S/N
NAME
REG NO
1
Khadija Abdussamad Ismail
ENG/21/MCT/00435
2
Oladimeji David Joseph
ENG/21/MCT/00440
3
Jatto Osagie Godspower
ENG/21/MCT/00434
4
Maryam Kabir Sheshe
ENG/21/MCT/00440
5
Musa Simon Samaila
ENG/22/MCT00602
6
Abubakar Sadiq Ahmad
ENG/21/MCT/00432
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
IMPORTANCE OF CUTTING FORCES AND POWER
FORCES ACTING DURING MACHINING
MEASUREMENT OF CUTTING FORCES
POWER AND ENERGY IN MACHINING
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS AND HEAT GENERATION
CUTTING FLUIDS
FUNCTIONS OF CUTTING FLUIDS
METHODS OF APPLYING CUTTING FLUIDS
TYPES OF CUTTING FLUID
SELECTION OF CUTTING FLUIDS
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
• Machining performance depends on cutting
forces, power, and cutting fluids. Cutting
forces impact tool wear, power consumption
affects efficiency, and cutting fluids improve
cooling and lubrication.
Importance of Cutting Forces and Power
Cutting forces influence tool life, surface
finish, energy efficiency, and machine
stability. Proper analysis helps in process
optimization, reducing tool wear, and
minimizing energy consumption.
Forces Acting During Machining
During machining, three
main forces act on the tool
and workpiece:
Cutting Force (Fc):
The primary force
acting in the cutting
direction.
Thurst Force (Ft):
Acts perpendicular
to the cutting
direction.
Radial Force (Fr): Acts
perpendicular to both
Fc and Ft, affecting tool
stability.
Forces Acting During Machining
Forces Acting During Machining
Mathematically, these forces can be related
using Merchant’s equations:
Measurement of Cutting
Forces
Cutting and thrust forces are measured using a
dynamometer. The force components are
analysed using vector decomposition:
Accurate measurement helps in optimizing
cutting conditions and preventing excessive
tool wear.
Power and Energy in Machining
Power consumption in machining is calculated using:
Power and Energy in
Machining
Energy required per unit volume
of material removal is given by:
Temperature Effects and Heat
Generation
High cutting forces lead to heat generation
at the tool-chip interface, affecting tool wear
and workpiece integrity. Heat dissipation is
governed by:
Where 𝜇 is the coefficient of friction.
Controlling temperature through
optimized cutting speeds
and cooling methods extends tool life.
Cutting Fluids
•Used in metalworking operations like cutting,
drilling, milling, and turning.
•Minimizes heat generation during machining.
•Provides lubrication to reduce friction and
wear.
•Enhances tool life and improves surface
finish.
Functions of Cutting Fluid
Cools the
workpiece
and cutting
Lubricates the
tool.
Reduces
cutting zone,
heat,
improving
friction, and
Helps remove efficiency.
tool wear.
Enhances
machining
speed and
accuracy.
chips and
prevents tool
damage.
Protects
against
corrosion
and reduces
material
adhesion.
Methods of Applying Cutting Fluid
Manual Application: Fluid is
dispensed manually using an oil can.
Flood Application: High-pressure
fluid is delivered via hoses or
nozzles.
Mist Application: Cutting fluid is
atomized and blown onto the
workpiece.
Types of Cutting Fluid
Cutting
Fluid
Non-WaterBased
Waterbased
Soluble oils
Semisynthetic
Synthetic
Straight oils
Types of Cutting Fluid
Soluble oils
• Mixture of soluble oils,
emulsifiers, and water (1%-20%).
• Used for light cutting operations
with low metal removal rates.
• Common in milling aluminum to
prevent adhesion and improve
finish.
Types of Cutting Fluid
Semi-Synthetic Fluid
• Combination of mineral oils and
water.
• Water alone is unsuitable due to
corrosion.
• Examples: Kerosene, motor oil.
• Used in aluminum machining to
prevent built-up edge formation.
Types of Cutting Fluid
Synthetic Cutting Fluid
• Water-based, does not contain
mineral oils.
• Includes rust inhibitors to
prevent corrosion.
• Ideal for grinding operations
requiring cooling and minimal
residue.
Types of Cutting Fluid
Straight Oils
• Pure vegetable or petroleum oils
without water mixing.
• Common in slow-speed
broaching for high lubrication.
• Examples: Paraffin oil,
naphthenic oils, vegetable oils.
Selection of Cutting Fluid
The selection of a cutting fluid depends on
factors such as the:
 Workpiece material
 Tool composition
 Type of machining operation
 The desired cooling and lubrication effect
CONCLUSION
Mastering cutting forces, power, and
cutting fluids enables precise machining
control, optimizing efficiency,
automation, and tool longevity—critical
for mechatronics applications in modern
engineering and manufacturing
processes.
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!!