the first or last map.
The position indicator beneath the map name indicates the position of the currently displayed
map in the (flattened) map set sequence.
Pinpointing Your Test Route
You can perform pinpointing in either of two ways:
Manually, marking waypoints freely on the map.
According to a predetermined planned route.
Your route will be recorded in a logfile. Logfile recording starts automatically when you start
pinpointing and is ended when you stop pinpointing.
Pan the map to position the crosshairs correctly. It may also be helpful to use the zoom function;
pinch and spread to zoom the map image in and out. Alternatively, you can double-tap to zoom out
to normal. The current magnification is indicated numerically in the top right corner.
Tap Add pinpoint to place a waypoint at the spot marked by the crosshairs. The waypoint is
marked by a pin symbol and labeled with a sequence number. Pan the map to position it for the
next waypoint, then tap Add pinpoint again. A new pin is drawn and joined to the previous one
by a connecting line.
1.9.1.7.Scripts and naming styles
Scripts are used to automate testing of services. The following services and tasks are
supported by the script function:
Actions Running a Single Service
• Email
• Facebook
• FTP (upload or download)
• HTTP (Get or Post)
• YouTube
• Ping
• SMS1
• Voice MO (mobile-originated calls)
• Voice MT (mobile-terminated calls)
• AQM (audio quality measurement during voice calls)
• Call Sequence (alternating mobile-originated/mobile-terminated calls)
Actions for Mobile Network Scanning
• Scan
Actions Related to Logfiles
• Logfile Recording
• Logfile Upload
o Other Actions
• Control Function
• IP Capture
• Wait
• Wi-Fi (Wi-Fi network scanning)
Basics of Composing Scripts (of creating scripts)
To access the script editing function, tap the Menu button, and
under Create/Modify select Scripts.
Any scripts already defined are listed here.
To define a new script, tap the Overflow button and select New Script.
General Script Settings
Here you define general script settings.
Name: Enter a name for the script here.
Filename: Here is displayed the name of the script file, identical with the string entered under
Name plus the extension .xml.
Logfile tag: Here you can define a tag that will be added at the beginning of the logfile name.By
default, logfile names consist only of the script name and the date and time of recording.
GPS positioning: Governs whether or not to make use of the currently selected GPS during
script execution.
Configure script actions: Tap this item to edit the list of actions the script should perform.
Use max iterations: If this is disabled, the script will run indefinitely. If you want to limit the
number of times the script should run, enable this option, then tap Max iterations and enter the
desired number.
Adding an Action to a Script
To add an action to the script:
In the general script settings, tap Configure script actions.
To add an action to the script, tap the Overflow button and select New Action
3.9.1.8.TRES NAMING STYLE
CS_SHORTCALL_3G (SCRIPT NAME)
CS_SHORTCALL_TECHNAME_3G_S1 (LOGFILE TAG)
--------------------------CS_LONGCALL_3G (SCRIPT NAME)
CS_LONGCALL_CLOCKWISE_TECHNAME_3G (LOGFILE TAG)
CS_LONGCALL_ANTICLOCKWISE_TECHNAME_3G (LOGFILE TAG)
--------------------------PS_FTP_STATIC_UP/DL_3G (SCRIPT NAME)
PS_FTP_STATIC_UP_TECHNAME_3G_S1 (LOGFILE TAG)
PS_FTP_STATIC_DL_TECHNAME_3G_S1 (LOGFILE TAG)
----------------------------PS_FTP_MOBILITY_3G (SCRIPT NAME)
PS_FTP_MOBILITY_UP/DL_CLOCKWISE_TECHNAME_3G (LOGFILE TAG)
PS_FTP_MOBILITY_UP/DL_ANTICLOCKWISE_TECHNAME_3G (LOGFILE TAG)
-----------------------------PS_FTP_MOBILITY_DL_TECHNAME_4G (SCRIPT NAME)
PS_FTP_MOBILITY_DL_TECHNAME_4G (LOGFILE TAG)
1.9.2. TEMS DISCOVERY
TEMS Discovery is a measurement data analysis and network optimization tool. It
introduces many unique and advanced features to enhance productivity.
3.9.2.1. Creating Projects from Scratch
Typical Steps to Follow:
You can follow these steps to create a project and load data:





