>>> STRUCTURAL CONCEPTUALIZATION
Mechanics
The study of objects at rest or in motion that are subjected to forces
Statics – the study of objects subjected to forces that remain in static equilibrium
– buildings fail when there is no static equilibrium
Building Configurations
– ideally structurally symmetrical, less reentrant angles, near the center of gravity
– best geometry: circle (all points equidistant from center of gravity)
Strength of Materials
The study of the internal effects of external forces
MECHANICS
Fluid Mechanics
Deformed Body Mechanics
Rigid Body Mechanics
The primary concern of architecture. Can be divided into ‘dynamics’ and ‘statics’
Material Properties
Sectional Properties
Proper Connectors
Specifications
Form
CATEGORIZATION OF STRUCTURES
Type
Description
Section Active
Form Active
Vector Active
Dependent on the sectional properties of its rigid components
Material naturally deflects and becomes stable upon loading
Transfers load via a series of interlinked components and depended upon
geometry and orientation of its components (i.e. vector quality)
Composed of rigid surfaces; similar to form-active applied loads are
redirected by the shape of the structure
Surface Active
Concept
Force Systems
Application of
Forces
Static Equilibrium
SNEFERU
2D or Coplanar
3D or Spatial
Axial Load
Sub-types
Lateral Load
Translational Equilibrium
Rotational Equilibrium
Examples
Steel and column frames
Tensile fabric, arches
Geodesic domes, trusses
Concrete shells
Axial
x
x
x
x
Resisted Forces
Shear Torsion
x
x
Bending
x
x
NATURE OF FORCES
Definition
Forces that occur on 2 axes. Can be concurrent, parallel, non-concurrent & non-parallel
Forces that occur on 3 axes. Can be concurrent, parallel, non-concurrent & non-parallel
Load that is applied parallel to the length of the member/object.
It induces compression OR tension.
Load that is applied perpendicular or transverse to the length of the member/object.
It induces shear, bending, and/or torsion.
Vector sum of the external forces must be equal to zero.
Total torque or moment acting on then object must be equal to zero.
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 1 of 58
Type
Simple
TYPES OF SUPPORTS FOR COPLANAR SYSTEMS
Symbol
Resisted Movement
Horizontal
Vertical
Rotation
x
Roller
Category
Based on
Distribution
TYPES OF LOADS
Type
Concentrated/Point Load
Description
Uniformly Distributed Load
x
Uniformly Varying Load
Pin
Fixed
x
x
x
x
x
Based on
Source
Dead or Static Load
Live or Dynamic Load
weight of the structure itself
loads in motion or transient (e.g.
people, furniture, wind)
TRUSSES
Truss – slender members assumed to be connected by “frictionless pins” at its joints, where loads are assumed to be placed
– members are allowed to rotate in relation to one another (pin support)
– trusses are not capable of resisting bending, moment, and shear
KING POST TRUSS
FINK TRUSS
WARREN TRUSS (with vertical)
K-TRUSS
Strength
– The ability of a material to hold itself together despite
being subjected to forces
– The intensity or magnitude of force carried (stress), and
elasticity without permanent deformation (strain)
SNEFERU
HOWE TRUSS
PRATT TRUSS
diagonal in compression, vertical in tension
diagonal in tension, vertical in compression
SCISSOR TRUSS
BOWSTRING TRUSS
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Stress (σ) – How much atoms and molecules are being pushed/pulled apart in rigid objects
– Used to predict when a material will break
– Force over an area (F/A)
Strain (ε) – Measures the amount of deformation compared to the original shape of the object or material
– Used to predict allowable deformation or tolerances
– Ratio of change in length and original length (ΔL/L)
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 2 of 58
Modulus of Elasticity (E) – describes a material’s stiffness; value is constant for each material
– Stress over strain (σ/ε)
Proportionality Limit – up to this point, stress is proportional to strain (Hooke’s Law)
Elastic Limit – beyond this limit, permanent deformation will occur
Yield Point – the point where plastic deformation begins to occur
Ultimate Strength – maximum stress a material while being stretched before breaking
– ductile materials (e.g. steel) will experience necking before failure
– also called Ultimate Tensile Strength
Fracture point – the stress at which a material fails via fracture
– in ductile materials (e.g. steel), fracture strength is lower than ultimate strength
– in brittle materials (e.g. concrete), fracture strength is equivalent to the ultimate strength
Stress-Strain Curve of Steel
Beams
– Horizontal structural
members designed to resist
lateral loads
– Beams must produce
internal resisting forces to
balance the internally
developed forces resulting
from externally applied forces
Internal Forces in Beams
– Beams undergo
simultaneous compression
and tension
BEAMS
Simple Span Beam
– Supports are located at the ends of its span
Overhanging Beam
– Has overhanging ends from the supports
Cantilever Beam
– Supported only from one end by a rigid
connection
Continuous Beam
– Supported by more than 2 points along its span
Vertical Force (v)
Bending Moment (M)
Shear-Moment Diagram
SNEFERU
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 3 of 58
