,.,. -·,_
r , - -..--._
~
.~l ~
I' :~~:=~=~~~~~~~~~~•==~~~.,;a,~
~~
I
co~
d. and presented it to the
e 'Fath er' of Psychoanalysis. He created the system, developed. change.;, readjuste
world as one of the most elaborate products of the human mind.
1h
Freud started out doing ' neurological research' nnd also practiced, as a specialist
IlHb, he uridly :,LuJil J hy:,h.:1 iu uL Choi cot':-. clinh:: In Porl~.
in ' neurological' disorders. In
1
gical disturbance of the 19 h
Charcot investigated the symptoms and causes of hysteria, a common psycholo
of the limbs and visual
century in which patients suffered from bi7.arre bodily symptoms, such as paralysis
'If
I'_ . ,
d'
hysterical symptoms through
isorders. which had no app11renl physical cuuse. Charcol successfully removed
ideas originating in his/her
hypnosis. This scggested to Freud that hysteria resulted from the patient's peculiar
mind.
with hypnosis and other
Freud came back from France to Vienna and along with Breuer, treated hysteria
d connict that may be
psychological techniques. They realized that hysteric symptoms symbolized an unresolve
consciously remembered, an
traced back to intensely negative childhood experiences. Though no longer
I
.
to find the expression of the
emotionally disturbing experience presses for release and goads the patient
g past experie:nces under
discomfort through bodily symptoms. Thus by letting patients recall their disturbin
by Freud as evidence of the
hypnosis would cure them. The relieving of a trauma under hypnosi ~ was regarded
existence of the unconscious.
and employed a new method
He foui:id that every patient could not by hypnotized and so he abandoned hypnosis
to their symptoms and report
which he called '·Free Association". He insisted that his patients free associate
to be censored or arranged in
anything even if it seemed trivial that entered their mind. Thoughts were not
g emotions and would
anyway, but simrly reported. Just like hypnosis , such talking would rele,:se the disturbin
as Catharsis.
free the patient from Lht! symptoms.. This release of emotional energy was termed
to hysteria: ..(l)_ He argued
Freud rt!ached to two important conclusions on the basis of this cathartic approach
to re-experience the trauma
that the underlying problem in hysteria is always sexual. ~ Hysterics don ' l want
ing resistances by exploiting
and resist knowing it (repression). Therapeutic success is thus a mailer of overcom
The Lenn Psychoanalysis did
ft was th is Pre-psych oanalysis \.vork that laid the foundation for psychoanalysis.
not appear till 1896.
The basic principles underlyin g pS) Cho:maly sis arc:
.
G) Mentalism: There is either Mind (mentalism) or Malter/Body (Materialism ). Freud look a mentalist approach
✓
Del
· •
ermi msm : 'no caus es with out
Freu d belie ved
effec ts, no effec ts with out caus es.'
phen ome na are rigid ly and lawf ully
deter mine d by the princ iple of caus e
th8 t a
11 men tal (psy chic )
and effec t.
men tal
d b lieve d th:it
·
, ).. _
c
simp ler unit.s . frcu
thdr
i11t•i
·
n
dow
en
R d · msm
brok
be
can
: com plex even ts
e uctio
l,vJv l ,.,_,
ical phen omen a. phcnom..:nu can be redu ced to phys iolog
~~
~
ener gy is deriv ed from_
hic mach ine that uses energy.1 This
rding to the laws of
aggr essio n. The syste m work s acco
G) Men tal Ener gy: t;eu d view ed the mind as a psyc
as sex and
bhlo gica lly roote d instin cts, such
ed from insti ncts into usef ul work
form s a fixed amo unt of energ y deriv
cons erva tion of ener gy. The mind trans
;/
ener gy. gy is trans form ed into psyc hic (men tal)
~u ~·r ·c
or ,n othe r word s, soma tic (bod ily) ener
~~ ~
z~""-t w·tA·fwv.t.l
:~
-,-rv-
r and oute r
idua ls are capa ble of resp ondi ng to inne
re its form er
place and the orga nism tend s to resto
Q The Principle of Constancy and Repetition Compulsion: Indiv
diseq uilib rium takes
stim uli. On stim ulati on, a tensi on or
an
d Princ i ple of Con stan c.Yt Whe n.
ency to resto re equi libri um is calle
balan ce or equi libri um. { his tend
ce, he will be pron e to reliv e
e and is unab le to regai n his prior balan
indiv idual sulTers a traum atic expe rienc
n.
e. This is calle d Repe tition - comp ulsio
emot iona lly this unpl easa nt expe rienc
8~r
.,Du,t i,uto~ .!L.Q!>j$!c,t.,or_~ ,..l.'::...!.
