,.,. -·,_ r , - -..--._ ~ .~l ~ I' :~~:=~=~~~~~~~~~~•==~~~.,;a,~ ~~ I co~ d. and presented it to the e 'Fath er' of Psychoanalysis. He created the system, developed. change.;, readjuste world as one of the most elaborate products of the human mind. 1h Freud started out doing ' neurological research' nnd also practiced, as a specialist IlHb, he uridly :,LuJil J hy:,h.:1 iu uL Choi cot':-. clinh:: In Porl~. in ' neurological' disorders. In 1 gical disturbance of the 19 h Charcot investigated the symptoms and causes of hysteria, a common psycholo of the limbs and visual century in which patients suffered from bi7.arre bodily symptoms, such as paralysis 'If I'_ . , d' hysterical symptoms through isorders. which had no app11renl physical cuuse. Charcol successfully removed ideas originating in his/her hypnosis. This scggested to Freud that hysteria resulted from the patient's peculiar mind. with hypnosis and other Freud came back from France to Vienna and along with Breuer, treated hysteria d connict that may be psychological techniques. They realized that hysteric symptoms symbolized an unresolve consciously remembered, an traced back to intensely negative childhood experiences. Though no longer I . to find the expression of the emotionally disturbing experience presses for release and goads the patient g past experie:nces under discomfort through bodily symptoms. Thus by letting patients recall their disturbin by Freud as evidence of the hypnosis would cure them. The relieving of a trauma under hypnosi ~ was regarded existence of the unconscious. and employed a new method He foui:id that every patient could not by hypnotized and so he abandoned hypnosis to their symptoms and report which he called '·Free Association". He insisted that his patients free associate to be censored or arranged in anything even if it seemed trivial that entered their mind. Thoughts were not g emotions and would anyway, but simrly reported. Just like hypnosis , such talking would rele,:se the disturbin as Catharsis. free the patient from Lht! symptoms.. This release of emotional energy was termed to hysteria: ..(l)_ He argued Freud rt!ached to two important conclusions on the basis of this cathartic approach to re-experience the trauma that the underlying problem in hysteria is always sexual. ~ Hysterics don ' l want ing resistances by exploiting and resist knowing it (repression). Therapeutic success is thus a mailer of overcom The Lenn Psychoanalysis did ft was th is Pre-psych oanalysis \.vork that laid the foundation for psychoanalysis. not appear till 1896. The basic principles underlyin g pS) Cho:maly sis arc: . G) Mentalism: There is either Mind (mentalism) or Malter/Body (Materialism ). Freud look a mentalist approach ✓ Del · • ermi msm : 'no caus es with out Freu d belie ved effec ts, no effec ts with out caus es.' phen ome na are rigid ly and lawf ully deter mine d by the princ iple of caus e th8 t a 11 men tal (psy chic ) and effec t. men tal d b lieve d th:it · , ).. _ c simp ler unit.s . frcu thdr i11t•i · n dow en R d · msm brok be can : com plex even ts e uctio l,vJv l ,.,_, ical phen omen a. phcnom..:nu can be redu ced to phys iolog ~~ ~ ener gy is deriv ed from_ hic mach ine that uses energy.1 This rding to the laws of aggr essio n. The syste m work s acco G) Men tal Ener gy: t;eu d view ed the mind as a psyc as sex and bhlo gica lly roote d instin cts, such ed from insti ncts into usef ul work form s a fixed amo unt of energ y deriv cons erva tion of ener gy. The mind trans ;/ ener gy. gy is trans form ed into psyc hic (men tal) ~u ~·r ·c or ,n othe r word s, soma tic (bod ily) ener ~~ ~ z~""-t w·tA·fwv.t.l :~ -,-rv- r and oute r idua ls are capa ble of resp ondi ng to inne re its form er place and the orga nism tend s to resto Q The Principle of Constancy and Repetition Compulsion: Indiv diseq uilib rium takes stim uli. On stim ulati on, a tensi on or an d Princ i ple of Con stan c.Yt Whe n. ency to resto re equi libri um is calle balan ce or equi libri um. { his tend ce, he will be pron e to reliv e e and is unab le to regai n his prior balan indiv idual sulTers a traum atic expe rienc n. e. This is calle d Repe tition - comp ulsio emot iona lly this unpl easa nt expe rienc 8~r .,Du,t i,uto~ .!L.Q!