Talya Bauer and Berrin Erdogan Chapter 1: Organizational Behavior Learning Objectives: What is organizational behavior (OB)? Why does organizational behavior matter? How can I maximize my learning in this course? What research methods are used to study organizational behavior? What challenges and opportunities exist for OB? © 2010 Jupiterimages Corporation 2 Example: How the organization’s culture affects a manager’s behavior. How a given manager’s personality affects the team. The manager’s personality itself. Organizations care about OB! Are the following questions true or false? e r a 9 # t u b l l e A s l a F l al Brainstorming can be just as effective when done alone as when done in a group. Research shows individuals often outperform teams in both quality and quantity of ideas. Sources: Nijstad, B. A., & Stroebe, W. (2006). How the group affects the mind: A cognitive model of idea generation in groups. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 186-213. Diehl, M., & Stroebe, W. (1987). Productivity loss in brainstorming groups: Toward the solution of a riddle. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 497-509. Mullen, B., Johnson, C., & Salas, E. (1991). Productivity loss in brainstorming groups: A meta-analytic investigation. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 12, 3-24. Research shows that what happens in the first five minutes of a negotiation can greatly enhance the prediction of the outcome of the negotiation. Source: Curhan, J.R., & Pentland, A. (2007). Thin slices of negotiation: Predicting outcomes from conversational dynamics within the first 5 minutes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 802-811. Individuals who have specific goals with feedback regarding their progress along the way do much better in achieving their goals than those who are simply told to do their best. Source: Tubbs, J. (1986). Goal setting: A meta-analytic examination of the empirical evidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 474–483. Research shows that if you pay someone for something they intrinsically (internally) enjoy for the joy of it, they will actually do that task less often on their own in the future. Sources: Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press; Eisenberger, R., Rhoades, L., & Cameron, J. (1999). Does pay for performance increase or decrease perceived selfdetermination and intrinsic motivation? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 77, 1026-1040; Jordan, P. C. (1986). Effects of an extrinsic reward on intrinsic motivation: A field experiment. Academy of Management Journal. 29, 405-412. Pay is just one of many reasons people work and there is little correlation between how much a person is paid and their motivation on a day-to-day basis. Source: Weinberg, R., & Nord, W. (1982). Coping with “it’s all common sense.” Exchange: The Organizational Behavior Teaching Journal, 7, 29-33. Research shows that individuals who fail are more likely to avoid trying to do that particular task again in the future. Source: Weinberg, R., & Nord, W. (1982). Coping with “it’s all common sense.” Exchange: The Organizational Behavior Teaching Journal, 7, 29-33. Research shows that goal difficulty is positively related to task performance. Source: Mento, A. J., Steel, R. P., & Karren, R. J. (1987). A meta-analytic study of the effects of goal setting on task performance: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 39, 52-83. Research on decision making shows that about half of all decisions made within organizations fail. Sources: Nutt, P.C. (2002). Why decisions fail. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler; Nutt, P.C. (1999). Surprising but true: Half the decisions in organizations fail. Academy of Management Executive, 13, 75-90. Research shows that positive people (those who are in a positive mood more often than others) are actually more likely to be absent from their jobs and intend to leave their jobs when they are dissatisfied at work. Sources: Duffy, M. K., Ganster, D. C., & Shaw, J. D. (1998). Positive affectivity and negative outcomes: The role of tenure and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 950-959; Shaw, J. D.., Duffy, M. K., Abdulla, M. H. A.., & Singh, R. (2000). The moderating role of positive affectivity: Empirical evidence from bank employees in the United Arab Emirates. Journal of Management, 26, p139-154 Teams in which all members are of average intelligence tend to outperform teams with a single expert. • Were you surprised by your primary learning style? Why or why not? • How does your learning style affect the kinds of classes you take? • Try out a few of the suggestions for your learning style over the next week and see how they work. • Now that you’ve learned more about your own learning style, are there some things you might consider doing to expand on your other styles? If so, what steps might you take to do this? How Do We Do OB Research? Surveys Field Studies Laboratory Studies Case Studies Meta-Analysis Surveys Surveys: • One of the primary methods for collecting information for OB research. • Basic question and answer format. • Can be open- or close-ended questions. Instructions: We would like to gather your opinions about different aspects of work. Please answer the following three questions using the scale below: Response Scale: 1=Strongly Disagree 2=Disagree 3=Neither Agree nor Disagree 4=Agree 5=Strongly Agree 1. Setting goals at work helps me to focus…………….. 