Plagiarism and Paraphrasing
To properly cite your sources, you need to learn first the types of plagiarism. Plagiarism
is often committed when you use words and ideas without making credit to the person
who formulated it, making those words and ideas your own (Sulaiman, 2018).
Types of Plagiarism:
1. Direct Plagiarism. This type of plagiarism is committed when you copy word-forword a section of others’ works without quotation marks (Roig, 2002).
Example
The stage of dialogue was the action of conversation. On this manner, the incident
was immediately addressed and effects were identified.
from the research titled, “The Die is Cast: Experiences of Novice Teachers in Handling Verbal
Bullying Incidents in a Middle School” written by Dexter V. Fernandez, MAED. and Arnel T. Sicat,
Ph.D.
This is the proper way of citing a direct quotation.
“The stage of dialogue was the action of conversation. On this manner, the incident
was immediately addressed and effects were identified”.
2. Self-Plagiarism. This plagiarism is often committed when you mix your previous
works to come up with new article without proper citation and permission to the
teacher you previously submitted the work (Helgesson & Eriksson, 2014;
Plagiarism.org, 2011).
Example
You submitted a research for
Practical Research 1
A year later, you submitted it
again in Practical Research 2
The occurrence of verbal bullying was a
The occurrence of verbal bullying was a
typical scenario in middle school. This
typical scenario in middle school. This
kind of abuse was commonly committed
kind
by students towards their peers. With the
committed by students towards their
literature about this matter, little less
peers. With the literature about this
has been conducted about the manner
matter, little less has been conducted
novice teachers handle verbal bullying
about the manner novice teachers
incidents.
handle verbal bullying incidents.
From the research titled, “The Die is Cast:
Experiences of Novice Teachers in Handling
Verbal Bullying Incidents in a Middle School”
written by Dexter V. Fernandez, MAED. and
Arnel T. Sicat, Ph.D.
of
abuse
was
commonly
3. Mosaic Plagiarism. It is committed when you take phrases from a source without
using quotation marks or citation; thus, you just find synonyms to the authors’ words
while keeping the same though as it is in the original (Roka, 2017).
Example
Plagiarized
A research taken from the Internet
The occurrence of verbal bullying was a
typical scenario in middle school. This kind
event of verbal bullying was a
situation in
common
secondary school.
of abuse was commonly committed by
This kind
students towards their peers. With the
committed by students towards their
literature about this matter, little less has
classmates. With the literature about this
been conducted about the manner novice
matter, little less has been conducted
The
of abuse
was commonly
new teachers
teachers handle verbal bullying incidents.
about the manner
Thus,
study
verbal
novice
phenomenological study investigated the
teachers in handling bullying in a middle
practices of novice teachers in handling
secondary school.
bullying in a
this
phenomenological
investigated the practices
of
school.
From the research titled, “The Die is Cast:
Experiences of Novice Teachers in Handling Verbal
Bullying Incidents in a Middle School” written by
Dexter V. Fernandez, MAED. and Arnel T. Sicat,
Ph.D.
bullying
incidents.
handle
Thus,
this
4. Accidental Plagiarism. This is committed when unintentionally neglected to cite a
source or quoted by using similar words or sentence structure. This can be avoided
through responsible writing and running your work in an initial plagiarism test available
in internet (Learning Services Writing Center, 2018).
Proper Paraphrasing
The big question now is how to paraphrase? There is no perfect way of
paraphrasinga sentence or paragraph. It is because it will depend on the manner you
understandwhat you have read. So, what you need is a better understanding. Below
is the suggested way for you to come up with good paraphrasing.
Five (5) Ways to Paraphrase
1. Take time to read. Careful reading of the text enables you to grasp the meaning of
the sentence you are going to paraphrase. It is recommended to read it three times
or even more. This is to give you enough time to comprehend the meaning of what you
are reading (University of New England, 2020).
2. Take note of the key points. This is done through highlighting or listing the points
or ideas presented in the text that you are reading. Through this, you will see the
things that the author wanted to impart in his or her write ups. However, for you as
a reader, those will also be the bases on how you will explain the ideas that were
presented (Chi & Nguyen, 2017).
3. Rewrite what you have read but use your own words. Rewriting what you have read
does not mean you will just copy it. Nevertheless, you are going to write what you
have read based from what you have understood from it. However, you need to be
careful not to eliminate the ideas of what you have paraphrased (Oshima, 1999).
4. Compare what you have written with the original text. Through this, you may be able
to see the similarities and difference between the original text and what you have
paraphrased. You need to remember that the paraphrased sentence or paragraph has
structural difference from the original even the choice of words. However, the thought
presented in the original text must not be different from the paraphrased text.
5. Make citation. There are so many citation styles available to you. But, always refer
back to what is prescribed to you by the organization or institution you are writing.
If they prescribe you to use a particular citation style, then you need to follow that
standard. For example, many colleges and universities in the Philippines use
American Psychological Association (APA) 6 th edition citation style. On the other
hand, in the Department of Education (DepEd), they use DepEd Manual of Style and
Chicago Manual of Style.
Let us paraphrase these:
Original
The occurrence of verbal bullying was a typical scenario in middle school. This kind of
abuse was commonly committed by students towards their peers.
Paraphrase
Verbal bullying is common in high school. Students usually commit this towards theirclassmates.
Another example
Original
The interview was directed to the five (5) novice teachers who were identified through
criterion sampling.
Paraphrase
Five new teachers are chosen to be participants through criterion sampling.