>j$!c,t.,or_~ ,..l.'::...!. ce some amou nt..2 £.!l. ~~ ~IJ..~rgy_[.s -{on omy Econ tal Men of iple G Princ exis and obje cts or idea s Cath is C::: t §J52f;4«• al energ· y. This proc ess of load ing ment with ged char ,..._ or ed a load · mes beco _ , ve _ _ _ _ __ _ al ener gy econ omic s, i.e., quan titati cathe cted. Mental p1ocesses are ment inve sted with ener gy are said to be ta·•1t;1fiCl!Q' al ener gy. The men tal econ omy accu mula tion, trans form ation of ment proc esses of inve stme nt, disch arge, l, rium (tens ion) with in the indiv idua latio n. Stim ulati on caus es diseq uilib depe nds on the stren gth of the stimu ener gy (cath arsis ). Thus , stron ger n, i.e., disch arge of some amou nt of i.~., cathe xis. Tens ion leads to an actio balar~ nt and disch arge of energ y to restore the stim ulati on, grea ter the inve stme ~ 11a ~ imm edia te disc harg e ans as displ easu re and press es for an disch arge of ~ e~ y exist ed prior to the distu rban ce( This e) Plea.sure and Relie f -Tension is experienced by hum i_brium that of ener gy so as to reest ablis h the equil sure is the perfe ctly bala nced state individu~ as pl1:asur~ .The perte ct µ,l~2 bring s relie f and is _::pe rienc e9 ~y the ofthP. orga nism . lope d his theor y in the three reaj{Mj,. Arm ed w ith these princ iples , Freud deve s, Prec onsc ious, & Unco nscio us) @rh e Topo grap hy of Mind (Consciou ros & Death lnstinct- Than atos) @r he Insti ncts/ Driv es (Lile Insti nct-E & Supt'r<:go). @ r11e Menta l Apra ratus (Id, Ego, . , . • nscioLis .<1n d unco nsc ious regio ns o! , d disli ngui she<.i amo ng cons ciou s ' preco 17\T opou apli ical l\fou el of Mind: Freu . I...!/ · . . . 1 • J1. stanc e 1rom csses . nd th e 111 eatJ ve <1 imJi.::m:~ l he '·J eplh '' or the mental rro"'lhe m ind. 'i he tupugraphic conc t:pt lhe si,rl'a cc. f., .( typically can verbaliz The con scio us regi· on con tain s whe t a person is nware of. Peo ple . . exp erie nce s and can Ih.mk abo ut ma log1cal way. e their con scio us ch cou ld is not currently awa re but whi material abo ut whi ch the person s tain con on regi ious onsc The Prec region erial. Therefore, the prec onsc ious person deci de to retrieve the mat the ld shou ss rene awa r ente read ily stor eho use of nary memory. It contains a vast to wha t most of us think of as ordi g ndin espo corr as seen be may osal. rmation that is reliably at our disp imp orta nt as wel l as trivial info ~ . It contnins the elem ents of readil)'. retrieved material that cannot be ,,.~--.., .... con scio us rcgiun con tain s the es, and feel ings that are re osit r for ideas. ima es ur a is It d. esse repr vely acti exp erie nce that have been rial is imconscious for a reason. on. Therefore, unconscious mate so and t, guil , fear , pain , flict asso ciat ed with con with the dominant self-protective that ~ate rial that is incompatible such d nize orga lly hica grap The min d is topo abo ut ot bear to know certain thin gs an unconscious abyss. We cann into cast is ss usne scio con mas k of affects es ir, the unconsci ous profoundly s-::iously know them . Yet )~hat resid c.:m not do we re, refo The s. ours elve material is affected.Qfe pres$ed unconscious though we do not we er~ being our beh avio r and experience, even s a!: when uocqpscious instinct,u al urge c forl!!J as in ne~ otic sympt~ exp ress ed in disg uise d or symboli asy, play, urt work ct:;.J. indirectly satis fied in ~reams, fant - - ----- .... - : Dreams The Royal Roa d to Unconscious desiz or d expression of an unconscious a wish fulfillment, i.e .. a Jisguise is m drea y ever d rrcu to ng Acc ordi e by the sically. Decoding of dream is don without hurting us mentally or phy re desi our lls fulfi am Dre h. ,~ met hod of free association. latent content. s for dreams, namely, ~an ifcs t and Freud intro duc ed technical term experienced dream. - Manifest