1 2 3 4 5 2. Goal setting is effective in improving performance…….. 1 2 3 4 5 3. I get more done when I use goal setting…………… 1 2 3 4 5 Field Studies Field Studies: • Often involve experimental design. • A particular population will be divided into a treatment group and a control group. © 2010 Jupiterimages Corporation Laboratory Studies • Consist of manipulation group(s) and control group(s). • Can often help determine causal rather than simple correlational relationships. • Controlled conditions—High degree of internal validity, but potentially low generalizability. Case Studies • In depth description of a single company or industry. • Involve a great deal of detail about the topic being studied, but difficult to generalize to other areas. Meta-analysis • Technique used to summarize what other researchers have found on a given topic. • Variables from several studies are weighted and analyzed to determine if the effect holds or not. • Create a hypothesis about people at work. Now that you have one in mind, which method do you think would be most effective in helping you test your hypothesis? • Have you used any of the OB research methods before? If not, what can you do to become more familiar with them? • Give an example of a reliable measure. • Give an example of a valid measure. • How can you know if a relationship is causal or correlational? Recent corporate scandals (Enron Corp., AIG, Tyco International, WorldCom, Halliburton, Citigroup) have ranged from irresponsible to outright illegal behavior. • The immediate response by the government was the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) (2002)— 11 different requirements aimed at greater accountability in terms of financial reporting. • We have to go beyond simply complying to policies and rules. • Organizations need to have a culture of ethical behavior and leaders committed to this ethical behavior. Gallup estimates that if 100% of an organization’s employees were fully engaged: • Customers would be 70% more loyal. • Turnover would drop by 70%. • Profits would jump by 40%. Harris Interactive survey of 8,000 American workers indicated: • Only 20% felt passionate about their job. • Less than 15% feel strongly energized by their work. • Only 31% believe their employer inspires the best in them. Technology allows people all over the world to be more connected. It allows us access to large amounts of information. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/PPTMooresLawai.jpg • The concept of a “flattening world” refers to the increase in access to information. • This increase has led to an increase in innovation, as knowledge can be shared across time zones and cultures. • Mass collaboration has changed how work gets done— people can work together and complete a project without ever meeting. • The increase access to information can make it challenging to find the “right” information or “quality” information. Organizations can consider the interests of society and take responsibility for the impact of their activities on customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders, communities, and the environment in all aspects of their operations. END is an organization that does this. Used with permission of Environmentally Neutral Design (END) In the very near future, older workers will constitute a substantial portion of the workforce. • The Millennial Generation (born between 1980 and 2000) differ from previous generations in terms of technology and multitasking as a way of life. • The OB challenge is to effectively manage individuals from different generations despite different values placed on teamwork, organizational rewards, work-life balance, and desired levels of instruction. • Outsourcing refers to having someone outside of the organization doing work previously handled in-house. • It can involve temporary employees, consultants, or offshoring workers (sending jobs previously done in one country to another country). • Outsourcing and offshoring are used most in the software technology industry. • Benefits include increased flexibility in staffing for organizations and increased exposure to a variety of work/jobs for employees. A shamrock organization includes an equal number of regular employees, temporary employees, and consultants and contractors. Outsourcing Vendors Professional Core Contingent Workforce 1. Share an ethical dilemma you have observed at work or school to someone in your class. What do you think should have been done differently and why? 2. How has technology and the flattening world affected you in the last 10 years? Please share examples of this. 3. Do you think the sustainability movement in business is a trend that here to stay or a business fad? Why or why not? 4. Do you see the aging (and retiring) workforce as an opportunity or a threat for businesses? How do you think this will affect your career?