ce some amou nt..2 £.!l. ~~ ~IJ..~rgy_[.s
-{on
omy
Econ
tal
Men
of
iple
G Princ
exis and obje cts or idea s
Cath
is C:::
t §J52f;4«•
al energ· y. This proc ess of load ing
ment
with
ged
char
,..._
or
ed
a
load
·
mes
beco
_
,
ve
_ _ _ _ __ _
al ener gy econ omic s, i.e., quan titati
cathe cted. Mental p1ocesses are ment
inve sted with ener gy are said to be ta·•1t;1fiCl!Q'
al ener gy. The men tal econ omy
accu mula tion, trans form ation of ment
proc esses of inve stme nt, disch arge,
l,
rium (tens ion) with in the indiv idua
latio n. Stim ulati on caus es diseq uilib
depe nds on the stren gth of the stimu
ener gy (cath arsis ). Thus , stron ger
n, i.e., disch arge of some amou nt of
i.~., cathe xis. Tens ion leads to an actio
balar~
nt and disch arge of energ y to restore
the stim ulati on, grea ter the inve stme
~
11a ~
imm edia te disc harg e
ans as displ easu re and press es for an
disch arge of ~ e~ y
exist ed prior to the distu rban ce( This
e) Plea.sure and Relie f -Tension is experienced by hum
i_brium that
of ener gy so as to reest ablis h the equil
sure is the perfe ctly bala nced state
individu~ as pl1:asur~ .The perte ct µ,l~2
bring s relie f and is _::pe rienc e9 ~y the
ofthP. orga nism .
lope d his theor y in the three reaj{Mj,.
Arm ed w ith these princ iples , Freud deve
s, Prec onsc ious, & Unco nscio us)
@rh e Topo grap hy of Mind (Consciou
ros & Death lnstinct- Than atos)
@r he Insti ncts/ Driv es (Lile Insti nct-E
& Supt'r<:go).
@ r11e Menta l Apra ratus (Id, Ego,
.
, . •
nscioLis .<1n d unco
nsc ious regio ns o!
,
d disli ngui she<.i amo ng cons ciou s ' preco
17\T opou apli ical l\fou el of Mind: Freu
.
I...!/
· . . . 1 • J1. stanc e 1rom
csses . nd th e 111
eatJ ve
<1
imJi.::m:~ l he '·J eplh '' or the mental rro"'lhe m ind. 'i he tupugraphic conc t:pt
lhe si,rl'a cc.
f., .(
typically can verbaliz
The con scio us regi· on con tain s whe t a person is nware of. Peo ple
.
.
exp erie nce s and can Ih.mk abo ut ma log1cal way.
e their con scio us
ch cou ld
is not currently awa re but whi
material abo ut whi ch the person
s
tain
con
on
regi
ious
onsc
The Prec
region
erial. Therefore, the prec onsc ious
person deci de to retrieve the mat
the
ld
shou
ss
rene
awa
r
ente
read ily
stor eho use of
nary memory. It contains a vast
to wha t most of us think of as ordi
g
ndin
espo
corr
as
seen
be
may
osal.
rmation that is reliably at our disp
imp orta nt as wel l as trivial info
~
. It contnins the elem ents of
readil)'. retrieved
material that cannot be
,,.~--..,
....
con scio us rcgiun con tain s the
es, and feel ings that are
re osit r for ideas. ima es ur
a
is
It
d.
esse
repr
vely
acti
exp erie nce that have been
rial is imconscious for a reason.
on. Therefore, unconscious mate
so
and
t,
guil
,
fear
,
pain
,
flict
asso ciat ed with con
with the dominant self-protective
that ~ate rial that is incompatible
such
d
nize
orga
lly
hica
grap
The min d is topo
abo ut
ot bear to know certain thin gs
an unconscious abyss. We cann
into
cast
is
ss
usne
scio
con
mas k of
affects
es ir, the unconsci ous profoundly
s-::iously know them . Yet )~hat resid
c.:m
not
do
we
re,
refo
The
s.
ours elve
material is
affected.Qfe pres$ed unconscious
though we do not we er~ being
our beh avio r and experience, even
s a!:
when uocqpscious instinct,u al urge
c forl!!J as in ne~ otic sympt~
exp ress ed in disg uise d or symboli
asy, play, urt work ct:;.J.
indirectly satis fied in ~reams, fant
-
- ----- .... -
: Dreams
The Royal Roa d to Unconscious
desiz or
d expression of an unconscious
a wish fulfillment, i.e .. a Jisguise
is
m
drea
y
ever
d
rrcu
to
ng
Acc ordi
e by the
sically. Decoding of dream is don
without hurting us mentally or phy
re
desi
our
lls
fulfi
am
Dre
h.
,~
met hod of free association.
latent content.
s for dreams, namely, ~an ifcs t and
Freud intro duc ed technical term
experienced dream.
- Manifest Con tent : The actually
d unco~scious desires take the form
meaning of the dream, the represse
true
the
but
en
hidd
The
:
tent
Con
- Late nt
of sym bols in the dream.