Con tent : The actually d unco~scious desires take the form meaning of the dream, the represse true the but en hidd The : tent Con - Late nt of sym bols in the dream. - mer. It is performed because of ent to manifest content by the drea cont t laten of ion mat sfor Tran Dream Work: to cy that refuses direct expression which is the psyc hic (mental) agen or cens chic opsy End the of s the dem and seek h live forever in the unconscious, ms me unacceptable wishes whic Drea res. desi g ucin prod ety anxi these control weakens during sleep and ession uuring the wak ing hours. This expression, but are blocked by repr as out l'!ses cannot be carried :11! motor nctivity. so these imp : b!cd p skc: , ever How . ngth impulses g:i;n :.~rc nt as can ling hallucina tory fulfillme pcr1.;1::ptual S)'Slcm, where they the rd towa e mov they ~ ead Inst . behavior. ~-· ..... •--.:r -............. - -- - - -- • - . . . - - - - -- - - - en·e ~lccp. pres to rted disto ons epti perc mock - 0 - I ___, ' - ~The Instincts: Eros and Thanatos \:!:I . .1 e/" t'nct f h · t" ts · th he source o t e ms me 1s e 7 ~s: i= =·~ im~a~te:._::ca~u~se~o~ f a~l~)~ac~t~ iv~it:x_ y~is~ ca~l~ le:: d~b!Y_'F .~r:'. eu~d'...T~r_::1e;:::b~o::,:r~d~r v~ m 2T~he~ u~lt~ . b I een 1the physical and mental worlds; chemophysical state of the organism. Instincts represent the bridge e w The instincts present throughout the rooted in the human body, they are the forces that release mental energy. .a. psychk 'PP"' ' 'Hou Id be di,idod iotn t,ffi O'n"P" St-Y ?>w tk/,1 J,'•.,. ( ~ ~ .!) "II{\\\ ""( ~) < p..,,,()~)V\foJ"l\1'¥1 2 • l ( I) Lik Inslinel3 (Ero3) 2 ·1(2) Death Instincts (Thanatos) . -li ~W ,r,.o ( .S'2~~ ~ \~ \-..~ l~ 1\ () 2 •I Life Instincts: All living organisms act in accordance with two purposes,J_elf-p,reservation (~ oJ_~s~ ) s) and the preservation o~ pecie,s _(,S~ ual Ins~~ ). These two instinctual forces are often in conflict with each other. Z ~I~ I The Sexual Instincts The sexual instincts (e.g., love) are more flexible than the ego instincts (e.g., hunger); they can be held in s..0 w,,•J"' ·suspen~ aim-inhibited), sublimated, diverted into new channels, distorted, and perverted; their gratification can be denied or substituted for and their objects can be easily changed. The force by which the sexual instinct is represented in the mind is called Libido. -- I Freud distinguished between source, object, and aim in sexuality. The source is a stimulation arising in some part or zone of the organism. The parts of the body that are capable of reacting to sexual stimuli are called erotogenic zones (mouth anus o ·t I · ) Th · , , oem a organs . e usual obJect of sexual urge is a person of the opposite sex, but it is not ne .• .. . . . cessary, e.g., as m case ol mfa11t1lt: :;1::xuulity, d . homosexuality, and perversions. The usual aim of sex is fertilizatio11 d • • • . an repro uction, however, not necessarily, as m case of mfantile sexuality' hornosexual,.ty ' , a,id pcrvers1·ons. ~, I• 2-, The Ego Instincts These are the self-preservation instincts The · . . . entire act, v1ty of humans is bent . avoiding pain. This activity is controlled by th Pl . . f,-w,.J \ upon procuring pleasure and e easure Pnneiple. \!._ i:iJ Sexual instincts always follow the pl . . easurc principle Ego . . . . . ,· instincts al•·o d th avo1dmg pam ,orces them to postpon . . ~ o c same, however, the task of . .. . . . e, or sometimes even renounce reality and to consider what could b d pleasure. This ability to compromise with e one an<l what price has lo b , . . . c paid tor pleasure 1s the Reality Principle. Through Ego instincts we learn to c . omply With reality. Sex in st. . , . , uall , , incts ,ire less concerned with reality. The reality principle us ) gets an early hold 011 e . . fOre the , b go inSlincts; sexual i · . . ~ ecome at least part'· nS!incts aie not so easily controlled and it takes ),ears be 1 11 " Ysuhord· inatcd to the reality principle . • Ego Instincts have a Ii . f ht; rn1tc<l 11cxib')' • ·on of hunger o 111 1· I ity. One can t I grati11call r rst nor i\ th; ~. ' no c langc the zones or inclclinitt:ly postpone the -r( ,s in compari~on tn . - ,111 ) way to StIb·t . I 1 it · _ _ ~ ego 111\ li nci s :;ntia ly change the objects that satisfy hunger or thirst. _ ,. \,\~~ · 1· . . 