ALLOWABLE DEFLECTIONS OF BEAMS
Element Supported
Non-structural, not likely to be damaged by large deflection
Non-structural (2)
Flat roofs
Roof or Floor Construction
Deflection
L/240
L/360
L/180
L/480
Type
Purlin
Rafter
Lintel
Spandrel
Girder
Joist
Stringer
Grade Beam
Shaft
TYPES OF BEAMS ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
Description
Carries the roof load between trusses or rafters
Usually sloping beam carrying load from purlins
Carries masonry across openings (i.e. doors and windows)
Spans between columns and supports floors and curtain walls
Large beams carrying floor beams
Closely spaced beams supporting the floor/ceiling
Carries the flooring of a bridge (e.g. stairs)
Lowermost spandrel of a building without a basement
Circular beam that transmits power to the machinery, and also
carries torsion in addition to shear and flexure
Type
Short
Intermediate
Long
COLUMNS
Stresses
Failure
Compression
Crushing
Compression and Bending
Crushing or Buckling
Compression and Bending
Buckling
Effective Length Factor (K)
0.5
SNEFERU
0.7
1.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
Bearing Wall
System
Building Frame
System
MomentResisting Frame
System
Dual System
Cantilevered
Column Building
System
Shear WallFrame
Interactive
System
Stiff Irregularity
or Soft Storey
BUILDING FRAMES
Basic Structural System
Structural system without a vertical load-carrying space
frame ; no beams/columns
Complete space frame to support gravity loads
Shear walls and brace frames resist lateral loads
Complete space frame to support gravity loads
Flexural action members resist lateral loads
Combination of moment-resisting frames, and shear walls or
braced frames
Structural system relying on cantilevered column elements to
resist lateral loads
Combination of shear walls and frames to resist lateral forces
in proportion to their relative rigidities
Vertical Structural Irregularities
Lateral stiffness of a storey is
< 70% of the storey above OR
< 80% of the average of the 3
storeys above
Weight/Mass
Irregularity
The effective mass of any
storey more than 150% of the
effective mass of an adjacent
storey
In-plane
Discontinuity
In-plane offset of lateralresisting structural elements
Discontinuity in
Capacity or
Weak Storey
Storey strength is <80% of the
storey above
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 4 of 58
Torsional
Irregularity
Plan Structural Irregularities
Maximum storey drift of one
end of the structure is 1.2x
more than the structure’s
average storey drift
Re-entrant
Corners
Projections of the structure
beyond the re-entrant corner
are greater than 15% of the
plan dimension
Diaphragm
Discontinuity
Diaphragm with abrupt
variations in stiffness
Out-of-Plane
Offsets
Discontinuities in a lateral force
path
Non-parallel
System
Vertical lateral-load-resisting
elements are not parallel or
symmetric about the major
orthogonal axes
Concrete
Reinforcement
Working Stress
Design
Ultimate Stress
Design
SNEFERU
Reinforcement
Concrete is only reinforced near the tensile face
Reinforcement is also placed near the compressive face in
addition to the tensile reinforcement ; usually added when
the architect limits the members’ sectional dimensions
Under-reinforced
Tension capacity is smaller than the compression capacity
Yields in a ductile manner (i.e. large obvious deformation)
Yield stress of the reinforcement governs
Over-reinforced
Tension capacity is greater than the compression capacity
Fails by crushing at the compressive-zone of the concrete,
and failure is instantaneous
Yield stress of the concrete governs
Balanced Design
Where tensile and compressive zones fails to the same load
Risky similar to over-reinforced design due to instantaneous
failure (i.e. no early warning)
Pre-stressed Concrete
Pre-tensioned
Tendons are tensioned prior to casting of concrete
Post-tensioned
Tendons are tensioned after the casting of concrete
Concrete Slab Reinforcement
One-way Slab
Ratio of the long and short sides is > 2
Moment-resisting reinforcement only along the short side
Two-way Slab
Ratio of long and short sides is < 2
Moment in both directions is considered in the design
Concrete Protection for Reinforcement (Concrete Cover)
Exposed to earth (e.g. footings)
75mm
Exposed to weather
40 – 50mm
Pipes, conduits, or fittings exposed to weather
40mm
Beams and Columns not exposed to weather
40mm
Slabs, walls, and joists not exposed to weather
20 – 40mm
Singly Reinforced
Doubly Reinforced
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
High compressive strength, low tensile strength
Usually steel ; supplements tensile strength of concrete
Design Methods
Makes use of the elastic limit of the materials ; this method
is no longer used
Makes use of the ultimate strength of materials (material
failure) ; this is more reflective of materials’ real behaviour
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 5 of 58
>>> PLUMBING
Type
Acrylonitrile
Butadine Styrene
(ABS)
Chlorinated
Polyvinyl Chloride
(CPVC)
Unplasticized
Polyvinyl Chloride
(uPVC)
Polyethylene (PE),
High-density (HDPE),
Cross-linked (PEX)
D
x
W
x
x
x
x*
x*
Common Uses*
V CW HW F
x
x
Polypropylene (PP),
PP Random (PP-R),
PP-R
Co-polymer (PP-RC)
Polybutylene (PB)
G
x
x
x
x
Copper
x
x
x
Colors
Type
Jointing
Diameter
Length
Avail.
