2022 Smart Information Systems and Technologies (SIST)
28-30 April, 2022, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
2022 International Conference on Smart Information Systems and Technologies (SIST) | 978-1-6654-6790-2/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/SIST54437.2022.9945734
Adaptive Intelligent System for Monitoring and
Control the Parameters of Pipelines
Electrochemical Corrosion Protection
Zhakhongir Khussanov
Regional laboratory of engineering
"Structural and biochemical materials"
M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University
Shymkent, Republic of Kazakhstan
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-4408-2066
Oleksandr Prokhorov
Department of Computer Science and
Information Technologies
National Aerospace University “Kharkiv
Aviation Institute”
Kharkiv, Ukraine
ORCID ID: 0000-0003-4680-4082
Valeriy Prokhorov
Problematic scientifically advanced
laboratory for radio monitoring and
processing of radio technical
information
Natioanal University of Radio
Electronics
Kharkiv, Ukraine
ORCID ID: 0000-0001-5739-0394
Andriy Tevyashev
Department of Applied Mathematics
National University of Radio Electronics
Kharkiv, Ukraine
ORCID ID: 0000-0001-5261-9874
Dilfuza Turdybekova
PhD student
M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University
Shymkent, Republic of Kazakhstan
ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7978-4538
Oleksii Shatalov
Department of Artificial Intelligence
National University of Radio Electronics
Kharkiv, Ukraine
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-7267-6718
Abstract—The paper is dedicated to the creation of
adaptive intelligent system that provides control and
management of parameters of cathodic protection stations,
taking into account changes in external conditions in some
sections of pipelines. Multicriteria task of optimization of
operation modes of cathodic protection stations is considered,
as optimization is performed both by the criterion of
optimality of protective potential distribution (uniformity of
protective total potential distribution along the pipeline
length) and by the criterion of minimum total protective
current of stations. The system provides increase of reliability
of electrochemical protection system as a whole and
accordingly prevents possible emergencies at pipeline system,
as well as reduces costs of current repair of pipelines, due to
reliability and uninterrupted protection.
Keywords—electrochemical
corrosion
protection;
pipelines; cathodic station; protective potential; optimization
I.
INTRODUCTION
One of the main tasks of underground pipeline systems
(PS) of oil and gas transportation (oil transportation system
and gas transportation system) of the Republic of
Kazakhstan is to increase durability and operational
reliability of trunk pipelines (TP) (trunk oil pipelines and
trunk gas pipelines) in order to reduce accidents at their
units (volumes of transported product leaks, prevention of
accidents, explosions, etc.). The main reasons which
determine insufficiently high level of reliability of
underground pipelines are: low quality of insulating coating
of pipelines; low quantity of civil and erection works when
laying pipelines in the ground; low efficiency of
electrochemical protection (EChP) systems; low efficiency
of control systems of oil and gas transportation and
distribution regimes through the pipeline system.
Therefore, their durability and reliability directly depend on
the level of development of corrosion protection means.
Thus, the main task of corrosion protection is to provide
the necessary level of protective potential at the pipeline in
length and in time with the most effective use of material
and energy resources. The solution of the problem of
increasing the efficiency of EChP systems consists in the
development of methods for detecting places and volumes
of damage of insulation coatings in pipeline sections,
optimal planning and carrying out repairs of insulation
coatings and EChP means, as well as optimal management
of the modes of operation of cathodic protection stations
(CPS) in real operating conditions.
II.
REVIEW OF THE RECENT PAPERS
In work [1] on numerical examples the regularities of
EChP processes and EChP problems as problems of
currents in the ground for complex PS with heterogeneous
parameters are considered. In works [2,3] topical issues of
providing effective EChP and problems of increasing the
efficiency of corrosion protection systems of underground
trunk pipelines are considered. Most of the works are
devoted to different methods of calculating the main
parameters of EChP for different objects and conditions of
PSs location and operation [4,5]. On the basis of such
studies reference books for calculating the parameters of
EChP systems and means and normative and technical
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documentation in the form of methods, recommendations,
standards of enterprises and state standards were
created [6].
In addition, a sufficient number of mathematical models
and algorithms of calculation and optimization of EChP of
TP parameters with their subsequent software
implementation have been developed [7].