11,1 inst1m.: ts c·1 I , .• . . ., . , -~' n )c 111od1!1cd 111 regard to zone, ob,1cct, anu a11n. , -· . , Nar cbsi sm: Sett :.Lo ve · . Prim ary Nar c·1ss1 · the last day of life. At the earli est stag e of · us ttll sm· Star ts ·inth e pren atal life and · acco mpa nies life, it is th of the love instincts are is all the energies at the disposal that exis cath o libid of nel chan e _only ' • . ' inve sted in one -sel f. . libido may turn back to I e, m case s whe n the obje ct love is bein g thwa rted, the Sec ond ary Nar ciss ism · Late r i n rr, · , . one s own pers on and s econ d ary, mor bid (pat holo gica l) narc issb m may develop. 2 · ~D cnt h Instinct (Thnnnto:;) . . . c state. The hypothes is of death th· The aim of Tha nato s is to d estroy mgs, to redu ce hvm g thin gs lo an inorgani . . . d fication of a sadi st depends upon f d. mct was deri ved from the s t ud Y/ 0 sa ism an mas ochi sm. The sexual grati t1· . .mst . /her by the love object. • • . cted on him h" d f m ictm g pain on his love ob·~ect, an o a mas oc 1st upon pam mtl1 the deat h instinct. Mor tido : Ene rgy at the disp osal of -- - :iule r Whe n aggr essi vene ss again~t t:ic lead ing to self -des truc tion . wor ld beco '.r.es th\\'arted and oann ol find sati~fo-::rion; it may turn inwards . d at reinstatement of the start ed. an instinct was born that aime life e Onc er. matt c gani inor from Life dev elop ed truction and destruction are s, life and deat h are interwoven; cons Thu life. of ion ruct dest and inor gani c state inse para ble. r. urces, but they often fight each othe and Tha nato s may combine their reso Eros al, viJu inJi an uf lift: lht: In sexu al act is aggression that aims at the purp ose of incorporation , and the with ion ruct dest of ess proc a is Eati ng ger rart in the fusion of the two whe n death instincts become stron s, case eme extr In ies. spec of pres erva tion lts. insti ncts , sadi sm or mas ochi sm resu d, he becomes hateful, spre adin g pain by Tha nato s directed to the outer worl Whe n an indi vidu al is over whe lmed pts may take place. es are dire cted to himself, suicidal attem and deat h arou nd. Whe n thes e forc . . . . . . j [ S'.~ge I ~'.:_ry of Psi; h,osexual Dev elop mea ity ot expcm:nce m childhood. t expe rien ces 1s conn ected to the qual adul Freu d beli eved that the qual ity of the he could not separate development in d was a key focus in his work and chil the of ent lopm deve the ce, Hen overly narrow \ iew of sexuality d is ofien accu sed of adva ncin g an Freu ent. lopm deve al sexu from e larg er sens the n. Freud argued however. that it is al motivatio ,elv nn sexu _,, ··oa!.ed exr- :u,,i. - ~gv holn psvr • ,; . , · ~ "'., • .... 2.nu a :1arr o;•1 ·va.:,\'.' t.:. a member of the idea or sex to genital contact with al "ity that ·1s narr ow as it limits the f · com mon view o scxu are object attachments, sexu al a view igno res the c lear fact that there such that out ted · d F • gave the opp osite sex. reu pom sex . On the basis of this view , FreuJ · ted w1'th the. geni tals of the op1>0sitc .m natu re. not asso c1a lopm ent: stal!.e theory of psvc hose xual deve erful hunger and d arc pri111ari ly \'i.J t!n.: oral cavity. Pow 'ld' · -1·1a I ·11,tera ctio ns with the worl In this ca•!y ~1age , the child is O Ora l Stage. The c h , s 1111 need s are expressed 1hruu gh c-ry ing. and king h h ., · . • . is thi rsl driv es arc sat1s l1cu t roug sue cries for help, the n, irsing situation eithe r responsive or unrespon sh·l· Lo d . 1 1-11c• wo,·Id ·s . 