GEC 2 - Readings in Philippine
History
Topic 1: The Philippines: Its Land and
People General Information About the
Philippines
PHILIPPINES
Official Name: Republic of the Philippines (Republika ng
Pilipinas)
An archipelago consisting of 7,107 islands and islets,
categorically broadly under three main geographical
divisions: Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao
The largest islands are Luzon, Mindanao, Panay,
Palawan, Samar, Negros and Mindoro
Northern most point is Y'ami Isle,
Southernmost point is Saluag Isle.
LOCATION
Absolute Location: Between 4º and 21° North latitudes
& 116° and 127° East longitudes
Relative Location: Southeast portion of the continent
of Asia
Boundaries: countries sharing borders with the
Philippines: Taiwan, Vietnam, Palau, Indonesia,
Malaysia
Area: Total area is 300,000 km2
Population: 104 Million (2020 Survey)
Climate: Tropical Climate
 Southwest monsoon winds from May-October
Northeast monsoon winds from Nov- Feb
 Two main seasons: Dry season begins in
December and ends in May. The rest of the year
is rainy or wet.
Currency: Philippine Peso (P) (piso) (PHP)
Time zone: PST (UTC +8)
Calling Code: +63
Internet TLD: .ph
Administrative Divisions
The Philippines is divided into the National Capital
Region, 13 administrative regions, and two autonomous
regions (CAR and ARMM)
NCR or Metro Manila is the political, economic and
cultural center. The seat of government, the mass
media and top- performing schools, colleges and
universities and vital industries are located here.
Physical Features of the Country
 Mountain Ranges
 Volcanoes and Earthquakes
 River and Fluvial Systems
 Coastlines
 Flat Areas
Theories on the Origin of the Philippines
 Land Bridges Theory - the Philippines was
once part of Mainland Asia
 The Philippines is of Volcanic Origin
 Remnant of a Lost Continent Theory - this
continent sank during the prehistoric era
 Theories on the Origin of the Filipino People
 Wave Migration Theory - Proposed by Dr.
Henry Otley Beyer in 1947
 F. Landa Jocano's Theory - Philippine society
developed on a single unitary system
 Solheim's Theory - Proposed by William
Solheim II in 1981. A revision of Jocano's
Theory
The Filipino People
 Christian Filipinos
 Muslim Filipinos
 Indigenous Filipinos about 9% of the Filipino
population
 Chinese Filipinos (1-2% of the population)
Filipino Traits and Values
1. Warm, Friendly and Intimate People
2. Caring and Sharing People
3. Family Centered
4. Highly Spiritual
5. Amor Propio ("Self Love")
6. Pakikisama
7. Sensitivity to Personal Affront (Feeling of Hiya)
8. Euphemism (I'll see, I'll try)
9. Cleanliness
10.Propensity for Gambling
11.Extravagance
12. Hospitality
13.Respect for Elders
14.Fatalism leaving to fate or destiny
15.Loyalty to a Friend or Benefactor
16. Tendency to be Indolent
17.Individualism or Kanya-kanya syndrome
18.Lack of initiation
19.Regionalism
Perspectives in the Study of History
Teyolohikal (Theological)- ang kasaysayan
ay katuparan ng mga naunang plano ng
Maykapal.
Heyograpikal (Geographical) - ang mga
pagbabagong pangheograpiya ay nakaapekto
sa pagbabagong panlipunan.
Sosyolohikal/Sanhi at Epekto - pagtingin sa
mga sanhi at epekto ng buhay sa grupo ng tao.
Teorya ng Markista - umiinog ang kasaysayan
kasabay ng patuloy na pagbabago sa sistema
ng produksiyon.
Teorya ng Aksidente - ang mga pangyayari sa
kasaysayan ay maiuugat sa mga pagkakataon
na hindi inaasahan.
Idealismo ni Hegel - bawat mahalagang
pangyayari sa kasaysayan ay binigyang
inspirasyon ng isang ideya o kaisipan.
Teorya sa Konsepto ng Dakilang Pinuno may mga dakilang personalidad na sanhi ng
pag-inog ng Kasaysayan.
Feministang Pananaw - paglalagay ng mga
feminista ng kanilang mga pananaw sa
pagsulat ng Kasaysayan.
Teorya ni Darwin - paghahambing sa mga
institusyong panlipunan sa mga hayop (survival
of the fittest).
Teoryang Post-Colonial - pagsulat ng
kasaysayan batay sa pananaw ng mga
mananakop.
Pantayong
Pananaw
pagsulat
ng
Kasaysayan batay sa pananaw ng masa o
"pantayo".
Teoryang Post-Modernist - pagsusuri sa mga
dati nang kaalaman at istruktura ukol sa
Kasaysayan.
Teoryang Teknolohikal - pagsulong ng
Kasaysayan ay may kinalaman sa pag-unlad
ng agham at teknolohiya.
Eklektiko or Pluralistang Pananaw paggamit ng iba't ibang mga pananaw upang
ipaliwanag ang agos ng Kasaysayan.
Topic 2: Perspectives in History
GEC 2 - Readings in Philippine
History
Topic 3: Sources of Historical Data
❑ HISTORY – sum total of what happened in the
past – every event, action and thought that a
human being has done.
 The act of analyzing and writing about the
past.
 History is not only the past but is also the
study of the past.
Historical Sources – evidence to reconstruct the
past. For historians they are classified into two:
Primary Sources
➢ Piece(s) of evidence written or created during
the period under investigation
➢ Record left by a person and person who
witnessed the event (eyewitness account or a
firsthand account).
Can come in the form of written sources:
❖ Documents
❖ Archival Materials
❖ Letters (e.g. letters of Rizal to his fellow
reformists)
❖ Government Records (Hojas de Servicios de
Maestras)
❖ Newspaper (Heraldo de la Revolucion)
❖ Parish records (Libro de Bautismo, Libro de
Matrimonio)
❖ Court Transcripts
❖ Business Ledgers
❖ Artefacts (ManungulJars)
❖ Edifices/fascade (colonial churches)
❖ Clothes and Jewelry
❖ Farming implements
❖ Paintings
An individuals firsthand account of a particular
event (memoirs of Japanese occupation; diaries of
people) Of record date the following are also
considered as primary sources:
 Photographs
 Films
 Recordings (both audio and video)
Secondary Source
➢ Works produced after the event has taken place.
➢ Usually an assessment of a commentary of
events, people or institution of the past.
➢ Often uses primary sources after the
aforementioned purpose.
May come in many forms:
❖ Books – like “History of the Filipino People” by
Teodoro Agoncillo and the “The Past Revisited” by
Renato Constantino
❖ Monographs – specialized works which are
narrow in scope. Provides new historical
interpretations and can be vehicles for historical
revisionism.
❖ Essays or chapter in a book
❖ Articles published in popular magazines
❖ Articles published in scholarly journals –
Provides new findings on interpretations useful for
research.
❖ Dissertations – offers original analysis and adds
to the body of knowledge of a historical topic (e.g.
William Henry Scott’s Doctoral
– it proves that the “Code of Kalantiaw” is a
forged document, that Jose E. Marco faked
the documents)
❖ Papers (research papers) read in conferences.
Conference papers get their initial scrutiny in
conferences but once revised, may be submitted
to a scholarly journal.
Primary Sources and The Historical Method
❑ In whatever form, primary sources, have to be
subjected to what is called the historical method.
There are two components in the historical
method:
➢ External criticism ➢ Internal criticism
External Criticism
➢ Aims to check whether the source is real or fake.