At the same time, a significant part of the research is
aimed at solving optimization problems when designing an
EChP system [8]. For example, in work [9] the main factors
affecting the distribution of pipeline cathodic protection
potential are determined by the embedding position and
output current value of auxiliary anode. In work [10], the
boundary element method and multicriteria optimization
based on a genetic algorithm for modeling of cathodic
protection potential distribution were used. Evolutionary
modeling at the design stage of the EChP system to
optimize the anode position and current density distribution
is also used in work [11]. However, they do not solve the
problem of comprehensive automation of the EChP of TP
system. Recently, the developments are aimed at
automating the processes and tasks of the EChP of TP
system. Thus, various telemechanical systems of
monitoring and control of EChP means on the basis of
telecontrollers with integrated GSM/GPRS mobile
modems and other communication channels with the
automated workplace of the control room are known.
In work [12] the automated system of control and
management of electrochemical protection means based on
application of intellectual information technologies is
described, which most fully covers the tasks solved by the
EChP of TP system. This automated system of corrosion
monitoring is a distributed type system, which includes:
automated workstations of the dispatcher and managers of
all levels of the EChP of TP system, cathodic protection
plants with cathodic protection stations (CPS), equipped
with telemechanical means of remote control and
management of EChP means and control and measuring
points (CMP), united by GSM/GPRS mobile
communication channels. For the first time in this
automated system intellectual information technology in
the form of expert decision support system by EChP service
specialists is applied. In work [13] a stochastic approach to
solving a task of operative planning of the operation mode
of electrochemical protection of underground pipelines has
been considered. In a number of works, for example, in
[14]-[17] issues of optimization of operation modes of
installations and equipment of EChP systems depending on
external factors and taking into account the current state of
pipelines, as well as optimization of protective parameters
of all CPSs at the given sections of TP, without which it is
impossible to build an effective system of EChP are
considered.
III.
STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
As a result of the analysis it should be noted that the
existing EChP systems do not solve the main problem optimization and maintenance of protective parameters
depending on the dynamics of external conditions, state of
structures, etc. At the same time elimination of anode zones
(“underprotections”) by cathodic polarization on TP is
carried out without prompt consideration of environmental
conditions, as a rule, with a reserve on the value of
protective potential, which often leads to “overprotection”.
However, “overprotection” is also very detrimental to the
state of TPs protected against corrosion, namely it increases
the degree of porosity, adhesion of insulation with its
subsequent destruction, and also leads to an irreversible
process - hydrogen embrittlement of metal structures of
TPs, which many times increases the probability of
accidents in these areas.
In order to increase the efficiency of EChP system
operation it is necessary to create the information
technology which would be based on the information about
the current state and operation modes of EChP means,
monitoring data about protective parameters, and first of all
the levels of protective potential, as well as the accumulated
statistical data for the whole period of pipeline operation,
could provide the decision support on regulation of
protective parameters of cathodic protection stations In this
connection the adaptive intelligent monitoring and control
system of technological process of electrochemical
protection of trunk pipelines (AIMCS TP EChP TP) is
proposed in this paper. The system is designed for remote
monitoring of electrochemical protection parameters, their
optimization and adaptive control of cathodic protection
stations' parameters. AIMCS TP EChP TP ensures
maintenance of electrochemical protection process at the
optimum level between “underprotection” and
“overprotection” destructive zones, taking into account
monitoring data, geological conditions at the pipeline
laying location, climatic or seasonal changes and other
factors, according to the regulatory and technical
documentation.
IV.
METHODS OF OPTIMIZING ELECTROCHEMICAL
PROTECTION PARAMETERS
The optimization of protective parameters of CPS is
based on the method of sequential improvement of the plan
(simplex method) to minimize the target function
F = I1 + I 2 + ... + I m → min ,
(1)
where I1 – absolute value of protection current of the і-th
cathode station i = 1, 2,..., m . The absolute value of
protective potential in all network nodes must not be less
than the minimum protective potential U P min . To fulfill
this constraint let's write a system of linear equations
Z i1 I1 + ... + Z ik I k + ... + Z im I m ≥ U i − U P min (2)
with
i = 1, 2,..., n, and k = 1, 2..., m, where U i –
potential difference “pipe-ground” without EChP; Z ik –
input impedances by “close ground” for the i -th node,
provided that the only current load is located in the k -th
node. At the same time ∆U i = Z ik I k , there is a safety
offset U Pi in the i -th node, which is caused by the k -th
cathode station with I k > 0 .