1 learn :ng ~ go0ci e.1 . s A bit later, the chi ld experiment • . Of food and water. J'lntivc differences with respect inta ke the f1 • nd ugh thro derived d that there are qua I 'ndulgence during this stage ric ty or col d, and pleasure is . me b . or her mouth . Freud assu Y putt mg a hos t of objects in his ~ h r that neg lect or oven i ht result in unrealistic . t0 h ds are met. He assumed iurt e s overindulgence 01 l e ma nne r m which oral nee Thu ieved that later adu lt bel d ' c t ces for later develo pment. ry ind ividual. f-reu ou d hav e negati ve con sequen . . . es to me et basic needs •iur ,. ang or sllc · . 1m1 pcss a in lt resu . h r tions result from a1 opt imi sm , but neglect migl;t ixa sue es. stag y .1 earl at s fixation <2!" ent atio ns mig ht be based on pment. during crit ica l period s of develo re a new awareness of the pleasu 'th ghl ti . develops w1 re is rau third years, the child gradually asu ple and of s ond tion sec liza the loca In a~ . St f Anal . . . th1 . . tensions. Bui s new . s cc,ncerning the mode and timing o der blad and el bow of ef reli . ass ociated with the . . s m,d regulation rule t . • ld stric chi s ose and lt imo ld adu wor the n nl ~rn wee _ . , · lashes bet diflicult1.!s because the 1::xt · lit: Ji ama lii..; i..; a is during this stage thul then: curi . . . ource of pleasure; the feces .are. bowel and bladder activities. It . . 1on is a s m the child's perspective, ehminat of elimination and the curros,ty d I perspectives on elimination . Fro . res casu P crc . t of the self. The newly d1seov curiosity and possibly even a par for control. against the demands of the world about the feces mu st be balanced organs of the parents. led to its sex organs und Lo the !_;t:X es pos itive osite sex. This identilication involv opp the of nt pare the with y ntif ide In addition. the child begins to parent of the same for her father. At the same time, the girl the of and ther mo his for sexual feeling of the boy affection for the parent of the hostile and rebellious action. Tht: kes evo ce hen and at thre a as d sex is viewe ed Oedipus Complex. ard the parent of the same sex is call tow y tilit hos the and sex te osi opp replace his the father. The boy wo uld like to of fear by ced indu is that iety anx to Th e des ire for the mo ther leads fath er. Thu s, the source of on, i.e., threat of castration by the liati reta e som awe of at thre the father but th i:; carries father, the the fear of retafiatory power of the of ause Bec ed. inat elim be ld wou s pleasure. in thi s case, the genital the Oedipal conflict is s with the father. Thus, for the boy tifie iden and her mot the for s ling hoy represses his fee ion and identification. partially res olved through repress ' an e n1.ire1y d"t'f I erent course. The the girl according to Freud follows. for n atio situ ipal Oed the f o The res olution . ._ ther father nor does she th oroughi Y 'd the for I ent1 ties with her mo ing striv her s esse repr tely ' not com ple s • doe irl I • g the lo olhcr men d th us tic e er om fath bec the y for ma ire er des fath her s sfer y tran an lns trad. she gr:id uall . . . . . ' of th ious env s 1 girl he 1 1 she holds her mother d. ban and hus an re org futu sex s e ma girl e the for e typ t . • F· pro o . call d rs to be her castrated cond·r side con she I ion. rcud lelt that so t wha for "ble e penis envy played an l · . th rcspons1 en. As with t role in the psychology of wom e ma c, the Oed ipal SI't uati. on (called the Ele ctra . . . l'ttl unporta n . . nc,,er be r,ompletely resolved. If the I e girl clin gs to her wish lo h . she may develo p is, pen a ave ) Comple x) ma . i dom ive ress agg es om l. bec xua cs. ose J •nci . ncenng and sometimes a hom ' ma sculine ten c the child's interests shil Phallic Stage. Fro m agt::. 3 to 5, r . J IJdwccn the phallic and the rna 1 genital stage, lhcrc intc . . . which there is no . . . . I vcncs a period in Latency Pen o . . Th' rest. inte ic erot l o n ,111o local!, . abou gr from od jpg pcn jnp is bca the lo age of -:-. l 4 or ) yea rs . . new obv11~ of S i;;11 s~m t over . -11:, rl-c d ti~ 1111111mal . . . sica l ~ sexual llllcrc~1 Tl 11:,, • •• • is ,I peri od ma rked by intense phy . . berlY, I!