Notes
Black, Blue
Rigid
Solvent Weld
1 ¼“ – 6”
3m and
6m
Import
Should be coated with latex
paint if exposed to the sun
Orange,
White, Cream
Rigid
Solvent Weld
¼” – 12”
3m
Local
Can withstand higher
temperatures than other
plastic pipes.
Has removed toxins and
does not fade compared to
PVC ; Coat with latex paint
if exposed to the sun
HDPE can also be used for
irrigation ; LDPE for
landscaping
*For HDPE only
PP-R can accommodate
higher temperature &
pressure; most practical
x
x
x
x
Orange, Blue,
White, Gray,
Black
Rigid
Solvent Weld,
Rubber Ring
½” – 12”
3m and
6m
Local
x
x
Black, Blue
Rigid,
Tubing
(PE/PEX)
½” – 12” ;
2” – 48”
(for DW)
3m and
6m ; 30m
(tubing)
Local
x
x
Variable
Rigid
Fusion Weld
(Rigid),
Compression
Fittings (Tubing)
Fusion Weld
(Rigid), Special
Fittings (Tubing)
½” – 12”
4m and
6m
Local
Black, Grey
Tubing
Special Fittings
½”- 2”
30 - 150m
Local (t)
Import(r)
Releases a chemical in very
cold weather
Black
Rigid
1 ½” – 15”
1.5m, 3m,
6m
Local
Reddish
Brown, Green
(K), Blue (L),
Red (M),
Yellow
Rigid,
Tubing
(coils)
¼” – 12”
Rigid
3.6, 5.4,
6m
Tubing
40, 60,
100m
Local
Commercial Types:
SV – general use
XV – extra duty
Classifications:
K – for underground
L – general use
M – thinnest
ACR – Air conditioning
G – Gas application
MG – Medical Gas
x
Cast Iron (CIP)
SNEFERU
PIPING MATERIALS
PLASTIC PIPES
x
x
x
METAL PIPES
Caulking or
Hubless
Solder (Sweat),
Brazed (Sweat &
Wiped), Flared
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 6 of 58
Type
Black Iron (BI)
D
Galvanized Steel
Pipe
Galvanized Wrought
Iron Pipe
Brass Pipes
Common Uses
W V CW HW
STEEL PIPES
Colors
Jointing
Diameter
Rigid
Threaded,
Welded, Flanged
3/8” – 12”
6m
Local
Silver Gray
Rigid
1/8” – 4”
6m
Local
Silver Grey
Rigid
3/8” – 4”
6m
Local
Brass
Rigid
Threaded,
Welded, Flanged
Threaded,
Welded, Flanged
Threaded,
Welded, Brazed
3m
Import
F
x
G
x
Black
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Type
Length
*Common Uses Legend: D = Drain ; W = Waste ; V = Vent ; CW = Cold Water ; HW = Hot Water ; F =Fire Suppression ; G = Gas
TYPES OF JOINTING
Solvent Cemented
Heat Fusion
1. Socket Fusion
2. Solder Fusion
3. Sidewall Fusion
Internal Fusion
Caulking (Lead & Oakum
Connection)
Hubless Joint Coupling
Flared Joint (with Flaring Tool
Slip Joint
Rubber Ring Joint
Threaded Joint
Soldering Sweat Joint
Brazed (Sweat & Wiped) Joint
TYPES OF FITTINGS
Tee
1. Straight Tee
2. Reducing Tee
3. Sanitary Tee
4. Tapped Tee
Coupling
Reducer / Increaser
SNEFERU
Adapters
Bushing – threaded both inside and
outside
Wye
Cross
1. Straight Cross
2. Sanitary Cross
Union Patente – uses two end pieces
attached on the pipe ends, and a
center piece drawing the two pieces
together as it is rotated
Flange Union – alternative to welded
and screwed systems
Plug
Cap
Nipple
1. Open/Shoulder Nipple
2. Closed Nipple
Offset Bend
Return Bend
TYPES OF VALVES
Gate Valve
1. Rising Stem-Inside Screw
2. Rising Stem-Outside Stem and
Yoke
3. Non-Rising Stem – Inside
Screw
Globe / Compression Valve
Angle Valve
1. Single
2. Double
3. Triple
Ball Valves
Butterfly Valve
Foot / Retention Valve
Check / Water Backflow Valve
1. Gravity Check Valve (Swing
Check)
2. Spring Check Valve
(Lift Check)
Backwater Valve / Backflow
Preventor (for sewage)
Pressure-Reducing/Regulating Valve
Relief Valve
Avail.