➢ Validation of the authority of a document by
checking:
✓ the paper & ink of the document
✓ Handwriting style – paleographer
✓ Style and language of the text –
philologist
✓ Coins and medals – numismatics
✓ Inscriptions in monuments – epigraphy
Internal Criticism
➢ Checks the reliability of the source, there should
be some skepticism in accepting the source. The
following questions may be used to check on the
reliability of the source:
1. How close was the author to the event
being studied?
2. When was the account made?
3. Who was the recipient of the account?
4. Is there bias to be accounted for?
5. Does informed common sense make the
account probable? Key words: “probable”
and “informed common sense”. There is an
inherent probability of it being true and is
supported by appropriate evidence.
6. Is the account corroborated by other
accounts? A primary source cannot stand
by itself, there should be corroboration from
other sources as well.
Having established the authenticity and reliability
of the primary source, bear in mind the following:
When was the document or artifact created?
Who created the document or artifact?
Why was it written or produced?
What type of primary source is it?
What is the main point the author is trying to make?
Does the text provide an author’s point of view bias
or opinion?
How does the source stand in relation to other
primary sources of the period?
Is there any unintentional evidence given by the
text?
For whom was the text or image intended?
➢ Igorot Society
➢ Butuan
Rajanate
➢ Huangdom of Pangasinan ➢Confederation of
Madyas
➢ Huangdom of Ma-I
➢ Lanao Sultanate
➢ Tondo Dynasty
➢ Maguindanao
Sultanate
➢ Rajanate of Cebu
➢ Sulu Sultanate (Under Brunei Sultanate)
• Barangay is used to be their form of government.
➢ The term Barangay originated from
Balangay, a Malay word for sailboat.
➢ May composed of 30 to 100 families
➢ Every barangay is autonomous
➢ Headed by a Datu, Rajah or Lakan
➢ Communities were essentially of subsistence
economy. Production is mainly for the
consumption of the members of the community
(barangay).
➢ Legitimacy of Barangays can be a derivation
of the circulation of prestige goods, contracted
marriage or sponsorship of feasts to negotiate
social status relations.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
Topic 4: The Philippines Before The
Colonizers
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
• The political development of the Archipelago was such
that there was no national or central government yet.
• There was no leader strong enough to consolidate
considerable power and to unite the archipelago into
one nation.
• But there are studies that some Ancient Kingdoms
existed in the Philippines.
• Ancient Kingdoms in the Philippines:
The Ruling Class (Nobility)
➢ Consisted of the chieftain (called Datu or Rajah) and
their family members, the council of elders and the
wealthy or local heroes
➢ Main function is to keep order in the barangay.
➢ In the beginning, chieftains were the captains of the
Balangays when they travel/migrated to the
archipelago.
➢ The Datus/Rajahs were usually the wealthiest person
in the community or a local hero.
➢ The Datus/Rajahs were also the leader of their
military forces called the Bagani.
➢ In the Tagalogs some chieftains carry the title Lakan
or Gat (such as Lakan Dula and Gat Maitan)
➢ Also part of the datu/rajah’s council were the priests/
priestesses which serve as the spiritual leader/adviser
of the chieftain.
➢ The Tagalogs called them ‘Catalonan’ while the
Visayan called them ‘Babaylan.
The Freemen (Commoners)
➢ They were the majority of the members of the
community.
➢ They helped the ruling class in promoting welfare of
the society.
➢ The Tagalogs called them ‘Maharlika’ while the
Visayan they were called as ‘Timawa’.
The Dependents (Slaves)
➢ The Tagalogs = ‘Alipin’
The Visayan = ‘Oripon’
➢ They were debt peons serving
individuals or families.
Factors that may explain why a
person became an Alipin:
1. By Birth
2. Captivity in War
3. Purchase
4. Failure to pay debts
5. Penalty for crimes committed
Types of Alipin:
➢ Aliping namamahay – reside on their own home and
could even own property. They can also marry even
without the permission of their master.
➢ Aliping saguiguilid – stayed in the home of their
masters, they also need to ask permission from their
master’s if they want to get married. They can be sold
by their masters.
Types of Oripon:
➢ Ayuey – the most thoroughly enslave group. Work
for three days for their masters and 1 day for
themselves. (12 pesos).
➢ Tumarampoc – they live in their own houses, work
for their masters 1 day out of 4. (12 pesos)
➢ Tumataban – works on their masters’ house during
special banquets or revel. They can own property
Alipins/Oripons can become freemen by:
1. upon payment of debt
2. in the case of captured in battle – upon rendering
faithful service to his captors.
3. Women could become free by marrying a freeman or
a noble people.
• The social class of a person may change it is not
permanent. If a freeman commits a crime, then he/she
will become an alipin for a certain period of time and can
reclaim his/her status. They can marry people from
different classes, “intermarriage” though is very rare in
freemen-slave marriage, but possible.
WOMEN IN PRE-COLONIAL TIMES
•In comparison with other women in Asia and Europe
the Filipinas’ unique position is said to be one of the
most historically tenable positions.
•The acceptability of babies did not depend on sex.
Parents brought up boys and girls with equal care.
•Tribal custom allowed young women the same freedom
as males to choose their mates.
•The man’s family paid a bride dowry, but this was
usually compensated for by a return of gifts from the
girl’s family.
•Women was practically the Head of the House. She
could make contracts and business decisions without
necessarily consulting her husband. Her dowry and
property owned before marriage was hers.
•Women could also succeed their husband or fathers in
the leadership of the tribe, in the absence of male heir.
•Outstanding women leaders in Pre-Spanish
Philippines were Queen Sima (Cotabato, circa 637) and
Prinses Urduja (Pangasinan, 1350-1400).
•Other positions of leadership were in religious
functions. Women were preferred as mediums in
animistic religion, and they were offered designation as
official priestesses.
•They
presided
over
religious
ceremonies,
communicated with the spirits and cured the sick.
PRE-COLONIAL ECONOMY
LUZON:
• The Pre-colonial Filipinos were great agriculturists and
the islands specifically Luzon has great abundance of
rice, fowls, wine as well as great numbers of carabaos,
deer, wild boar and goats. In addition, there were also
great quantities of cotton and colored clothes, wax,
honey and date palms produced by the natives.
MINDANAO:
•In Mindanao, the Rajahnate of Butuan specialized in
the mining of gold and the manufacture of jewelry.
• The Sultanate of Maguindanao was known for the