-
mer. It is performed because of
ent to manifest content by the drea
cont
t
laten
of
ion
mat
sfor
Tran
Dream Work:
to
cy that refuses direct expression
which is the psyc hic (mental) agen
or
cens
chic
opsy
End
the
of
s
the dem and
seek
h live forever in the unconscious,
ms me unacceptable wishes whic
Drea
res.
desi
g
ucin
prod
ety
anxi
these
control weakens during sleep and
ession uuring the wak ing hours. This
expression, but are blocked by repr
as
out
l'!ses cannot be carried
:11! motor nctivity. so these imp
:
b!cd
p
skc:
,
ever
How
.
ngth
impulses g:i;n :.~rc
nt as
can ling hallucina tory fulfillme
pcr1.;1::ptual S)'Slcm, where they the
rd
towa
e
mov
they
~
ead
Inst
.
behavior.
~-· ..... •--.:r -.............
- -- - - -- • - . . . - - - - -- - - - en·e ~lccp.
pres
to
rted
disto
ons
epti
perc
mock
-
0
-
I
___,
'
-
~The Instincts: Eros and Thanatos
\:!:I
.
.1 e/" t'nct
f h · t" ts · th
he source o t e ms me 1s e
7
~s: i= =·~
im~a~te:._::ca~u~se~o~
f a~l~)~ac~t~
iv~it:x_
y~is~ ca~l~
le::
d~b!Y_'F
.~r:'.
eu~d'...T~r_::1e;:::b~o::,:r~d~r v~ m
2T~he~ u~lt~
.
b I een 1the physical and mental worlds;
chemophysical state of the organism. Instincts represent the bridge e w
The instincts present throughout the
rooted in the human body, they are the forces that release mental energy.
.a.
psychk 'PP"' '
'Hou Id be di,idod iotn t,ffi O'n"P"
St-Y ?>w tk/,1 J,'•.,. ( ~ ~ .!) "II{\\\ ""( ~)
< p..,,,()~)V\foJ"l\1'¥1
2 • l ( I) Lik Inslinel3 (Ero3)
2 ·1(2) Death Instincts (Thanatos)
.
-li ~W ,r,.o ( .S'2~~
~ \~ \-..~ l~ 1\
()
2 •I Life Instincts: All living organisms act in accordance with two purposes,J_elf-p,reservation (~ oJ_~s~
)
s) and
the preservation o~ pecie,s _(,S~ ual Ins~~ ). These two instinctual forces are often in conflict with each other.
Z ~I~ I
The Sexual Instincts
The sexual instincts (e.g., love) are more flexible than the ego instincts (e.g., hunger); they can be held in
s..0 w,,•J"' ·suspen~ aim-inhibited), sublimated, diverted into new channels, distorted, and perverted; their gratification can
be denied or substituted for and their objects can be easily changed. The force by which the sexual instinct is
represented in the mind is called Libido.
--
I
Freud distinguished between source, object, and aim in sexuality.
The source is a stimulation arising in some part or zone of the organism. The parts of the body that are capable
of reacting to sexual stimuli are called erotogenic zones (mouth anus o ·t I ·
) Th
·
,
, oem a organs . e usual obJect of
sexual urge is a person of the opposite sex, but it is not ne
.•
..
.
.
.
cessary, e.g., as m case ol mfa11t1lt: :;1::xuulity,
d .
homosexuality, and perversions. The usual aim of sex is fertilizatio11 d
•
•
•
.
an repro uction, however, not necessarily,
as m case of mfantile sexuality' hornosexual,.ty
'
, a,id pcrvers1·ons.
~, I• 2-, The Ego Instincts
These are the self-preservation instincts The ·
. .
.
entire act, v1ty of humans is bent
.
avoiding pain. This activity is controlled by th Pl
. .
f,-w,.J \
upon procuring pleasure and
e easure Pnneiple. \!._
i:iJ
Sexual instincts always follow the pl
. .
easurc principle Ego . .
. .
. ,·
instincts al•·o d th
avo1dmg pam ,orces them to postpon
.
.
~
o c same, however, the task of
.
..
.
.
.
e, or sometimes even renounce
reality and to consider what could b d
pleasure. This ability to compromise with
e one an<l what price has lo b , . .
.
c paid tor pleasure 1s the Reality Principle.
Through Ego instincts we learn to c
.
omply With reality. Sex in st. . ,
. , uall , ,
incts ,ire less concerned with reality. The reality
principle us ) gets an early hold 011 e . .
fOre the , b
go inSlincts; sexual i ·
.
.
~ ecome at least part'·
nS!incts aie not so easily controlled and it takes
),ears be
1 11
" Ysuhord·
inatcd to the reality principle .
• Ego Instincts have a Ii .
f ht;
rn1tc<l 11cxib')'
• ·on of hunger o 111
1·
I ity. One can
t I
grati11call
r rst nor i\ th; ~.
' no c langc the zones or inclclinitt:ly postpone the
-r( ,s in compari~on tn
.
- ,111 ) way to StIb·t . I
1 it · _
_ ~ ego 111\ li nci
s :;ntia ly change the objects that satisfy hunger or
thirst. _
,.
\,\~~ · 1· .
.
11,1 inst1m.: ts c·1 I ,
.• .
.
., .
, -~' n )c 111od1!1cd 111 regard to zone, ob,1cct, anu a11n.