> I . . ual , Se, p::. grou pccr ,n 1c'il intL" 11g -..1rn . pu v~ J ,1lt,1chmc11ts ·1r 111 lll dur ing this pcr i<1d . but less nnl iccn blc . • c l.:~l' ~ ) ,111 1. mcn elop Jl:v l u , j.,d . ,. ,, 1 :icti , t n t 111· , 1 th:1 11 ,I I I · d · . · Stage This stage ·is associated Genital with the adolescent years. During this period the effects of earlier perio s ---- · are still present to influence behaviour, but if development is normal, the individual will now be in the process . sex. . members of opposite · of developing emotionart· with 1 1es, particularly T he organization of sexual energy will now be focused on the genitals. During the genital stage the individual is preoccupied with object choices relating to friends, social institutions, and vocations. The major goal of the genital stage is rcproductio,, and tho~e ancillary activities (work, socialization) that are critical to the propagation of Litt: species. Fixation and Re&essiori - Due to environmental factors, parts of the libido or of its component impulses ---- -- sometimes become arrested at an early phase of development. This arrest is fixation. Fixation increases the ... danger that in later life when facing obstacles the libido regress to those fixations~ There are two types of regressions of the libido. ·The first type takes pla..:e when the libido returns to it!; early love objects. The other type takes place the entire libido falls back to an early developmental stage. Freud and Karl suggested the following character tY,pes, related to the developmental stages and points of fixation. "Character" indicates the more permanent & consistent pattern of overt and covert behavior. Oral Character traits. In case of abundant satisfaction, over dependence but optimistic attitude may I) J~ dop. In =e of insufficient satisfaction depressive and aggressive tendencies may develop. Oral passive character type is passive and over dependent. The oral aggressive type is s;ircastic pessimistic and cannibalistic. All oral character types are selfish takers , always hungry and desirous. Anal and Erotic stage: Anal expulsive is characterized by ~ tinacy. Parsimony, stinginess 2) - -.:~ ....~ (.) (..?c; characterizes the Anal Retentive Type. The Urethral Character type is ambitious, impatient and envious. He lacks the persistence necessary for 3) being successful. The Phallic character type - Self-assuredness, ~ 4) f~ ss and~ J[_(?SSiv<w~S, n~ i~ ic se.!£.!_ove, -- vanity and sensitiveness are the main personality 11:a:.ts. In males, castration fear may lead to reaction formation by showing exhibitionistic and overtly aggressive behavior. In females penis envy may either sublimated or resolved, or it may lead to reactive character traits either by assum ing masculine role or into a vindictive l\ I feminine type with a tendency toward being humiliated or toward humiliating men. Normal adulthood is characterized by the genital character. The supremacy of the genital zone over other ~ogenie areas, normal heterosexual urge and the proper choice of a heterosexual .uFge..and-the -proper-choh:l: of a heterosexual love object are the main elements of the genital character. In a normal and belier adjusted individual the diversified instinctual impulses become coordinated, the Oedipus complex is resolved and harmony is established between id. ego & superego. @,, S<rnct,<e of Pmoooli<y ·\ I. I that he called the . elated systems . f three interr less conunuo us ality in terms o re in more or Freud conceptualized the structure of human person The three systems a the world. The . . . I and over-I). e to adapt to id, ego, and superego (meaning, respectively, it, ~ cope if they ar ng the three . ..-----:- - . t successfu 11 y bl balance amo conflict- a contlict with which all human beings mus of a reasona e n the maintenance psycholo gical adjustment of the individual depe nds O • <l ly wr.al:r.nr.cl hrr.r. sys1rms is un II f £' S)'st<:-.m s S ,:\'('.rt'. r.0 11 ~,.'llll'.IV .I'.~ rr.~11lt if ~ny ofthr. 1 · · · • ,,-V, ~ "--1"' J .._, (l,JJ •(){,-f:j ?