raising and harvesting of cinnamon.
• The Sultanate of Lanao had a fishing industry by lake
Lanao.
• The Sultanate of Sulu had lively pearl-diving
operations.
• The kingdoms of ancient Philippines were active in
international trade, and they used the ocean as natural
highways. Ancient peoples were engaged in long-range
trading with their Asian neighbors as far as west as
Maldives and as far as north as Japan
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
•Ancient Filipinos practiced Anitism or pag-aanito as
their religion.
•Anitos – some form of deities for the Tagalog (proto
Malayo-Polynesian word ‘qanitu’ meaning ancestral
spirits. )
•Diwata
–
deities
for
the
Visayan
(Sanskrit word ‘devata’ meaning deity.)
• Some ethnic groups have a supreme deity, while
others revere ancestors’ spirits and/or the spirits of the
natural world.
• Katalonan/Babaylan serves as priest or priestesses
during pre-colonial Philippines. In some part of North
Luzon they were called mumbaki.
The Tagalog believes that the universe is divided into
three worlds:
➢ Kaluwalhatian – the home of the gods/goddesses
lead by Bathala/Bathalang Maykapal.
➢ Kalupaan – the world were the humans dwells.
➢ Kasamaan (underworld for evil souls) – Sitan’s
domain and his agents.
Sitan’s Agents:
➢ Manggagaway – causes disease
➢ Maninilat/Mansisilat – destroy and breaks
happy family.
➢ Mangkukulam (male only agents) – emits fire
➢ Hukluban – change itself to any form she
desired, can kill or make people unconscious
simply by greeting them.
•Kasamaan is known as ‘village of grief and affliction’
and
where the spirits of evil humans are sent.
•Maca – is where the spirit of good humans was sent.
•Other mythological creatures:
✓Amihan – a bird of legend, first creature inhabiting
Kalupaan. Stirs the waters and the winds causing
islands to form.
✓Tigmamanukan – birds of omen. They were the
messengers of the gods.
✓Minokawa and Bakunawa – (Minokawa bird of
fire/Bakunawa sea serpent) causes eclipses. Both
hated loud sounds.
• The Marias (mountain fairies/nymps):
✓ Maria Cacao – inhabits Mount Lantay in Cebu, giver
of the cacao plant (used for making chocolate).
✓ Maria Sinukuan – inhabits Mount Sinukuan (Mt.
Arayat) in Pampanga, bring forth bountiful harvests from
the mountain’s fruit trees.
✓ Maria Makiling – inhabits Mount Makiling in Laguna.
The mountain is said to resemble the profile of a
woman. Also brings good harvests from the mountain’s
fruit trees.
Topic 5: The Coming Of The Spaniards
Magellan’s Fleet:
Five Ships:
o Concepcion
o Santiago
o San Antonio
o Trinidad
o Victoria
About 250 men as crew, including 2 chaplains (priests)
and an Italian scribe Antonio Pigafetta.
► The next islands to be conquered are Panay and
other islands in the Visayas (1570).
► Manila in 1571.
► Other parts of the country are conquered by the seal
of the missionary. 11
Spanish Expeditions After Magellan:
► Loaisa Expedition (Garcia Jofre de Loaisa - July
1525):
 Conceived as both a rescue mission (for the
Trinidad) and voyage of discovery (Sea of
Hoces/Drake's Passage and Marshall Islands)
 Only one ship reached the Philippines, visiting
Visayas and Mindanao Islands.
► Saavedra Expedition (Alvaro de Saavedra Ceron
October 1527):
 First navigator to cross the Pacific from the
Americas (New Spain - Mexico).
 Reached Mindanao before heading to the Spice
Island.
► Villalobos Expedition (Rey Lopez de Villalobos
November 1542):
 Renamed the islands of Samar and Leyte to
Las Islas Felipenas in honor of Prince Phillip of
Astorias the next King of Spain.
 Villalobos named Mindanao "Caesarea Karoli"
after the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V of
Spain.
 The first fleet to complete a roundtrip voyage
from New Spain (Mexico) to Islas del Poniente
(Islands of the West/Philippines).
Conquest of the Philippines
► Headed by Don Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and Father
Andres de Urdaneta. Commanding four ships:
• San Pedro
• San Juan de Letran
•San Pablo
• San Lucas
►Nov. 20, 1564, they sailed from Mexico towards the
Philippines.
►Feb. 13, 1565, they reached the coast of Samar but
continued sailing until they reached Bohol. Legazpi
befriended the chieftain of the island (Rajah Sikatuna)
w/ blood- compact. (The Sandugo Festival in Bohol is to
honor this event)
► On April 27, 1565, the expedition returned to Cebu
and landed there. Rajah Tupas challenged the
Spaniards but was overpowered.
► The Spaniards established their first colony in Cebu,
naming the settlements "Villa del Santisimo Nombre de
Jesús" (Town of the Most Holy Name of Jesus) after an
image of Sto. Niño in one of the native houses.
In 1480, somewhere in the north of Portugal, Ferdinand
Magellan is born. Around this time, Portugal begins
maritime explorations along the African coast in search
of new trade routes.
One of the country's dreams is to open a new sea route
to the Indies, from where come spices, which are luxury
products in Europe.
Soon, the Spanish monarchies also organize
explorations, but towards the West, thus reaching
America, which was heretofore unknown in Europe.
To avoid conflicts over the newly discovered territories,
the two powers agree, in 1494, to divide the world
between them.
Spain can claim the new lands located west of the
Tordesillas meridian, while Portugal can claim those to
the east.
In 1513, in America, the Spanish conquistador Vasco
Nuñez de Balboa is the first European to discover a sea
on the other side of the American lands, which he
names the South Sea.
Ferdinand Magellan, who had sailed for many years on
behalf of Portugal, notably in the Indian Ocean, hears
about this discovery, and begins to dream of finding a
new maritime route to the Spice Islands that will bypass
America by heading west.
But the Portuguese king opposes the project, as the
Portuguese already control the route to the Indies via
Africa.
In 1517 Magellan tries his luck with the young Spanish
king Charles V, who is more interested.
Indeed, if Magellan's plan works, it will open a maritime
route to the Indies without passing through Portuguese
territories, in accordance with the Treaty of Tordesillas.
Spain could thus import spices directly and compete
with Portugal, which is getting richer very quickly as it
controls trade in the Indian Ocean. The project is
therefore accepted.
Learning of this, the Portuguese king, to protect his
interests, wants to prevent the expedition at all costs.
Magellan Expedition
 On September 20th, 1519, Ferdinand Magellan
leaves Sanlucar with five ships and 239 men.
 After a stopover in Tenerife, the expedition
heads for the land of Brazil.
 Then, after passing the Rio de la Plata, it
ventures into the unknown, following the
coast in search of a passage to the South Sea.
 At the end of March, as the climate cools in
the southern hemisphere, the expedition
chooses to spend the winter in a place Magellan
names Puerto San Julian.
 As soon as they settle in, a mutiny is organized
against Magellan by the captains of the other
ships.