,
-·
.
,
Nar cbsi sm: Sett :.Lo ve
·
.
Prim ary Nar c·1ss1
· the last day of life. At the earli est stag e of
· us ttll
sm· Star ts ·inth e pren atal life and
·
acco mpa nies
life, it is th
of the love instincts are
is all the energies at the disposal
that
exis
cath
o
libid
of
nel
chan
e _only
' •
.
'
inve sted in one -sel f.
.
libido may turn back to
I e, m case s whe n the obje ct love is bein g thwa rted, the
Sec ond ary Nar ciss ism · Late r i n rr,
·
,
.
one s own pers on and s econ d ary, mor bid (pat holo gica l) narc issb m may develop.
2 · ~D cnt h Instinct (Thnnnto:;)
.
. .
c state. The hypothes is of death
th·
The aim of Tha nato s is to d estroy mgs, to redu ce hvm g thin gs lo an inorgani
. .
.
d
fication of a sadi st depends upon
f d.
mct was deri ved from the s t ud Y/ 0 sa ism an mas ochi sm. The sexual grati
t1· .
.mst
. /her by the love object.
• • . cted on him
h"
d f
m ictm g pain on his love ob·~ect, an o a mas oc 1st upon pam mtl1
the deat h instinct.
Mor tido : Ene rgy at the disp osal of
-- -
:iule r
Whe n aggr essi vene ss again~t t:ic
lead ing to self -des truc tion .
wor ld beco '.r.es th\\'arted and oann ol
find sati~fo-::rion; it may turn inwards
.
d at reinstatement of the
start ed. an instinct was born that aime
life
e
Onc
er.
matt
c
gani
inor
from
Life dev elop ed
truction and destruction are
s, life and deat h are interwoven; cons
Thu
life.
of
ion
ruct
dest
and
inor gani c state
inse para ble.
r.
urces, but they often fight each othe
and Tha nato s may combine their reso
Eros
al,
viJu
inJi
an
uf
lift:
lht:
In
sexu al act is aggression that aims at
the purp ose of incorporation , and the
with
ion
ruct
dest
of
ess
proc
a
is
Eati ng
ger rart in the fusion of the two
whe n death instincts become stron
s,
case
eme
extr
In
ies.
spec
of
pres erva tion
lts.
insti ncts , sadi sm or mas ochi sm resu
d, he becomes hateful, spre adin g pain
by Tha nato s directed to the outer worl
Whe n an indi vidu al is over whe lmed
pts may take place.
es are dire cted to himself, suicidal attem
and deat h arou nd. Whe n thes e forc
.
.
.
.
.
.
j
[ S'.~ge I ~'.:_ry of Psi; h,osexual Dev elop mea
ity ot expcm:nce m childhood.
t expe rien ces 1s conn ected to the qual
adul
Freu d beli eved that the qual ity of
the
he could not separate development in
d was a key focus in his work and
chil
the
of
ent
lopm
deve
the
ce,
Hen
overly narrow \ iew of sexuality
d is ofien accu sed of adva ncin g an
Freu
ent.
lopm
deve
al
sexu
from
e
larg er sens
the
n. Freud argued however. that it is
al motivatio
,elv nn sexu
_,,
··oa!.ed exr- :u,,i.
- ~gv
holn
psvr
•
,;
.
,
·
~
"'.,
• ....
2.nu a :1arr o;•1 ·va.:,\'.' t.:.
a member of the
idea or sex to genital contact with
al "ity that ·1s narr ow as it limits the
f
·
com mon view o scxu
are object attachments, sexu al
a view igno res the c lear fact that there
such
that
out
ted
·
d
F
•
gave the
opp osite sex. reu pom
sex . On the basis of this view , FreuJ
· ted w1'th the. geni tals of the op1>0sitc
.m natu re. not asso c1a
lopm ent:
stal!.e theory of psvc hose xual deve
erful hunger and
d arc pri111ari ly \'i.J t!n.: oral cavity. Pow
'ld' · -1·1a I ·11,tera ctio ns with the worl
In this ca•!y ~1age , the child is
O Ora l Stage. The c h , s 1111
need s are expressed 1hruu gh c-ry ing.
and
king
h
h
.,
·
.
•
.
is
thi rsl driv es arc sat1s l1cu t roug sue
cries for help, the n, irsing situation
eithe r responsive or unrespon sh·l· Lo
d . 1 1-11c• wo,·Id ·s
.
1
learn :ng ~ go0ci e.1 .
s
A bit later, the chi ld experiment
• . Of food and water. J'lntivc differences with respect
inta ke
the
f1 • nd
ugh
thro
derived
d that there are qua I 'ndulgence during this stage
ric ty or col d, and pleasure is
.
me
b
.
or her mouth . Freud assu
Y putt mg a hos t of objects in his
~ h r that neg lect or oven i ht result in unrealistic
.
t0 h
ds are met. He assumed iurt e s overindulgence 01
l e ma nne r m which oral nee
Thu
ieved that later adu lt
bel
d
'
c t
ces for later develo pment. ry ind ividual. f-reu
ou d hav e negati ve con sequen
. . .
es to me et basic needs
•iur
,.
ang
or
sllc
· .
