Name_________________________________________ Period______ Date__________________ The Progressive Era (______________) Notes Set 6 1. What is the Progressive Era? Progressive Origins • Progressive Era- An era marked by ______________________________________ reforms (Key word: PROGRESSive) • People felt like they needed to _____________________________________ Gilded Age _______________________________________ • There were ________________ programs during the 1800s. The government ______________________ • By 1900, the growing middle class had come to believe that the ______________ ______ ______ ____________________________ o Government needed to be cleaned up first though! Reasons for the Progressive Era Starting: 1) The ________________________ movement, led by Protestant ______________________, called on Christians to rise to the challenge of helping their fellow man. -This motivated people to help! 2) Some individuals took it upon themselves to help make societal changes: • Using private donations and her own funds, ______________________ established ______ _____________, the first “settlement house” in Chicago to provide services to the slum residents. 3) “_______________________” journalists called attention to ___________________ in government, poor ___________________________, and _____________ in cities. Examples: o _____________________- _______________________________________ o ___________________ – her investigative reporting led to the breakup of the Standard Oil Company's monopoly 2. Types of Progressive Reforms • The Progressive reformers they pursued a wide variety of reforms. Economic Reform Ending Corruption in State & Local Gov’ts Expansion of Democracy Moral Issues Social Welfare 3. Progressive Era Presidents: (write all 3 names below) • ________________________________________________________________________ 4. Theodore Roosevelt • Republican • The first president of the Progressive Era o ______________ during the Spanish American war (Lead the ___________________ Calvary) o Served as Governor of NY o Became president because President McKinley was assassinated o His 5th cousin ended up becoming president 2 decades later • Things he wanted to fix was called the 3C’s: 1) Corporations 2) Conservation 3) Consumer Protection • Distrusted wealthy businessmen and dissolved 40 monopolistic corporations. A. Breaking Up the Trusts • ___________________________________, being the first president of the Progressive Era, liked to be known as a “_____________________.” • Two pieces of legislation were enacted with the aim of ending trusts: o The ______________________________________ of 1890 (largely ineffective because big business was too powerful) o The ______________________________________ of 1914, which further limited business combinations • The ___________________________________ – prohibited railroads from overcharging for transportation. • The ___________________________________________ – created to investigate complaints and to enforce the Act – the first federal government agency to regulate unfair business practices. B. Conservation of Nature • The ____________________ movement began during the Progressive Era. • 1903 – First ______________________________________ (in Florida) • 1905 – _________________________________ created • Altogether, Roosevelt set aside 16 national monuments, 51 wildlife refuges, and 5 new national parks. C. Consumer Protection • In 1906, ________________________ published __________________, based on his observations of _______________________ in Chicago. His work led Theodore Roosevelt’s passage of: o The _______________________________ (required the sanitary processing of meat) and o The _______________________________ (created the FDA regulated the preparation of foods and the sale of medicines). There was never the least attention paid to what was cut up for sausage…. There would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had tramped and spit…. There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it. It was too dark in these storage places to see well, but a man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them; they would die, and then rats, bread and meat would go into the hoppers together. This was no fairy story and no joke; the meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even if he saw one… - Excerpted from Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle 5. William Taft • Republican • 6 feet – 350 lbs • The _________________________________- Roosevelt busted 44 trusts in 7 ½ years….Taft busted 90 trusts in 4 years!!! • Only president to serve on the Supreme Court after being president 6. Safety & Labor Issues Workers were fed up with poor working conditions so they created labor unions: o Labor Union____________________________________________________________ i. EX: such as better working conditions. Why would business owners not want to allow unions? _______________________________________________________________________________ A. Tragedy leads to Action • A devastating fire at the _________________________________ in New York City caused the passage of strict _________________________ dealing with fire hazards and unsafe machinery & working conditions. B. Early Labor Unions • The 1st well-organized union in America was the _____________________ - an industrial union open to almost anyone. Members used strikes and arbitration to get their demands met. • What is a strike??? A _________________________________________________________, typically in an attempt to gain a concession or concessions from their employer. • The _______________________________________ – an early trade union led by _________ ___________________________. AFL was for _________________________ only. Largest union in US by 1900. • Gompers felt that Unions should “become accepted”, seek legal guarantees to use economic pressures against management, reject ideas of communism and socialism, stay out of politics. Early Examples of Union Unrest: • The _________________________________ was against Carnegie’s Steel Mill • _________________________ – a nationwide ____________ strike in 1894. • The strike affected much of the country, and it had great influence on public opinion on the rights of workers, the role of management, and the role of government in mediating labor unrest. • Due to the occurrences of violent ____________, the US government began to associate unions with ______________, and ORIGINALLY tended to side with business owners rather than labor unions. • Anarchy = ____________________________________________. • Came from Karl Marx’s theory of communism, where people rise up and take over and the end result is anarchy. • Strikes became very violent resulting in deaths. • EX: Haymarket Massacre/Haymarket Riot C. End to Child Labor • Up until the early 1900s, child labor laws varied from state-to-state. • Some states continued to allow children as young as 5 or 6 years old to work long days in the factories. Many poor families chose to send their _____________________ instead of school. • At this time, the U.S. Constitution was interpreted to mean that only ___________ governments, not the ________________ government, could pass laws related to child labor. • Many progressive state governments set __________________ laws or _______________ ________ __________________ during the Progressive Era. The boys working in the breaker are bent double, with little chance to relax; the air at times is dense with coal-dust, which penetrates so far into the passages of the lungs that for long periods after the boy leaves the breaker, he continues to cough up the black coal dust. Fingers are calloused and cut by the coal and slate, the noise and monotony are deadening…. While I was in the region, two breaker boys of 15 years…fell or were carried by the coal down into the car below. One was badly burned and the other smothered to death. This was the Lee Breaker at Chauncy, Pennsylvania, January 6th, 1911. The boy who was killed was Dennis McKee. Source: Lewis Hine, National Child Labor Committee Report, 1911 Note: Breaker boys were often located just outside the mine next to a machine (called a breaker) where they sorted and separated coal from slate rock. 7. Populist Party= Roots for the Progressive Party • The Populist Party formed because it seemed like the two main political parties weren’t getting anything done/listening to what they needed o Populism: a movement to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups. • Started with poor farmers who were struggling and grew into a political party o Platform________________________________________, secret ballots, __________ ______________________ and more direct democracy, banking reforms, cracking down on big businesses (railroads!), graduated income tax • Eventually __________________________________________________________________ (gave a new voice to the people!) 8. Expansion of Democracy: Results of Populist Party Efforts! • The _______________ Amendment made it legal for the national gov’t to collect __________________________. • The _________________ Amendment changed the way out US ______________ are chosen (They are now directly elected by the ____________ of their states, not by their state ________________________, as had been done before). 9. Reforming State and Local Government – Bringing an End to Political Machine Politics!! • ____________________________________ (gov. of Wisconsin) led Progressivism at the state level; state reforms included the following: o Initiative – a way for citizens to _____________ laws ▪ Provides that the state legislature must consider passing a law if a certain percentage of voters ____________________________ in its favor. ▪ A form of _______________________________ o Referendum – ________________ existing laws to the people for a vote ▪ Requires that a law or constitutional amendment passed by a state legislature be submitted to _________ for their ______________. ▪ A form of ________________________________ o Recall ▪ Permits voters to petition for, and vote upon, the _____________ (recall) of elected officials before their ________ expires 10. The 1912 Election • 1912 election was a crazy election year o W. Wilson – Democrat o Taft – Republican o Roosevelt- Bull-Moose Party (remember, he used to be a republican) • Outcome: o Wilson Wins • Republican ____________________________________________________ o Progressive “Bull moose” party was the ____________________________________ __________________________ o “won 2nd place” in the election 11. Woodrow Wilson • Democrat • _________________________________________________________ • took office in 1913, with the goals of taming big business, encouraging greater competition & eliminating special privileges. • His most important reforms included: o The ________________________ (1913) – reformed the banking industry by establishing 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks, and a Federal Reserve Board that regulates the availability of credit and controls the nation’s money supply o The ___________________________________ (1914) – created the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to investigate unfair business practices. This helps protect consumers. o The ________________________________ (1913) – a special Cabinet post to study the problems of labor, collect statistics, and enforce federal labor laws. o The ________________________________ (1916) – created to conserve the natural scenery, historic objects, and wildlife for the enjoyment of the American people. 12. The Temperance Movement Temperance: Abstinence from or moderation in drinking alcoholic beverages; • Throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s, social reformers and women’s groups worked to ban the ________________________. • They believed that most _______________________ were caused by or compounded by ____________________. • __________________________ was one of the most outspoken voices of the Temperance Movement. Her own brother had been an alcoholic. • The ____________________ was passed in 1919 and the _________________________ began. The amendment banned the transport, production, and sale of _______________ beverages in the US. • Prohibition led to several undesirable effects: _________________ (illegal manufacturing of alcohol), ________________________, and ___________________ (illegal bars). 13. Women’s Suffrage • Efforts to earn women the right to vote were kicked off by an 1848 convention in ___________________________. • ___________________________ was one of many famous “suffragists” who worked throughout the second half of the 19th century and the Progressive Era to win __________ the right to vote. • The ________________________ finally gave women the right to vote in national elections in 1920. 14. Early Civil Rights Efforts • A major accomplishment in minority rights during this period was the establishment of the ______________________________________________________________ (NAACP) by _______________ and others. The NAACP fought for the civil rights of African Americans. • • • Other leaders like _______________________________ argued that African Americans should seek gradual equality, focus on job training, and not be too demanding. Another leading voice in the unofficial fight for civil rights was ____________________. When three of Wells’ male friends were _______________ (hanged) for crimes they did not commit, Wells organized a national _______________________ campaign. Despite the efforts, America wasn’t ready to change & real change wouldn’t come until after WWII 15. The Progressive Era and World War I • Americans went off to war in 1917 with a progressive zeal, believing that they would “make the world ____________________________” and that this might be the last war of all time. • Despite the Allied victory in 1918, the brutality of the war and the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles damaged the ___________________________ in America and turned public attention away from reform.