They consider the expedition a failure, with
some of them wanting to return to Spain.
 Magellan violently takes control, killing and
quartering some of the rebels.
 At this location, the expedition meets tall locals
that they nickname “Patagones”, which
later will give the name Patagonia to the region.
 In May, one of the ships is sent to explore to
the south, but it sinks. After 5 months of waiting,
with the return of good weather, the
four remaining ships set out again.
 After resupplying in another bay, they reach, on
October 21st, a strait that Magellan names “of
All Saints”,
Strait of Magellan
 As they enter the strait, the expedition sees
many fires lit by natives on the mainland.
 Magellan then names the region “Tierra del
Fuego”, meaning “land of fire”.
 A little further on, the expedition comes upon
a bifurcation, whereupon they separate to
explore the two different parts.
 After nightfall, Captain Estevao Gomes seizes
the opportunity to turn back and return to Spain.
There, he will accuse Magellan of treason.
 Gomes will be jailed, and the family of Magellan
will be placed under strict surveillance until his
return.
 On November 28th, 1520, the three remaining
ships finally leave the strait and enter a large
sea.
 They quickly venture deep into it, beginning
a long crossing during which water and food run
out.
 The expedition only comes across two
uninhabited and inhospitable islets.
 Starving, the crew eat rats, sawdust, and even
the ox hides covering the masts.
 Further, the lack of fresh food causes a vitamin
C deficiency, with the crew suffering from
scurvy.
 The crossing is made in mild weather, without
coming across any storms.
 Magellan then names this ocean “Pacific”,
meaning “peaceful”.
 On March 6th, after 99 days navigating these
waters, an island is finally spotted, which they
head for.
 As the crew is about to trade with the locals,
the latter start to steal objects from the
Spaniards, including a small boat.
 Magellan is forced to quickly leave the island,
which he nicknames the “Island of Thieves”.
In the Philippines
 The expedition then reaches an archipelago
that will later be called the Philippines.
 Here, contact with the local population
proceeds in a better fashion, allowing the
Spaniards to trade European objects for fresh
food.
 To impress the locals, Magellan regularly fires
cannons.
 When he arrives in Cebu, he forms an alliance
with the most powerful ruler in the region, the
Rajah Humabon.