1m1
pcss
a
in
lt
resu
. h r tions result from a1
opt imi sm , but neglect migl;t
ixa
sue
es.
stag
y
.1
earl
at
s
fixation
<2!" ent atio ns mig ht be based on
pment.
during crit ica l period s of develo
re
a new awareness of the pleasu
'th
ghl
ti
.
develops
w1
re is rau
third years, the child gradually
asu
ple
and
of
s
ond
tion
sec
liza
the
loca
In
a~
.
St
f
Anal
.
.
.
th1
.
.
tensions. Bui s new . s cc,ncerning the mode and timing o
der
blad
and
el
bow
of
ef
reli
.
ass ociated with the
.
.
s m,d regulation
rule
t
. •
ld
stric
chi
s
ose
and
lt
imo
ld
adu
wor
the
n
nl
~rn
wee
_ . , · lashes bet
diflicult1.!s because the 1::xt
·
lit: Ji ama lii..; i..;
a
is during this stage thul then: curi . . .
ource of pleasure; the feces .are.
bowel and bladder activities. It
.
.
1on is a s
m the child's perspective, ehminat
of elimination and the curros,ty
d I
perspectives on elimination . Fro
.
res
casu
P
crc
.
t of the self. The newly d1seov
curiosity and possibly even a par
for control.
against the demands of the world
about the feces mu st be balanced
organs of the parents.
led to its sex organs und Lo the !_;t:X
es pos itive
osite sex. This identilication involv
opp
the
of
nt
pare
the
with
y
ntif
ide
In addition. the child begins to
parent of the same
for her father. At the same time, the
girl
the
of
and
ther
mo
his
for
sexual feeling of the boy
affection for the parent of the
hostile and rebellious action. Tht:
kes
evo
ce
hen
and
at
thre
a
as
d
sex is viewe
ed Oedipus Complex.
ard the parent of the same sex is call
tow
y
tilit
hos
the
and
sex
te
osi
opp
replace his
the father. The boy wo uld like to
of
fear
by
ced
indu
is
that
iety
anx
to
Th e des ire for the mo ther leads
fath er. Thu s, the source of
on, i.e., threat of castration by the
liati
reta
e
som
awe
of
at
thre
the
father but th i:; carries
father, the
the fear of retafiatory power of the
of
ause
Bec
ed.
inat
elim
be
ld
wou
s
pleasure. in thi s case, the genital
the Oedipal conflict is
s with the father. Thus, for the boy
tifie
iden
and
her
mot
the
for
s
ling
hoy represses his fee
ion and identification.
partially res olved through repress
'
an e n1.ire1y d"t'f
I erent course. The
the girl according to Freud follows.
for
n
atio
situ
ipal
Oed
the
f
o
The res olution
.
._
ther
father nor does she th oroughi Y 'd
the
for
I ent1 ties with her mo
ing
striv
her
s
esse
repr
tely
'
not com ple
s
•
doe
irl
I •
g
the
lo olhcr men d th us tic
e
er
om
fath
bec
the
y
for
ma
ire
er
des
fath
her
s
sfer
y tran
an
lns trad. she gr:id uall
. .
.
.
. '
of th
ious
env
s
1
girl
he
1
1
she holds her mother
d.
ban
and
hus
an
re
org
futu
sex
s
e
ma
girl
e
the
for
e
typ
t
.
•
F·
pro o
.
call d
rs to be her castrated cond·r
side
con
she
I ion. rcud lelt that so
t
wha
for
"ble
e penis envy played an
l
·
.
th
rcspons1
en. As with
t role in the psychology of wom
e ma c, the Oed ipal SI't uati. on (called the Ele ctra
.
.
.
l'ttl
unporta n
.
. nc,,er be r,ompletely resolved. If the I e girl clin gs to her wish lo h .
she may develo p
is,
pen
a
ave
)
Comple x) ma
.
i
dom
ive
ress
agg
es
om
l.
bec
xua
cs.
ose
J •nci
.
ncenng and sometimes a hom
'
ma sculine ten c
the child's interests shil
Phallic Stage. Fro m agt::. 3 to 5,
r
. J IJdwccn the phallic and the rna 1 genital stage, lhcrc intc .
. .
which there is no
. .
.
.
I vcncs a period in
Latency Pen o .
.
Th'
rest.
inte
ic
erot
l
o
n
,111o
local!,
.
abou
gr
from
od
jpg
pcn
jnp
is
bca
the
lo
age
of
-:-.
l 4 or ) yea rs
.
.
new obv11~
of
S
i;;11
s~m
t
over
.
-11:, rl-c d ti~ 1111111mal
. . .
sica l
~
sexual llllcrc~1 Tl 11:,,
•
•• •
is ,I peri od ma rked by intense phy
.
.
berlY, I!> I
.
