21ST CENTURY REVIEWER
LESSON 1: Philippine History from Pre-Colonial to Contemporary Period
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (BC - 1564)
 Works of literature were oral in nature—literature that has been passed on by word of mouth.
 Baybayin was the oldest writing system.
- Folk Tales
- The Epic Age
- Folk Songs
- Legends
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD (1565 – 1863)
 Alibata, the first Filipino alphabet, was replaced by the Roman alphabet.
 The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices.
 Works of ancient literature were collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects.
 Religious themes dominated the culture of the Christianize majority; but, the native oral literature, whether
secular or mythic-religious, continued (Spanish Colonial, 2017)
- Non-secular (Religious literature)
- Secular (non-religious literature)
Propaganda Movement:
 Rizal – Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo, Mi Ultimo Adios Sobre
 Del Pilar – Ang Fray Botod, La Hija del Fraile, Everything is Hambug
 Jaena – Caiingat Cayo, Dasalan at Tocsohan
AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1910 - 1945)
 Philippine literary production was spurred by two significant developments in education and culture:
(1) the introduction of the free public instruction for all children of school age, and
(2) the use of English as medium of instruction in all levels of education in public schools (Santiago, 2015).
JAPANESE COLONIAL PERIOD (1941 - 1945)
 They introduce Nihongo and their literary arts and forms, such as Ikebana, Origami, and Tempura and
Sushi.
 Strict prohibitions of using the English language in writing
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1960 – Present)
 Contemporary literature or 21st Century Literature per se, is anything that was written and published
in the year 2000s.
LESSON 2: Literary Genres
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Drama – comedy, tragedy
Poetry – lyric, narrative
Prose(non-fiction)
Prose(fiction)
21st Century Literary Genres:
 Illustrated Novel: Full-length novels where the narrative is conveyed through both text and illustrations.
 Digi-Fiction: A form of digital storytelling that integrates text, images, and interactive elements like
hyperlinks.
 Graphic Novels: Stories presented in comic-strip format and published as a book.
 Manga: A Japanese style of comic book or graphic novel.
 Doodle Fiction: A combination of simple drawings and handwritten text to tell a story.
 Text Talk Novels: Novels written in the format of text messages and social media dialogues.
 Chick Lit: Genre that focuses on the lives and concerns of contemporary women.
 Flash Fiction: Extremely short stories, usually under 1000 words.
 Six-Word Flash Fiction: A story told in just six words.
 Creative Non-Fiction: Factual storytelling that uses literary techniques usually found in fiction.
 Science Fiction: Fiction that imagines future or alternate worlds, often involving advanced technology or
space exploration.
 Hyper Poetry: Poetry that makes use of digital mediums like hyperlinks to enhance or continue the
narrative.
 Spoken Poetry: Poems meant to be performed aloud, focusing on rhythm, emotion, and delivery.
 Mobile Text Tula: Short Filipino poems (Tula) written and shared via SMS or text.
 Blog: Online journal or website where individuals or groups post content regularly.
LESSON 3: Context and Text’s Meaning
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Writer's Context: The author's background and experiences that shape their writing.
Reader's Context: The reader’s personal experiences and interpretations that influence understanding.
Text's Context: The specific circumstances and genre of the text that affect its meaning.
Social Context: The societal conditions and cultural norms present during the text’s creation.
Imagery
- Visual Imagery: Descriptive language that creates mental pictures.
- Auditory Imagery: Language that evokes sounds and noises.
- Kinesthetic Imagery: Descriptions that convey movement and physical sensations.
LESSON 4: Short Story and its Elements
1. Setting
The time and place in which the story occurs, influencing the mood and events.
2. Character
 Protagonist: The main character facing the central conflict.
 Antagonist: The character or force opposing the protagonist.
 Flat Character: Characters who do not change throughout the story
 Round Character: Characters who change throughout the story
3. Plot
The sequence of events in a story.
 Parts of the Plot:
o Exposition: Introduction of characters and setting.
o Rising Action: Development of conflict and complications.
o Climax: The turning point and most intense moment.
o Falling Action: Events following the climax leading to resolution.
o Resolution: Conclusion of the story and resolution of conflicts.
4. Conflict
The struggle between opposing forces.
 Types of Conflict:
o Man vs. Man: external struggle between two or more individuals
o Man vs. Himself: internal struggle concerning emotion and decision
o Man vs. Nature: external struggle between man and an element of nature
o Man vs. Society: external conflict where a character challenges societal norms, laws, or
expectations.
5. Point of View
The perspective from which the story is told.
 Types of POV:
o First Person: Narrator is a character in the story (uses "I").
o Third Person Limited: Narrator knows the thoughts of one character.
o Third Person Omniscient: Narrator knows the thoughts of all characters.
6. Theme
The central idea or message conveyed by the story.
LESSON 5: Multimedia Formats for Literary Interpretation
Marshall (2001) defined multimedia as computer-controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and
moving images (video), animation, audio, and any other media where every type of information can be
represented, stored, transmitted and processed digitally.
1. Blog (Weblog)
A digital platform for writing and sharing personal reflections, analysis, or creative responses to literary texts.
Blogs allow for interactive engagement with readers through comments and multimedia integration.
2. Mind Mapping
A visual tool to organize and connect ideas, themes, and elements of a literary text. It helps in brainstorming,
exploring relationships between characters, settings, and plot, and summarizing complex information in a
creative, structured way.
3. Mobile Phone Textula
A form of digital poetry shared via text messages, often written in Filipino. It involves creating short, rhymed
verses in 160-character text messages, blending traditional poetry with modern technology.
LESSON 6: Anecdote
a short, often amusing story about an event, usually involving a particular person
Purpose of Anecdote
- To Bring Cheer
- To Inspire, Motivate, Persuade
- To Reminisce
- To Give Caution