water alkene/alkyne halogen 3) + 4) hydrogen H,0 + Hydration HX + Hydrohalogenation (H0) alkene/alkyne hydrogen 2) + reactions 1) addcanWe triplebonds break open Addition H, + H Halogenation Hydrogenation- alkenes + alkene/alkyne H H halide H add + alkene/alkyne H of Hz0 H H alcohol - (X= HX (X Halogen: = product) (Major haloalkane Halogen: H H H add H H H conditions: Reaction place. take No Markovnikov's number it. atom atom water Heat Reaction number e.g. Markovnikov's Strong (HT0) conditions: it. atomatomwil reactant (Form which will but or form dilute H3PO4 of acid the to H rule: the the groups) bonded to H rule: the groups) bonded to the catalyst H H Dehydration- 4) needs alkene in Pt, to a non-polarneeds have Ni or Pd. a to catalyst solvent be if it is to H haloalkane H alkane Hremove remove or reaction alkyne -7the a opposite e.g. double is remove chain Clh), a - alkene H H Fz, Cl2, H F2, Brz, I2) Inand HX (X + H H H H H product) (Major product) (Minor Halogen: H alkene H H -H conditions: Reaction hol acid lystRequires with eg. 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Thislong This lyst. and tion. An of production oxygen of quantities with energy energy the react in large + usedalcohols t 8H,0 produce 4H20 G 2022 alkanes lowcatato longest according anda over the atmosphere) Products: to passed with separates temperatures of and flamhydrocarbons. reac mixture types more elimination the crack H’H-C Water ester COMBUSTION/OXIDATION H-o-C-- carbox acid H -H - REACTIONS ORGANIC or comreplaced between -ç-¢-o-H dissolved andaqueous the ofpresence in sunlight/heat conditions: Reaction place are place SATURATED) takes molecule take with Reaction halide hydrogen of H (X group haloalkanes Xz or H Substitute atom or atonm SUBSTITUTION an alkanes, another when H + haloalkane H20 H Hydrolysis + halogen H,0/ 12 Grade are that pounds H SubstitutionAlkanes: alkane H H H 1) H H 2) H X H H H H H H H HydrohalogenationH HX’ ’ H20/NaOH/KOH KOH Tertiary alcohols + haloalkane Alcohols: HH - H H H H X 3) halide alcohols ’ halide + secondary H- -¢- -Hhydrogen + HHaloalkanes:-¢-¿-H H + haloalkane water H H NaOH/’ Halogenation- -c-c-x + H,0 H H-¢ H is rorsaturated Essentials reactions SWopped/exchanged to = (X H)X alcoholSubstitute H--H H Substitute X Highbe + haloalka water KX of treated temperature. HX Require + H NaX/ HX/ alcohols. atoms, REACTIONS group and = concentrated withH)SO4. temperatures present Clz, Fz, HX/NaX/KX + Halogen: in Brz, ’ (SATURATED Clz, an Substitution Fz, in + HX Halogen: -H atoms Science treated Thean reactions oraanic I2) andNaBr conditions: Reaction conditions: Reaction at I2) Brz, H need and room solution Reaction conditions: solution is hot NaOH/KOH haloalkane ethanol alcoho H H H and + alcoholPrimary hydrogen + alcohol H H H