.
ual
,
Se,
p::.
grou
pccr
,n
1c'il
intL"
11g
-..1rn
.
pu v~ J
,1lt,1chmc11ts ·1r 111 lll dur ing this pcr i<1d . but less nnl iccn blc
.
• c l.:~l'
~ ) ,111
1.
mcn
elop
Jl:v
l
u
,
j.,d
.
,. ,, 1
:icti
, t n t 111· , 1 th:1 11 ,I
I
I
· d
·
.
·
Stage This stage ·is associated
Genital
with the adolescent years. During this period the effects of earlier perio s
---- ·
are still present to influence behaviour, but if development is normal, the individual will now be in the process
. sex.
. members of opposite
·
of developing emotionart·
with
1 1es, particularly
T he organization of sexual energy will now be focused on the genitals. During the genital stage the individual is
preoccupied with object choices relating to friends, social institutions, and vocations. The major goal of the
genital stage is rcproductio,, and tho~e ancillary activities (work, socialization) that are critical to the
propagation of Litt: species.
Fixation and Re&essiori - Due to environmental factors, parts of the libido or of its component impulses
---- --
sometimes become arrested at an early phase of development. This arrest is fixation. Fixation increases the
...
danger that in later life when facing obstacles the libido regress to those fixations~ There are two types of
regressions of the libido. ·The first type takes pla..:e when the libido returns to it!; early love objects. The other
type takes place the entire libido falls back to an early developmental stage.
Freud and Karl suggested the following character tY,pes, related to the developmental stages and points of
fixation. "Character" indicates the more permanent & consistent pattern of overt and covert behavior.
Oral Character traits. In case of abundant satisfaction, over dependence but optimistic attitude may
I)
J~ dop. In =e of insufficient satisfaction depressive and aggressive tendencies may develop. Oral passive
character type is passive and over dependent. The oral aggressive type is s;ircastic pessimistic and cannibalistic.
All oral character types are selfish takers , always hungry and desirous.
Anal and Erotic stage: Anal expulsive is characterized by ~ tinacy. Parsimony, stinginess
2)
-
-.:~ ....~
(.) (..?c;
characterizes the Anal Retentive Type.
The Urethral Character type is ambitious, impatient and envious. He lacks the persistence necessary for
3)
being successful.
The Phallic character type - Self-assuredness, ~
4)
f~
ss and~ J[_(?SSiv<w~S, n~
i~ ic se.!£.!_ove,
--
vanity and sensitiveness are the main personality 11:a:.ts. In males, castration fear may lead to reaction formation
by showing exhibitionistic and overtly aggressive behavior. In females penis envy may either sublimated or
resolved, or it may lead to reactive character traits either by assum ing masculine role or into a vindictive
l\
I
feminine type with a tendency toward being humiliated or toward humiliating men.
Normal adulthood is characterized by the genital character. The supremacy of the genital zone over other
~ogenie areas, normal heterosexual urge and the proper choice of a heterosexual .uFge..and-the -proper-choh:l:
of a heterosexual love object are the main elements of the genital character.
In a normal and belier adjusted individual the diversified instinctual impulses become coordinated, the Oedipus
complex is resolved and harmony is established between id. ego & superego.
@,,
S<rnct,<e of Pmoooli<y
·\
I.
I
that he called the
.
elated systems
.
f three interr
less conunuo us
ality in terms o
re in more or
Freud conceptualized the structure of human person
The three systems a
the world. The
.
.
. I and over-I).
e to adapt to
id, ego, and superego (meaning, respectively, it, ~
cope if they ar
ng the three
.
..-----:- - . t successfu 11 y
bl balance amo
conflict- a contlict with which all human
beings mus
of a reasona e
n the maintenance
psycholo gical adjustment of the individual depe nds O
•
<l ly wr.al:r.nr.cl
hrr.r. sys1rms is un II
f
£'
S)'st<:-.m s S ,:\'('.rt'. r.0 11 ~,.'llll'.IV .I'.~ rr.~11lt if ~ny ofthr. 1 · · ·
• ,,-V,
~ "--1"'
J .._,
(l,JJ •(){,-f:j
?~ .... • ~~•l\l'C..;
{f' ~ f'
W, - $e.c,tk-~ •~ . ersonality. It represents powerfu l
-The id is the most - .
f'
·
t are
th f t component ol p
primitive and developm
The Id
-
entally. e irs
. . .
The needs that the 1d represen
.
.
·
· I of the individua1·
b1olog1cal needs that are necessary to the physical
Th .1d
surviva
.
ically efficient manner.
e
.
.
the
most
direct
b1olog
.
d
common to all animal species and they seek expression in
.
trary
it
is
impulsiv
e an
.
.
.
•1s
or
ethics.
Or,
:he
con
,
.
1s not constrained by .:ustrlms, mnrahty. values, cnrivenllo '
.
. tes purely on the basis
I
~
it
represent
s
.
The
id
ope1
a
reflexive a~ it ~ceb immediate gratilication for those needs t in
of the pleasure principle in its most unconstrained manifestations.
.
. .