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In addition, the absolute value of induced protective
potential everywhere must not be greater than specified
U P max . Then the constraints have the form:
Z11 I1 + Z12 I 2 + ... + Z1m I m ≤ U1 − U P max
Z 21I1 + Z 22 I 2 + ... + Z 2 m I m ≤ U 2 − U P max
...
Z n1I1 + Z n 2 I 2 + ... + Z nm I m ≤ U n − U P max
(3)
In turn, the magnitude of the CPS current must not
exceed a certain limit value I max , for example, the
nominal current of the most powerful cathode converter.
This limitation is determined when designing the EChP
system or by the fact of cathode converters used.
This leads to a system of m limitations of the form.
I k ≤ I k max , where k = 1, 2.,..., m ,
I k ≥ 0 with k = 1, 2.,..., m ,
(4)
I k max = 0,8I kн .
Other combinations of constraints are also possible.
But it is important that all equations of the system be
linearly independent, that is, none of them should be
obtained as a linear combination of the others. In addition,
the system should be joint, that is, there should be no
contradictory equations among the equations.
Then these systems of equations form a set of initial
data sufficient for optimization by the simplex method.
However, this system of equations will naturally change
when taking into account the state of pipeline protection in
the middle of sections between cathode stations at the
locations where remote CMPs are installed.
Further we consider three main problems.
A. Exclusion of CPS
If any one or more CPSs are excluded from the EChP
system for different reasons: power failure, which was
reported, failure of the converter or load circuit breakage
(report received), then it is necessary to consider a new
model of the EChP system of the given section. Then in
the matrices, instead of CPS data, the data of remote
instrumentation is substituted. Comparing the data of the
current (last) monitoring and the optimization results it is
necessary to form the control actions either by current or
potential on the neighboring CPSs.
It should be noted that when excluding the CPS, the
processing of settings by potential by neighboring CPS can
lead to imbalance of the optimal plan. In fact, a rational
plan close to the optimum plan will be obtained. Therefore,
there must be a control by the intelligent system and
adaptation of the plan to various changes in order to bring
the system to a steady state.
B. Changing external conditions and above all weather,
stray currents
With minor changes, i.e. deviations from the preset
settings, the CPS usually works independently in the
automatic mode of stabilization of protection parameters.
In the case of significant mismatch or diagnosis of
“underprotection” or “overprotection” situation, the results
of monitoring are analyzed and the optimization problem
is solved. Indeed, in the process of operation under
changing external conditions (precipitation, temperature,
etc.), which primarily affect the resistivity of the ground,
there is a change in the transient resistance of the
insulation. This leads to a change in the protection current
propagation constant along the pipeline. It should be taken
into account that depending on external conditions the
current propagation constant along the pipeline also
changes its value.
So, one of the main modes of AIMCS TP EChP TP
functioning is a mode of assessment of state of EChP
objects of pipeline system and formation of control
commands for CPS. For this purpose an intelligent
decision support system is used. Intellectual system allows
to perform analysis and diagnostics procedure in real time
in the presence of significant number of dynamically
changing factors. Intelligent system is also used to support
decision making in pipeline corrosion diagnostics and
monitoring, monitoring and formation of control
commands for EChP facilities, determination of ranges of
protective potential values and other tasks. For each of the
tasks the relevant knowledge models have been developed
that reflect the laws, regulatory framework and experience
in solving these tasks.
Fig. 1 and 2 show enlarged models of knowledge,
which are put into the system in the form of logical rules
for adaptive intelligent system. The figure shows a
knowledge-oriented model for finding the required
protective total potential, which takes into account the
presence of water-soluble salts and bacteria in the area
where the pipeline is laid, the presence of stray currents,
etc. The state of protection, as can be seen from the figure,
is determined on the basis of data on the maximum and
minimum protective potential obtained as a result of the
logical output of the intelligent system, as well as the
current value of the potential obtained as a result of remote
monitoring.
Figure 1.
Model for determining the state of the pipeline
protection
For example, the accepted criterion of the minimum
protective potential (-0,85 V) in the northern conditions is
not always optimal. In the presence of sulfate-reducing
bacteria, “underprotection” is observed; at operating
temperatures close to zero – “overprotection”.