The local population is converted to
Catholicism.
 But on the nearby island of Mactan a local chief
called Lapu-Lapu refuses to recognize Spanish
sovereignty.
 Magellan leaves with 60 men to fight him.
 But as soon as they disembark, they face about
1500 locals, and Ferdinand Magellan is killed.
 A few days later, about twenty Spaniards go to
a banquet organized by the Rajah Humabon,
but it is an ambush, and they are massacred.
 Only 108 men manage to flee the island.
 They separate into two of the remaining three
ships and burn the third.
Arrival in the Spice Islands or the Moluccas
 On November 7th, 1521, the expedition finally
reaches the spice islands, which are called the
Moluccas.
 They fill up their ships with cloves and
provisions.
 The objective has been reached, but the
challenge for the new commander, Juan
Sebastian Elcano, is now to reach Spanish
lands
without
being captured
by
the
Portuguese, who are sailing the seas in search
of them.
 Another problem, the ship “Trinidad” is taking
on water.
 Elcano then decides to leave the ship in place
for the time it will take to make repairs.
 The Trinidad will then head East, with the goal
of reaching the Spanish lands in America.
 Elcano leaves with the other ship, “Victoria”,
heading to the West.
 On February 12th, 1522, he enters the Indian
Ocean, which he crosses far to the south to
avoid being spotted by the Portuguese.
 To the East, after having suffered through
storms, “Trinidad” is forced to return to the
Moluccas, where, exhausted, the 17 remaining
crew members surrender to a Portuguese ship.
 For its part, “Victoria” rounds the Cape of Good
Hope far from the coast, then sails back
to Europe.
 But short of food and drinking water, a large part
of the crew is dying of scurvy.
Elcano in Cape Verde
 Elcano is forced to stop at the Portuguese
islands of Cape Verde.
 Knowing that they are wanted, Elcano and the
crew hide their identity and pretend to be
returning from America.
 During a conversation, they discover that it is a
Thursday, while the expedition's logbook says
that it’s a Wednesday.
 Not understanding this discrepancy, they think
they have made a mistake.
 Thirteen sailors get off the ship and go to buy
food.
 But they are unmasked, probably because one
of them had uses cloves as payment, and
cloves only grow in the Moluccas.
 The Portuguese, realizing they are dealing with
crew members from Magellan's expedition,
immediately arrest the disembarked sailors.