. is also expresse d in the Primary Process.
The id is represented directl y in impulsive and reflexive
act1v1ty, but tt
- - - - -- - ...- 1
.
.
h t
ve to satisfy needs. For example , a
The primary process includes images or memories
of obJects t a ser
subordin ate dreams of scolding .his/her boss. Such processes present th emJ· elves without the embellis hments of
polite social ronventions and norms. Freud believed that the id is true psychic
real ity serving th e plt'-asure
principle
The Ego
The ego is the ·r ~ me' ?~the p_ersonali ty---the centre of organization and
integration. While the
id is closely
connecte d to the demands of the pleasure principle, the ego must adapt to the
demands of reality. The ego is thus
caught between powerful forces and, as such, it must serve as a kind of administ
rator or executiv e. It cannot
ignore the demands of the id, but unlike the id, neither it can ignore the demands
of the social ~ nvention .
Caught betwt:en such powerful sources, it learns to appropriate comprom ise
substitut
e , a n<l d e ay. Th
,
,
I
rough
such techniques it serves !o protect the individual and the social order by finding
a
.
. .
ppropna te a nd acceptab le
channels for the demands of the 1d. rhe ego makes use of plans that Freud referred
lo
th S
.
.
as e econdary Process. _/
T~h~e:_;se::c~o::n:d:,::a:,:_rY
:
_.!:
P,:.
ro
~c
::
·c_
s_
s
::"
as
'
.:
s
:1
:
s
t:"::
s:
t
h
:
;:
e
:
--_:p::
n~m!"y process of the id b~ devising strateg· ti
.._
.
.
- · - - •- - ~
••..:,, ies iroug h which
dri ves c·1 b .. .
atistied in a socially acceptable mann:,r. It goes without saying
that the •~
~,
-~
e.
s- - ~- :------•
.
st
' thstand the severe and continuous conflict imposed by the contract· t ego mu be strong and durable to
d
.
w1
.
.
IC ory
emands ol th · d
.
Further, the ego must cope with another force, i.e., the superego.
e I and society.
~
C
The Superego
.
- - - - - -consists or intC.!:!}illi.i ruoci.aL(iorms 'd 1
The supere~~
--- .
. .
· ~ : ~ s, and standards to wh·
. .
~
d T·he su··pcrcgo. like the id, is not rational . .
:- •
ich the mJ1 vi dual has been
cond1t10ne .
. , .
.
- ' insh:ad ot serving the o·1 .
.
. .
, he superego ,s a kind ot conscitn.
.
.
g ' 1 ol pleasm c, 1t serves the ooal
of pcrlection. .
.
cc with an inhibito r
.
~
. -:- . ction~ wwarJ achi evement of hi gher values . b
ry unction, but over aml a bove thi s it
facil1tutc ~ ,1
.
•
• .
. •
by societ '
,.
..
.
., · •alist,~ th, 111111" ,J. bolb systcn1, n1al;. , · cn1 raced
.
) . In kin1s n l its demand s on the ego.
;,is""
mrn<"
~+~ci <~:,,;:':t•;m,
C¢'VI Ju'.e.~u...
I
f y - ~ ,J lo~ c
,.__,t.,.,.,
~
.
;~
,.
,.,i
~.
~.
,
'l,
.N
O
M
~ , f1'YW ~
as he felt that the
& . {;u~
.
l
O'q,
(I
. .
ego, and the superego
tensions among the id, the
ble
vita
ine
the
to
ce
tan
Freud gave high impor
his patients. Each of these
uences for the health of
seq
con
ng
chi
rea
far
had
systems
aviour results.
relationship among these
tes the ego, antisocial beh
ina
dom
id
the
If
n.
sio
res
ate and acceptable exp
systems must find legitim
basic biological needs.
y bl~ k' the expression of
ma
it
ul,
erf
pow
too
is
superego
s of the external
On the other hand, if the
with the complex demand
l
dea
to
h
ngt
stre
t
ien
fic
ego must have suf
According to Freud, the
and the superego.
.expression of both the id
sed
mi
pro
com
the
g
tin
nit
e pen
world while at the same tim
l.'- :.::::., ~:p=• ~~:;!
,g,
t<o,;oos
h,mao beiog,
of t,~ ~o o, :~ ooofront
are specific
. Freud believed t~at !here
litx
ona
ers
ofp
s
ent
pon
com
ts, tensiqns be(\;Veen
c:J'between competing instinc
t we all must fa~
t and pervasive tension tha
tan
por
im
the
of
e
som
h
d wit
varieties of anxiety associate
our well- being, such as,
wi.!!_i obj~ tive threats to
ted
oc~
ass
t
tha
is
iety
mon anx
ge that m,··1v ·of ou r
Objective Anxiety: A com
t us, etc. Freud acknowled
hur
y
ma
ans
hum
er
oth
y,
ts on our bod
t of the
internal and external assaul
jective Anxiety·. It is a par
and these are known as Ob
s,
eat
thr
d by objective ·
:;, Je~:S ha- ;; a real basis
es when the ego is threatene
aris
It
y.
ndl
frie
ays
alw
a world thai is not
wear and tear of living in
""Y
L;,,_:._ t
~
f~ it l•
...
forces in the world.
