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CARTILAGE AND ADIPOSE REVIEWER
Prepared by: Catherine Denise M. Palabyab, RMT, MD
CARTILAGE
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Tough, durable specialized type of connective tissue
Made up of ECM with high GAG and proteoglycans + Elastic and Collagen Fibers
FUNCTIONS
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Tensile strength → provides firm structural support of soft tissues
Allow flexibility without distortion
Resilient to compression
FEATURES
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Comes from the mesenchyme
Supports regions in the body that require flexibility
Avascular
Poor regenerative capacity
Low metabolic activity
Lack nerves
Surrounded by perichondrium except: articular cartilage and fibrocartilage
PERICHONDRIUM
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Essential for growth & maintenance of cartilage
Vascularized → Blood vessels within the perichondrium supply nutrients and
oxygen to the avascular cartilage
Contains chondrogenic cells called chondroblasts
Chondroblasts contribute to the formation of new cartilage
ABSENT IN: ____________ AND ______________
LAYERS OF PERICHONDRIUM
1. Outer fibrous (vascular) → Dense irregular CT - Type 1 collagen
2. Inner chondrogenic (cellular) → Mesenchymal cells, Chondroblasts
QUESTION!
IF THE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE LACKS A PERICHONDRIUM, WHERE WOULD IT
GET ITS OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS?
SYNOVIAL FLUID
CARTILAGE COMPONENTS
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CELLS → Chondroblasts, Chondrocytes
FIBERS → Collagen and Elastic
GROUND SUBSTANCE → Proteoglycan, Chondronectin, Chondroitin sulfate,
Keratan sulfate, Hyaluronic Acid
GROUND SUBSTANCE
1. PROTEOGLYCANS → Glycosaminoglycans + Core protein
2. PROTEIN (CHONDRONECTIN) → Helps chondrocytes adhere to the ECM
3. GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS → Primary GAG in cartilage: Chondroitin sulfate and
keratan sulfate
4. HYALURONIC ACID → Backbone for proteoglycan aggregates. Binds water →
gel-like consistency and resistance to compression.
5. WATER
CARTILAGE CELLS
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Cells of the cartilage: CHONDROCYTES (mature) AND CHONDROBLASTS
(young)
Synthesize and maintain the ECM
Located in matrix cavities called LACUNAE
TYPES OF CARTILAGE
1. HYALINE CARTILAGE
o Most common of the three types
o Homogenous and glassy
o Primary fiber: Type 2 collagen fibers
o Ground Substance: Basophilic
o
o
o
Can occur singly or in mitotically derived isogenous groups (a cluster
of up to 8 chondrocytes)
Perichondrium is present
As the individual grows, cartilage is replaced by bones through
endochondral ossification.
LOCATION
o
o
o
o
Articular surface of moveable joints
Nasal septum, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi
Between tips of ribs and bones of sternum
Epiphyseal plate of long bones
FUNCTION
Provides stiff but somewhat flexible support
Reduces friction between bony surfaces
2. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
o Primary fiber: Elastic fibers + Type 2 collagen fibers → gives off a
yellowish color
o More flexible than hyaline cartilage
o
o
LOCATION
Auricle of the external ear
Epiglottis
Auditory tube
Larynx
3. FIBROCARTILAGE
o Combination of Hyaline cartilage + Dense Connective tissue (small
amounts)
o Fibers: Collagen Type 1 and 2
o Chondrocytes occur singly and often aligned in isogenous
aggregates, or in rows
o More acidophilic
o No surrounding perichondrium
o Very tough, strong support at tendon insertions and in intervertebral
discs
o
o
o
o
FUNCTION
o
o
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Resists compression and shock absorption
Prevents bone-bone contact
Allows limited movement
Provides joint stability
LOCATION
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o
o
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Pads within knee joint (MENISCUS) → Distributes forces, provides
stability, absorbs shock
Intervertebral discs (annulus fibrosis) → Strength and stability while
allowing flexibility of the spine
Pubis symphysis → Stabilizes the pubic symphysis, absorbs shock
during weight-bearing activities
Temporomandibular joint → Absorbs stress during chewing, allows
smooth jaw movement
CARTILAGE FORMATION, GROWTH, AND REPAIR
1. APPOSITIONAL GROWTH
o Growth at the periphery of the cartilage.
o Chondroblasts differentiate from the inner cellular layer of the
perichondrium and deposit a layer of cartilage matrix apposed to the
existing cartilage layer.
o Chondroblasts lay down new matrix on the surface of existing tissues.
o This growth process increases cartilage width.
o Occurs in bone and cartilage.
o For thickening, strengthening, and repair.
o “GROWS ON THE SURFACE” → INCREASED DIAMETER
2. INTERSTITIAL GROWTH
o Involves mitosis of chondrocytes within the matrix and deposition of
new matrix between and around the cells → cartilage grows from the
inside.
o Increases cartilage size from within.
o Common in cartilage only (e.g., EPIPHYSEAL PLATE)
o Longitudinal growth
o “GROWS FROM WITHIN → INCREASED LONGITUDINALLY”
ADIPOSE TISSUE
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Very large cells derived from mesenchyme
Specialized for energy storage in lipid droplet(s) with triglycerides
TYPES
1. WHITE ADIPOSE
o Structure
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More common
20% of body weight of adults
Very large cells
Contain one large lipid droplet (unilocular) causing the cytoplasm
to be pushed against the plasmalemma
 Signet ring shape
o Function
 Insulation and cushioning
 Energy storage → Triglycerides
 Hormone secretion
 Leptin → Regulates eating behavior (acts on hypothalamus)
o Location
 Subcutaneous fat, visceral fat
 Abdomen, thighs, hips
2. BROWN ADIPOSE
o 5% of the newborn body weight but in smaller amounts in adults
o Smaller than white fat
o Contain many small lipid droplets (multilocular) → central nucleus
o Darker → due to high mitochondria
o Function
 Thermogenesis → Generates heat (non-shivering thermogenesis)
 Energy production → Burning fat → Produces heat → Important
in newborns
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