~ .... • ~~•l\l'C..; {f' ~ f' W, - $e.c,tk-~ •~ . ersonality. It represents powerfu l -The id is the most - . f' · t are th f t component ol p primitive and developm The Id - entally. e irs . . . The needs that the 1d represen . . · · I of the individua1· b1olog1cal needs that are necessary to the physical Th .1d surviva . ically efficient manner. e . . the most direct b1olog . d common to all animal species and they seek expression in . trary it is impulsiv e an . . . •1s or ethics. Or, :he con , . 1s not constrained by .:ustrlms, mnrahty. values, cnrivenllo ' . . tes purely on the basis I ~ it represent s . The id ope1 a reflexive a~ it ~ceb immediate gratilication for those needs t in of the pleasure principle in its most unconstrained manifestations. . . . . is also expresse d in the Primary Process. The id is represented directl y in impulsive and reflexive act1v1ty, but tt - - - - -- - ...- 1 . . h t ve to satisfy needs. For example , a The primary process includes images or memories of obJects t a ser subordin ate dreams of scolding .his/her boss. Such processes present th emJ· elves without the embellis hments of polite social ronventions and norms. Freud believed that the id is true psychic real ity serving th e plt'-asure principle The Ego The ego is the ·r ~ me' ?~the p_ersonali ty---the centre of organization and integration. While the id is closely connecte d to the demands of the pleasure principle, the ego must adapt to the demands of reality. The ego is thus caught between powerful forces and, as such, it must serve as a kind of administ rator or executiv e. It cannot ignore the demands of the id, but unlike the id, neither it can ignore the demands of the social ~ nvention . Caught betwt:en such powerful sources, it learns to appropriate comprom ise substitut e , a n<l d e ay. Th , , I rough such techniques it serves !o protect the individual and the social order by finding a . . . ppropna te a nd acceptab le channels for the demands of the 1d. rhe ego makes use of plans that Freud referred lo th S . . as e econdary Process. _/ T~h~e:_;se::c~o::n:d:,::a:,:_rY : _.!: P,:. ro ~c :: ·c_ s_ s ::" as ' .: s :1 : s t:":: s: t h : ;: e : --_:p:: n~m!"y process of the id b~ devising strateg· ti .._ . . - · - - •- - ~ ••..:,, ies iroug h which dri ves c·1 b .. . atistied in a socially acceptable mann:,r. It goes without saying that the •~ ~, -~ e. s- - ~- :------• . st ' thstand the severe and continuous conflict imposed by the contract· t ego mu be strong and durable to d . w1 . . IC ory emands ol th · d . Further, the ego must cope with another force, i.e., the superego. e I and society. ~ C The Superego . - - - - - -consists or intC.!:!}illi.i ruoci.aL(iorms 'd 1 The supere~~ --- . . . · ~ : ~ s, and standards to wh· . . ~ d T·he su··pcrcgo. like the id, is not rational . . :- • ich the mJ1 vi dual has been cond1t10ne . . , . . - ' insh:ad ot serving the o·1 . . . . , he superego ,s a kind ot conscitn. . . g ' 1 ol pleasm c, 1t serves the ooal of pcrlection. . . cc with an inhibito r . ~ . -:- . ction~ wwarJ achi evement of hi gher values . b ry unction, but over aml a bove thi s it facil1tutc ~ ,1 . • • . . • by societ ' ,. .. . ., · •alist,~ th, 111111" ,J. bolb systcn1, n1al;. , · cn1 raced . ) . In kin1s n l its demand s on the ego. ;,is"" mrn<" ~+~ci <~:,,;:':t•;m, C¢'VI Ju'.e.~u... I f y - ~ ,J lo~ c ,.__,t.,.,., ~ . ;~ ,. ,.,i ~. ~. , 'l, .N O M ~ , f1'YW ~ as he felt that the & . {;u~ . l O'q, (I . . ego, and the superego tensions among the id, the ble vita ine the to ce tan Freud gave high impor his patients. Each of these uences for the health of seq con ng chi rea far had systems aviour results. relationship among these tes the ego, antisocial beh ina dom id the If n. sio res ate and acceptable exp systems must find legitim basic biological needs. y bl~ k' the expression of ma it ul, erf pow too is superego s of the external On the other hand, if the with the complex demand l dea to h ngt stre t ien fic ego must have suf According to Freud, the and the superego. .expression of both the id sed mi pro com the g tin nit e pen world while at the same tim l.'