An example of a rule:
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IF Tproduct>40oC AND Tproduct<=60oC AND
(Possibility of microbiological corrosion
OR Possibility of stray currents OR Specific soil
resistance >=10 Ohm *m OR Water-soluble salts
>1g/1kg soil) THEN Min_protective_potential = -1.0V
Figure 2.
V.
Model for finding the required protective potential
RESULTS OF OPTIMIZING ELECTROCHEMICAL
PROTECTION PARAMETERS
Adaptive intellectual system of monitoring and control
of protection parameters of a CPS is placed on the AWEChP and is used in automatic or automated mode by the
specialists of the EChP service. The adaptive system for the
optimization of the CPS operation modes is multi-criteria,
because the optimization is performed both by the criterion
of optimality of protective potential distribution
(uniformity of protective total potential distribution along
the pipeline length), and by the criterion of the minimum
total protective current of all CPSs on the given section of
TP of each automation module. Fig. 3 shows the main
screen of the system.
Figure 3.
Main window of the adaptive intelligent system of monitoring and control of CPS’s protective parameters
It should be noted that a more important criterion is the
distribution of the protective potential over the length. If
necessary, you can fix a certain value of the protective
current of any CPS (if the current of the selected CPS is
undesirable, or in principle impossible to change).
Fig. 4 shows a graph of intermediate distribution of the
total potential along the considered pipeline section, from
which you can see that the potential value exceeds the
required value of minus 1.05 V received from the
intelligent system, and therefore there is “under-protection”
and requires elimination of this problem.
Figure 5 shows that as a result of the system operation
there was a plan correction at the top according to U P min
and bottom – U P max .
The solution of the optimization problem is based on
the use of linear programming. The target function is to
minimize the sum of protective currents of all CPSs on a
given area of optimization.
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value of the protective total potential exceeds the value
of 1.05 V, which is set as the minimum permissible
(received from the intelligent system), i.e.
"underprotection" occurs
Disconnecting the
power supply to
the CPS
Figure 6.
Figure 4.
Plot of the intermediate distribution of the total
potential along the analyzed section
Deviation (dip) from the optimal plan when the CPS is
disabled at 130 km of pipeline
In the process of operation with the change of external
conditions (precipitation, temperature, etc.), which
primarily affect the resistivity of the ground, which leads to
a change in the transient resistance of the insulation, and,
consequently, changes the constant spread of the protection
current along the pipeline.
The adjusted plan according to the current monitoring
data in the rainy season is shown in Fig. 8, and in the
drought season in Fig. 9.
Modeling and optimization of protective parameters of
CPS was carried out on the basis of monitoring data of the
section of the main gas pipeline “Akshabulak-Kyzylorda”
(0-122.9 km).
If optimized, the protective
potential may be too low.
Such sections of the pipeline
are potentially dangerous
zones of "overprotection”
Figure 5.
Plan correction at the top according to Usum min and
at the bottom according to Usum max
Fig. 6 shows an example of a plot of deviation (failure)
from the optimal plan when the CPS is turned off (in case
of power failure or failure of the CPS or other reasons) for
130 km of pipeline, which requires a new plan to
compensate the arisen failure in the pipeline protection.
The new optimal plan for 130 km of pipeline with a
disabled CPS is shown in Fig. 7.
Figure 7.
New optimal plan for disabled CPS at 130 km of
pipeline
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actual state. This also ensures prolongation of the pipeline
system technical resource.
AIMCS TP EChP TP implements not only information
support of the EChP technological process, but also
intellectual support, due to the use of information
intellectual technologies and, in particular, application of
intellectual system of decision-making support at all
automated workplaces both in automatic mode and in
automated mode in the form of question-answer system for
EChP specialists.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Figure 8.
Adjusted plan for ongoing monitoring during the rainy
season
The results of a study conducted within the framework
of the grant project of the Ministry of Education and
Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan AP09261098 on the
topic “Development of an information and analytical
system for monitoring and controlling electrochemical
protection against corrosion of main pipelines” are
presented.
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Figure 9.
Adjusted plan for ongoing monitoring during the
drought season
VI.
CONCLUSION
Thus, AIMCS TP EChP TP maintains the technological
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“underprotection” and “overprotection” and thus reduces
the harmful effects caused by modern EChP systems. As
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