Import GIS data and create a geo area (optional).
Create a project (placeholder) and designate a geo area if GIS data is to be used
(optional).
Import network configuration data into the target project (optional).
Import the drive test data into the project.
Analyze the processed data, which can be browsed through the Data Explorer of the
opened project.
It is possible to skip steps 1 through 3, and go directly to step 4 to import drive test data (and
create a new project and dataset at the same time) and then modify the project properties, as
described below.
3.9.2.2. Importing Data
You can select Import from the File menu or click the Import button on the toolbar to bring
up Automatic Data Processing. From there, you can import drive test data, cell configuration,
antenna, or GIS data.
While importing drive test data, you will be asked to select a target project, or to create a new
project for the data to be associated with. If you choose to create a new project, the newly created
project will be listed in the Project List after the import is done.
Fig: Starting window
Fig: Importing data
After importing your drive test data, you will need to name your projects
Fig: Naming projects
Fig: Data entering
3.9.2.3. Opening a project
Project>> Project name>>Right Click>>Open project
Fig: Opening a project
3.9.2.3. Make/ Edit a Composite Project
Right Click on Composite (Integrated)>>Create/Edit window>>Create/Rename a project>>Drag
& Drop the selected TEMS Pocket files from the imported project>>Save>>Close Composite
dataset window.
Fig: Entering a composite name
Note that the composite integrated is used when you want to put together all/some corrected data
in one plot.
You can choose to use composite integrated, composite member list or dataset according to
the way you want to display a project.
3.9.2.4. Displaying a project to a map
Fig: Sending a project to map view
Fig: Map view
3.9.2.5. Cells importing process
File tab>>Choose Import>>Click on Import Network Configuration>>Select/Open TEMS
Folder>>Open Cell folder>>Click on the Dataset document>Click Open and Import.
Fig: Importing network configuration
Fig: A plot with cells
3.9.2.6. Changing some settings according to what you want to display
To display Network related settings click on the bottom Legend tab>>Right click on
Network Database>>select Edit View Options to open>>Click on carrier Label.
You can display PSCs or BCCHs, Azimuth, CI, changing sector flags colors…. Activating,
adjusting or deactivating some settings as shown below
1.9.2.7.Generating a report
To generate a Report: Dataset tab>>Composite>>Right click>>Select Generate
Report >>Click on Generate.
After clicking the *Generate* button, A report will be automatically generated in excel sheets.
Below is the TRES reporting template
As shown above, events analysis and keys metrics follow on the next sheet where you put
various plots with their KPIs, legends, observations, comments and recommendations.
3.9.3. Analyzing data
3.9.3.1. Introduction
In this part we will learn the common procedure of drive test data analysis, identifying the
basic problems and cause of the problems
3.9.3.2. Procedures of drive test data analysis






Check if the Drive test KPIs meet the requirement. If not, identify the problematic log files.
Capture the figure and events (e.g. locations, time, identify problematic cells)
Check the parameters such as (RxLevel and RxQual) distribution, check if they are related
to the points that miss the KPI requirement?
(If new site or cluster) Check the distribution of each BCCH (CGI), pay attention to the
crossed feeder.
Identify the possible causes of each problem points ,discuss with customers
Propose solutions and get approval from customers before execute the change request
Re- Drive Test to verify the problem after having implemented the solutions
3.9.1.3. Identifying the basic problems
Coverage Issues






Coverage hold
Sudden Decrease on Signal Level
Lack of Dominant Server
Coverage Overlapping
Overshooting
Interference, etc.
All of these issues are observed analyzing the parameters gotten from report generated in
TEMS discovery.
3.9.1.4. Possible causes of problems





Site Configuration (Antenna Type, height, azimuth, tilt changes)
Loss or Attenuation Check (Feeders, Connectors, Jumpers, etc..)
Low capacity of a site
Cell Configuration (Carrier Power Type, Static TRX Power Class, Fine Tuning of Static
TRX Power…)
Crossed feeders
3.9.4. MapInfo professional
3.9.4.1. Introduction
MapInfo Professional is a desktop geographic information system (GIS) software product
produced by Pitney Bowes Software (formerly MapInfo Corporation) and used for mapping and
location analysis. MapInfo allows users to visualize, analyze, edit, interpret, understand and
output data to reveal relationships, patterns, and trends. MapInfo allows users to explore spatial
data within a dataset, symbolize features, and create maps.
Below, you will find how to use the MapInfo.
Fig: Starting MapInfo
The macro will add some button on the mapinfo
Options (Button meaning)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Import cells: for importing file scv
Update: for changing size of cells
Locate: searching a cell
Convert to Google Earth
Exit
Fig: Opening the macro RNO
Fig: Importing cells
Fig: Selecting site info
Fig: Clicking to update sectors format
Fig: Choosing sectors & change 100 to 200
Fig: locating cells
Fig: Site successfully displayed
Fig: Exporting site info to excel
Fig: Options and creating points
Fig: creating points
Fig: projections.
Fig: Choosing latitude & Longitude (WGS 84)
Now, save tab and open TEMS POCKET
5. REFERENCES
1. T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed.Singapore:
Pearson Education, Inc., 2002.
1.
2.
3.
4.
TEMS Pocket 15.3 User's Manual
TMO18246_9300WCDMA_UA07_R99_Radio_Principles.pdf
TEMS Discovery Device 10.0 User's Guide
MapInfo User guide