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14. Identify and label in Figure 14.1 the portion of ATP that, when reacted with the Benedict test, will produce a
positive result.
Fig.14.1
[1]
15. Figure 15.1 shows part of the process of respiration in a specialized mammal cell.
A) Determine which stage of breathing is shown in Fig. 15.1?
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[1]
B) Using Figure 15.1, explain which two processes would occur more often if this mammal were cold.
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C) Identify structure A
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16. Figure 16.1 is an electron micrograph showing the main structural features of a mitochondrion in section.
Fig. 16.1
A) Indicate clearly on the diagram where: electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation occur.
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[1]
B) Describe ONE way in which the structure of the mitochondrion is adapted for oxidative phosphorylation.
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[2]
17. Explain the transformations of carbon atoms during one turn of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and counting the
reduced electron carriers NADH end FADH2- and ATP produced.
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[3]
18. Cells generate ATP by adding a phosphate group (Pi) to ADP. During the complete oxidation of glucose, cells have
two ways of doing this: substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Fig.19.1 and 19.2 are
diagrams that show the main details of these two processes (not drawn to the same scale).
Fig. 19.1 Fig. 19.2
A) State precisely where these two processes occur in a cell. Substrate level phosphorylation Oxidative
phosphorylation
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[2]
B) Compare the relative amounts of ATP produced by the processes when a molecule of glucose is completely
oxidized.
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[2]
19. Only substrate level phosphorylation is possible in the absence of oxygen. Explain why oxidative phosphorylation
is not possible in the absence of oxygen.
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[2]
20. Aerobic respiration consists of three main processes. Match the table data with the proposed options for the
main products of each process.
I. ATP; reduced NAD/reduced FAD; CO2
II. ATP; Pyruvate; reduced NAD;
III. ATP; water; NAD; FAD
[3]
21. The Bowman’s capsule (Fig.21.1) is a cup-shaped structure that is part of the nephron. What is the source of
glucose in the fluid in the Bowman’s capsule.
Fig. 21.1
A) Blood in the glomerulus
B) Urine in the renal pelvis
C) Filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule
D) Interstitial fluid in the medulla
[1]
22. Explain the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in water monitoring.
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[2]
23. Explain whether a dialyzer in a sick person with kidney failure can do what the kidneys of a healthy person once
did.
Fig. 23.1
[1]
24. Explain the advantages (at least one) and disadvantages (at least one) of kidney transplantation.
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14 1 С 15 А) 1 Oxidative phosphorylation В) 1 Process 1 and 3 C) 1 A: ATP synthase B: cristae/inner mitochondrial
membrane (both correct for 1 mark) 16 1 correctly indicated on inner mitochondrial membrane; cristae Only one 2
folded inner membrane / cristae; increases surface area available; intermembrane space; allows accumulation of H+ ;
impermeability of inner membrane to H+ ; maintains H+ gradient / H+ only go through channels; stalked particles /
ATPase; channel for H+ / ATP synthesis; linear arrangement of ETC on inner membrane; greater efficiency; Only two
ideas 17 3 • two carbons enter from acetyl CoA and two molecules of carbon dioxide are released; • three molecules
of NADH and one molecule of FADH2 are generated; • one molecule of ATP or GTP is produced
18 А) 2 Substrate level phosphorylation – cytoplasm (in glycolysis), matrix of mitochondria (in Krebs cycle); Oxidative
phosphorylation – inner membrane of mitochondria/cristae В) 2 Oxidative phosphorylation more than substrate
level phosphorylation; Ref.to quantity, e.g. 32/34 vs.4/6 per glucose; 19 2 Requires proton gradient produced by ETC;
With no oxygen ETC does not occur/no electron flow; NAD cannot be reformed/NADH cannot be oxidized; Oxygen
combines with electron /proton/oxygen final acceptor in ETC. Accept any 2 variants 20 3 II I III 21 1 A 22 2 Play role in
osmoregulation; transport of salts into the medulla of kidney; changes salt concentration so water is reabsorbed;
ADH released into blood when water is required; ADH causes concentrated urine / no/low ADH causes dilute urine;
this causes more reabsorption of water from the collecting duct; excess water is released as urine; urine
concentration depends on the body’s need for water; drinking a lot gives dilute urine. Accept any 2 variants 23 1 No.
Hemodialysis can replace part, but not all, of your kidney function. Dialysis will help improve your energy level, and
changes you make to your diet can help you feel better. 24 2 Pros: Kidney works like a normal kidney. Less restriction
in the diet. There is no need for dialysis. Cons: Required major surgery. Will have to wait for a donor. The body may
reject the new kidney. Will have to take meds the rest of your life. Accept any 1 variants for pros and any 1 for cons.