- :.::::., ~:p=• ~~:;! ,g, t<o,;oos h,mao beiog, of t,~ ~o o, :~ ooofront are specific . Freud believed t~at !here litx ona ers ofp s ent pon com ts, tensiqns be(\;Veen c:J'between competing instinc t we all must fa~ t and pervasive tension tha tan por im the of e som h d wit varieties of anxiety associate our well- being, such as, wi.!!_i obj~ tive threats to ted oc~ ass t tha is iety mon anx ge that m,··1v ·of ou r Objective Anxiety: A com t us, etc. Freud acknowled hur y ma ans hum er oth y, ts on our bod t of the internal and external assaul jective Anxiety·. It is a par and these are known as Ob s, eat thr d by objective · :;, Je~:S ha- ;; a real basis es when the ego is threatene aris It y. ndl frie ays alw a world thai is not wear and tear of living in ""Y L;,,_:._ t ~ f~ it l• ... forces in the world. / f" ' d. Thus, unlike objective the irrational f~rc:; of th~ by d ene eat thr is ego the when hin, <\.._ "I i Neurotic Anxiety: It arises source of threat ,is from wit the ce Sin y. a/it ~on pcr n ow (fi threat is from within our ore have a ubiquitous/ anxiety, the source of the Neurotic anxiety c..an theref se. cau le iab ntif ide arly and no cle ual may suddenly there is no obvious escape apparent reason. The individ an t hou wit ce pla any any time, and ly when basic quality as it can appear at urotic anxiety is more like Ne ic. pan of ling fee or ending doom ve such as sex is have a vague sense of imp to Freud, if a powerful dri g din cor Ac up. tled bot ently thwarted or estation of drives/instincts are persist urotic anxiery is one manif !;!e n. sio res exp of de mo it will find another ~ ~ ~ ~~'Ii stifled at every turn , then ~ ~ . ego threating to overcome the powerful instinctual energy ~ ds_of) he supereg; here it is thej rratl2D,al~g~m r, eve how , iety anx ic rot rpart of neu no escape. Since Mora/ Anxietv: It is a counte the personality,~so there is hin wit is iety anx of rce the ego. The sou I es a substitute . that threatens to overcome of the society so it becom ns itio hib pro and s, tom the norms , values, cus lt over real the superego incorporates is experienced as gui . .... * ents. Now, moral anxiety t-. par the by d ene eat thr e onc s wa ral · t mo tha nt o_f me ood ish for the pun r the likelih r the superego, the greate nge stro e Th . ues val d . lize ~ interna _..., --"" -. ,.._ or imagined depllrtures from . --- ~v-f ..o,_•,'":T ........ .... P,i - -il,,lJ;. ::...c -.o.:-,e --anxiety--. ------- - ~ . _,,._-- -~ -~ _,_,_, . •'-~ - ~ .~ ..- L. .... -- personality. The health and e in the three systems of anc bal of ce tan por im the strate The varieties of anxiety illu ::_g?.J The ego must ~ ~ht_!.~ ~ ~ .WJ;>~' ~ ; ~ w tl'!,_ lle~ nne require a e; ands of the ever adjustment of the individual rld and the persistent dem wo the of s and dem sh deal with the har nd irra · t·1ona / have sufficient strength to gre_at range of rational a _,h,_ wit ,_ e cop = to _ _ ies teg ___ stra e __ som ploys __ em__ __ ego s(...rhe --· -~ ~-" · present internal companion ms nis cha Me se fen De as are known ·~ - ~l h strategies • y on it. Suc ~- . .., ~ forces that pla . , _ ,,. -- . . ~ ... ,. ,~ \ Innate Y, how •uC<:essfirlJJ, qulcklinstinctual How . d"vidual depends upon . J). . fo~ ) 2 • auences. f each m I Thr 1)-pc ofjk.,~~~=M=cc-=h_a_n,_sm,an:. . . arc carried over into hi• llduft J) E11vin>nmenlld'" Freud s u ~ that the development 8o . / • flucnccs . I ·t.t t:s amJ t nP.P.rs ~ulture and SOci~ h r developmcnta ,n t,;o1og;ca,1y dctetn,incJ '1:vdvvmcut.t s . . nvimnmenll. · hnw <nmp1,t,ly th, in<fividu.,t dov,lops on - •., · e l"'ren .< ,. ... ' dhow I e..e l i f e ~ mainly ~pon the interaction . ofthe child with h1!i e asa ~ole. greatest the single undoubtedly """1t Ovaai~lifeFl'Oucf•• er maccess1 obscure and theismost including fflcntaJ . rnay Pr'Ove to be the most rewarding method. contribution lo psychoIogy• He dealt with totality• of , d in a cautious empirical way Whrch 'bl egions of the mm ' l,·~ ;l.J, ·, ~ ~ r eA ~ ,-J.r~ ... . ➔ ~ a,Q. ~ ~~ ~ltNl/fle.. ➔ ~ ~,, -:._y~ ~ J~ ~ , , , ~ tw..u ~ A.. ·,•J~r -~ -~r;"J, ;,_ . ➔ lo...Je....f,,~ --~ -- . :.