Elcano and the rest of his crew barely manage
to flee further west in order to reach the Spanish
route back from America.
Arrival in Sanlucar
 On September 6th, 1522, after an expedition of
almost 3 years, Elcano arrives in Sanlucar with
17 survivors.
 The numerous spices brought back in the
holds largely pay back the costs for the
expedition.
 They are thus the first people to have sailed
around the world…
Henrique of Malacca
 Unless, that is, it could possibly be Henrique de
Malacca.
 Henrique is a slave of uncertain origins, bought
11 years earlier in Malacca by Magellan, who
was then traveling on behalf of Portugal.
 Henrique had followed his master to the Iberian
Peninsula, from where he took part in the
expedition to the Spice Islands.
 In Cebu, he spoke Malay with the local
population.
 But after Magellan's death, he wasn’t released,
as the captains wanted to keep him on as an
interpreter.
 He was the lone survivor of the banquet
ambush and was most-likely probably in on it.
 It isn’t known what happened to him afterwards,
but if he did manage to return to his native land
before Elcano arrived in Spain, he would be the
first man to have circumnavigated the globe,
taking 11 years to do so.

The government was unitary as policies
implemented by colonial administration from
Luzon to Mindanao emanated from “Imperial
Manila” the seat of the central government.

The Las Leyes de Indias was the basic law
implemented but gradually modified by royal
decrees. Other laws implemented were: Las
Leyes de Toro, Siete Partidos and La Novisima
Recopilacion
The Governor-General
 Head of the Spanish colonial government in the
Philippines.

They are appointed by the Spanish monarchs.

The Vice Royal over religious affairs – no innate
priests for ecclesiastical administration of
parishes.

The commander-in-chief of the colonial army.

Ex-officio president of the Audencia Real (the
Supreme Court)

Had legislative powers – could legislate laws for
the colony called: Actos Acordados.
Judicial Branch
 The judicial power of the government was
vested on the Audiencia Real.

The Audiencia Real also served as a forum for
settling important issues on governance and an
auditing agency of the finances of Spanish
colonial administration.

There was no legislative branch in Spanish
colonial administration.
Local Government
Topic 6: The Philippines as a Spanish Colony
Reduccion Plan

Proposed by Fr. Juan de Placencia (Author,
Customs of the Tagalog)

Required the natives to live in the area near the
church.

Those who refused were labeled as tulisanes
(bandits).
Administrative Organization
 Before the 18th century, the Philippines was
governed by the Spanish Crowns through the
Consejo de las Indias (Council of the Indies).

The King of Spain governed directly in the 19th
century through the Minesterio de Ultramar
(Ministry of the Colonies).
Frailocracia
 The dominance of the friars in the political,
economic and social affairs of colonial
Philippines

Termed by Graciano Lopez Jaena (But more
popularized by Marcelo H. del Pilar in his
pamphlet La Frailocracia Filipina)

Because of the union of Church and State in the
Philippines


Friars are the supervising representative of the
Spanish government for all local affairs
Social Class in Colonial Spain
Friars become so powerful and influential that
even civil authorities feared them.
Economic Institutions Imposed by Spain
 Encomienda System

Taxation
o
Tribute (Tributo) – equivalent to one
family consisting of father, wife and
minor children.
o
Cedula – served as an income tax and
personal identification for the Indios
was enforced after the abolition of
tribute in 1884.

Bandala

Polo y Servicio (Forced Labor) – to be
exempted are those who can pay falla
(exemption fee)

The Galleon Trade
Economic Development Programs
 Jose Basco y Vargas – first governor-general
to give priority towards improving the economy
of the colony.


Development of Agriculture – produce
cotton and silk textiles for export to
Europe and Americas. Indigo and
cinnamon have large-scale production.
Farmers were also taught scientific
methods of farming.
Organization of the Economic Society
of Friends of the Country –
encouraging increased production by
giving incentives to outstanding
producers.