/
f"
'
d. Thus, unlike objective
the irrational f~rc:; of th~
by
d
ene
eat
thr
is
ego
the
when
hin, <\.._ "I i
Neurotic Anxiety: It arises
source of threat ,is from wit
the
ce
Sin
y.
a/it
~on
pcr
n
ow
(fi
threat is from within our
ore have a ubiquitous/
anxiety, the source of the
Neurotic anxiety c..an theref
se.
cau
le
iab
ntif
ide
arly
and no cle
ual may suddenly
there is no obvious escape
apparent reason. The individ
an
t
hou
wit
ce
pla
any
any time, and
ly when basic
quality as it can appear at
urotic anxiety is more like
Ne
ic.
pan
of
ling
fee
or
ending doom
ve such as sex is
have a vague sense of imp
to Freud, if a powerful dri
g
din
cor
Ac
up.
tled
bot
ently thwarted or
estation of
drives/instincts are persist
urotic anxiery is one manif
!;!e
n.
sio
res
exp
of
de
mo
it will find another
~ ~ ~ ~~'Ii
stifled at every turn , then
~
~
.
ego
threating to overcome the
powerful instinctual energy
~ ds_of) he supereg;
here it is thej rratl2D,al~g~m
r,
eve
how
,
iety
anx
ic
rot
rpart of neu
no escape. Since
Mora/ Anxietv: It is a counte
the personality,~so there is
hin
wit
is
iety
anx
of
rce
the ego. The sou
I
es a substitute
.
that threatens to overcome
of the society so it becom
ns
itio
hib
pro
and
s,
tom
the norms , values, cus
lt over real
the superego incorporates
is experienced as gui
. ....
*
ents. Now, moral anxiety t-.
par
the
by
d
ene
eat
thr
e
onc
s
wa
ral ·
t
mo
tha
nt
o_f
me
ood
ish
for the pun
r the likelih
r the superego, the greate
nge
stro
e
Th
.
ues
val
d
.
lize
~
interna
_..., --"" -. ,.._ or imagined depllrtures from
. ---
~v-f
..o,_•,'":T ........ ....
P,i - -il,,lJ;. ::...c -.o.:-,e
--anxiety--. ------- -
~
. _,,._-- -~ -~
_,_,_, .
•'-~ -
~ .~
..-
L. .... --
personality. The health and
e in the three systems of
anc
bal
of
ce
tan
por
im
the
strate
The varieties of anxiety illu
::_g?.J The ego must
~ ~ht_!.~ ~ ~ .WJ;>~'
~
;
~
w
tl'!,_
lle~
nne
require a e;
ands of the ever
adjustment of the individual
rld and the persistent dem
wo
the
of
s
and
dem
sh
deal with the har
nd irra
· t·1ona /
have sufficient strength to
gre_at range of rational a
_,h,_
wit
,_
e
cop
=
to
_
_
ies
teg
___
stra
e
__
som
ploys
__
em__
__
ego
s(...rhe
--· -~ ~-"
·
present internal companion
ms
nis
cha
Me
se
fen
De
as
are known ·~
- ~l
h strategies
•
y on it. Suc
~- . .., ~
forces that pla
. , _ ,,. -- .
. ~ ... ,. ,~
\
Innate
Y, how •uC<:essfirlJJ,
qulcklinstinctual
How
. d"vidual depends upon . J).
. fo~ )
2
• auences.
f each m I
Thr 1)-pc ofjk.,~~~=M=cc-=h_a_n,_sm,an:.
.
.
arc carried over into hi• llduft
J) E11vin>nmenlld'"
Freud s u ~ that the development 8o
. / • flucnccs
. I ·t.t t:s amJ
t nP.P.rs ~ulture and SOci~
h r developmcnta ,n
t,;o1og;ca,1y dctetn,incJ '1:vdvvmcut.t s
. . nvimnmenll. ·
hnw <nmp1,t,ly th, in<fividu.,t dov,lops on
- •.,
· e l"'ren .< ,. ... '
dhow I e..e
l i f e ~ mainly ~pon the interaction
. ofthe child with h1!i e
asa ~ole.
greatest
the single
undoubtedly
"""1t
Ovaai~lifeFl'Oucf••
er
maccess1
obscure and
theismost
including
fflcntaJ
.
rnay Pr'Ove to be the most rewarding method.
contribution lo psychoIogy• He dealt with totality• of
, d in a cautious empirical way Whrch
'bl egions of the mm '
l,·~ ;l.J, ·, ~
~ r eA ~ ,-J.r~ ... .
➔ ~ a,Q. ~ ~~ ~ltNl/fle..
➔ ~ ~,, -:._y~ ~ J~ ~ , , , ~ tw..u
~ A.. ·,•J~r -~ -~r;"J, ;,_ .
➔ lo...Je....f,,~ --~ -- . :.