Tobacco Monopoly

The Royal Company of the Philippines
Social Transformations
 Conversion of the Filipinos to Catholicism
Cultural Transformations
 Introduction of the Latin Alphabet

Introduction of the Art of Printing
o
Doctrina
Christiana
en
Lengua
Espanola y Tagala – first book
published in the country by the
Dominicans in 1593

Appearance of Theocratic Literature – passion,
awit, corridos (heroic/religious legendary
poems)

Persistence of Folk and Colonial Art

Introduction of Hispanic Music and Western
Musical Instruments
Educational Transformations
 University of Santo Tomas as higher
educational institution (the rector of UST also
stand as the ministry of education)

Secondary schools for boys: Colegio de Santo
Tomas, Colegio de San Juan de Letran, Ateneo
Municipal)

Secondary schools for girls: Colegio de Santa
Isabel, La Concordia, Santa Rosa and Santa
Catalina
Weaknesses of the education system:

Over emphasis on religion;

Beginning of a Feudalistic Society

Limited and irrelevant curriculum;

Limpieza de Sangre Mentality

Obsolete classroom facilities;

Hispanization of Filipino Surnames (Under Gov.
Gen. Narciso Claveria)

Inadequate instructional materials;

Absence of Academic Freedom; and,

Metamorphosis of Bahay Kubo to Bahay na
Bato

Racial prejudice against the Filipinos

Indigenization of Spanish and Chinese Cuisine

Change in the Filipino Mode of Dressing

Introduction of the Spanish Language

Celebration of Religious Feasts and Honoring
Patron Saints.

Opening of the Philippines to world commerce
– the influx of foreign businesses in country
brought with them liberal ideas from the west.

John Locke’s Theory of Revolution

Jean Jacques Rousseau’s
Contract Theory

Other Liberal Ideas – equality before
the law, freedom of speech, freedom of
religion,
freedom
of
assembly,
protection
of
human
rights,
representation in the legislature,
sovereignty of the people.

Rise of the Clase Media (middle class) – can be
traced to the prosperity of a relatively small
class of mestizos and the principalia of the
ruling elite who benefited from the opening of
the country to foreign commerce and trade.
From their ranks emerged the Filipino
propagandists.

Liberal Regime of Carlos Ma. Dela Torre –
governor-general 1869-1871, demonstrated
democratic liberal philosophy of governance.
During his term of office, freedom of speech and
of the press as guaranteed by the Spanish
Constitution was recognized.

Racial Discrimination – Spaniards considered
the Filipinos an inferior race and sarcastically
labeled them indios.

Si Tandang Basyong Macunat a
pamphlet
by Fray Miguel de
Bustamante portrayed the Filipinos as
an individual with low mental ability,
incapable of acquiring European
education, and fitted only to work in the
field and tend a carabao.

Racial discrimination had led to
realization that the Spaniards and the
Filipinos were two separate and distinct
people.
Topic 7: The Birth of Filipino Nationalism
Early Resistance to Spanish Rule

Regional revolts broke out in the archipelago
from 1574 to 1843. These revolts are brought
about by the following Reasons:
o
The desire to regain lost freedom
o
Resistance
institutions
o
Desire to revert to their native religion
o
Agrarian unrest – desire to recover the
lands grabbed from them by the friars
to

Spanish-imposed
Failure of the Early Resistance

Sectional jealousies

Lack of communication in the provinces

Absence of national leadership

Disunity was
enhanced
with
Spain’s
implementation of the divide et impera policy.
Filipinos were made to fight one another by the
colonial masters.
The Emergence of Filipino Sense of Nationhood
Social

Secularization Controversy – transfer of the
ministries established by the regular Spanish
clergy to the Filipino seculars.

The issue cropped up when the Jesuits
were expelled from the country in 1768.
Parishes vacated by the Jesuits had to
be filled by Filipino seculars.

The issue later on became a racial
controversy between the Spanish friars
and the Filipino secular clergy

Fr. Pedro Pelaez – leader of the Filipino
seculars.
Cavite Mutiny of 1872

On the night of January 20, 1872, a
mutiny broke out among Filipino
soldiers in the arsenal of Cavite under
the leadership of Sgt. La Madrid


Spanish authorities took advantage of
the situation by arresting liberal-minded
Filipinos
Graciano Lopez-Jaena (The Orator)
-
The Spaniards particularly the friars,
exaggerated the situation to implicate
Fr. Jose Burgos, Fr. Mariano Gomez,
and Fr. Jacinto Zamora

The Propaganda Movement
Objectives of the Propaganda Movement

Equality of Filipino and Spaniards before the
law;

Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular
province of Spain;

Restoration of the Philippine representation in
the Spanish Cortes;

Filipinization or secularization of Philippine
parishes; and,

Individual liberties for the Filipino people, such
as freedom of speech, freedom of the press and
freedom of redress of grievances.
The Filipino Propagandists

Jose P. Rizal

Graciano Lopez-Jaena

Marcelo H. del Pilar

Antonio Luna

Juan Luna

Mariano Ponce

Pedro Paterno

Pedro Serrano-Laktaw

Jose Ma. Panganiban

Jose Alejandrino

Isabelo delos Reyes

Dominador Gomez
The Triumvirate of the Propaganda Movement
Jose P. Rizal (The Novelist)
-
-
the most highly educated among the Filipino
propagandists.
Because Rizal became an ardent exponent of
reform and racial equality and since he
considered the friars as enemies of progress in
the Philippines, the friars did everything to have
him tried on charges of treason and sedition,
condemned and consequently sentenced to die
by musketry on Dec. 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan.
Some of his notable works are: A la Juventud
Filipina, El Consejo delos Dioses, Noli me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
Born Dec. 18, 1856, in Jaro, Iloilo. Founder and
first editor of La Solidaridad. The articles he
wrote manifested his expertise both in writing
and oratory
Fray Botod – a literary piece of criticism
of the friars. He pictured an immoral
and ignorant, big-bellied friar named
Botod who enriched himself by
exploiting the masses.
Marcelo H. del Pilar (The Journalist)
-
-
-
Born in Bulakan, Bulacan on Aug. 30, 1850. He
was co-equal of Rizal in intellectual capacity
considering that he was a lawyer, journalist and
a political analyst.
Founder of the Diariong Tagalog, where he
published articles lambasting the Spanish
authorities and the friars and exposed all
injustices
committed
by
the
colonial
government.
He also wrote the satirical Dasalan at
Tucsohan.
The La Solidaridad
 Founded on Dec. 31, 1888 in Barcelona, Spain.
The “newspaper” of the patriotic society
Associacion La Solidaridad
 It was basically a newsletter because it rarely
published news but opinions of the reformers
on various issues confronting the country and
the Filipinos.
 To prevent the Spaniards from discovering the
true identiy of the contributors, the Filipino
reformists used pseudonyms:
 Marcelo H. del Pilar – Plaridel
 Jose P. Rizal – Laon Laan/Dimasalang
 Mariano Ponce – Kalipulako/Tigbalang
 Antonio Luna – Taga-ilog
 Jose Ma. Panganiban - Jomapa
Failure of the Propaganda Movement
1. Spain was very much preoccupied with her own
internal problems and did not have time to
consider the colonial problems aired by the
propagandists through La Solidaridad.
2. The friars countered all attacks of the reformists
through their newspaper in the Philippine called
La Politica de Espana en Filipinas.
3. Petty quarrels among reformists made them
disunited.
4. Lack of finances to support the propaganda
activities in Europe led to failure of the
movement.
The La Liga Filipina (The Philippine League)
 Planned by Rizal while he is in Hong Kong in
1892.
 Its motto: Unus Instar Omnium (One Like All).
 Founded July 3, 1892 in the house of Doroteo
Ongjuco (Calle Illaya, Tondo)
 Three days after the founding of the La Liga,
Rizal was arrested by order of Gov. Gen.
Despujol and was deported to Dapitan on July
15, 1892.
 The La Liga Filipina subsequently split into two
branches: (1) The Cuerpos de Compromisarios
(rightist wing) and (2) The Katipunan (leftist
wing).
The Katipunan: The Philippine Revolution of
1896
Founding of the Katipunan

On the night of July 7, 1892, Bonifacio met
secretly with his friends at a house on
Azcarraga Street (now C.M. Recto) in Tondo.
Together with Ladislao Diwa and Teodoro Plata,
he formed the first triangle of a secret society
which bore the initials KKK.

KKK
stood
for
Kataastaasan
Kagalanggalangan Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan or Katipunan.

The platform of the Katipunan revolved around
three fundamental goals and objectives:
o
Politically – KKK shall work for the
independence of the country from
Spain by force of arms.
o
Moral Dimension – centered on the
teaching of good morals, integrity,
honesty, self-worth, religious fanaticism
and weakness of character.
o
Civic Objective – revolved on the
principle of self-help, self-reliance, and
the defense of the poor and the
oppressed.
Discovery of the Katipunan

Teodoro Patiño, a worker at the Diario de
Manila printing press, revealed the existence of
the society to his sister, Honoraria, sometimes
in early August of 1896. She was so upset that
she relayed the information to Sor Teresa de
Jesus, the Mother Superior of the orphanage in
Mandaluyong. Sor Teresa suggested they seek
the advice of Father Mariano Gil, the parish
priest of Tondo.

The discovery of the Katipunan left Bonifacio
and the Katipuneros no choice but to prepare
for an armed struggle.
Recruitment and Membership

To keep the Katipunan from being discovered
by the Spaniards, new members were enlisted
through the triangle method.

There were a number of tests that an applicant
had to overcome to prove his sincerity and
courage. The final test was the sandugo. The
recruit then signed the Katipunan oath in his
own blood.

The new members chose a symbolic name for
himself.

The women’s chapter of the Katipunan was
formed in July 1893.
Main Characs:
Andres Bonifacio
-
Born Nov. 30, 1863 in Tondo, Manila
-
Orphaned at an early age, made and sell canes
and paper fans.
-
At a young age married a certain Monica but the
marriage never last for she died of leprosy.
-
In 1892 met Gregoria de Jesus of Kalookan
who became his second wife. She would later
join the women’s chapter of the Katipunan and
the title Lakambini ng Katipunan conferred on
her.
Emilio Jacinto
-
The Brain of the Katipunan. He became the
adviser on fiscal matters and secretary to
Andres Bonifacio
-
Use the pen name Dimasilaw when writing for
the Katipunan newspaper called Kalayaan.
Used the alias Pingkian in the Katipunan.
-
Author of the Kartilya ng Katipunan – the basic
teaching every Katipunero had to live by.
Served as the code of ethics for every member
of society. It consisted of 13 tenets, which
Katipuneros were expected to imbibe and
observe.