Notes
Also used for water
aqueducts, and chilled
water supply lines
Longer life than BI pipes ;
Commonly used for LPG
More expensive than other
steel pipes
Most expensive steel pipe ;
corrosion resistant
1. Temp. & Pres. Relief Valve
2. Pressure Valve
Thermostatic Valve
Core Cock
1. Corporation Cock
2. Curb Cock
Sensor Valve
Metered Valve
Water Meter
1. Disc
2. Turbine
3. Compound
Faucets
1. Compression
2. Key
3. Ball
4. Hose
5. Gooseneck
6. Electronic
Shower Valve
1. Compression
2. Pressure Balancing
3. Thermostatic
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 7 of 58
Fixture
Water Closet
Materials:
vitrified china,
stainless steel
Trap Seal: 3 inches
Urinal
Materials:
vitrified china,
enameled iron,
stainless steel, built-up
Slop Sink
PLUMBING FIXTURES
SOIL FIXTURES
Description
Types According to Form Round
Elongated
Types According to
Flush Tank
Method of Flushing
Direct Flush Valve
Types According to Flush Integral
Tank Type
Clouse-coupled
Low
High
Types According to
Floor-mount
Mounting
Wall Hung
Recessed / Squat
Types According to
Wash Down / Gravity
Flushing Action
Flush
Reverse Trap
Siphon Jet
Siphon Vortex
Types According to
Wall Hung
Mounting
Stall
Pedestal
Through
Types According to
Direct Flush Valve
Method of Flushing
1. Lever
2. Push
3. Sensor
Waterless
Types According to
Wash Down
Flushing Action
Siphon Jet
Blowout
Used by janitors to clean & leave their mops
Materials: vitrified china, enameled cast iron
SNEFERU
Kitchen Sink
Bar Sink
Scrub Sink
Medical Sink
Laundry Tub
Bidet
Lavatory
Bathtub
Whirlpool Baths
Shower
Receptors /
Shower Pan
Shower
Compartment
Floor Drain
Sitz/Foot Bath
Food Waste
Disposer
Dishwasher
Drinking Fountain
Water Cooler
SCULLERY FIXTURES
Materials: Cast iron enamel, formed steel with porcelain
enamel coating, stainless steel
Configurations:
1. Single, double, or triple well
2. Shallow, or deep well
Shallow version of kitchen sink
Material: Stainless Steel
Never manually operated (by knee/foot or automatic)
35-40cm deep sink with single or double-bowl arrangement
BATHING FIXTURES
Used for genital and perianal cleanliness ; cannot
accommodate solid waste
Types
Wall-hung
According to Pedestal
Mounting:
Counter (Flush, Self-rimming, Under counter)
Above counter / Vessel
Through
Typically holds 50-80 gallons
Integrated with jet pumps
Receptor floor drain shall now be less than 2% slope nor
more than 4% slope
Thresholds shall accommodate a min. 559mm wide door
Materials: Acrylic, glass, fiberglass
Minimum interior area: 0.60 sqm and capable of
encompassing a 762mm diameter circle
Drains for gang shower rooms shall be spaces ≤ 4.90m
Sum of areas of holes of floor strainer shall be equal to the
cross-sectional area of floor drain tailpiece
OTHER FIXTURES
An electric appliance for garbage disposal
Delivers water thru a nozzle at an upward angle
Incorporates electrical cooling into a drinking fountain
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 8 of 58
Source
Rain Water
Collection
From roofs of buildings and special water
sheds ; stored in cisterns or ponds
Natural Surface Water
From ponds, lakes, and rivers
Ground Water
From underground, springs, and wells
Acidity
Problem
SOURCES OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE
Advantages
1. Soft and pure
2. Suitable for hot water supply
1.
2.
Cause
Entrance of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Hardness
Presence of magnesium and calcium salts
Turbidity
Silt or mud in surface or ground
Color
Presence of iron and manganese
Iron
Dissolved Iron
Sulfur
High sulfur concentration, hydrogen sulfide
gas, and iron particles
Pathogenic Germs
Bacteria
Pollution
Contamination by organic matter or sewage
SNEFERU
Easy to acquire; usually in large quantities
Can be used for irrigation and industrial
surfaces
3. Suitable for community water supply
when treated
1. Usually in abundant supply
2. Requires less treatment due to natural
filtering
WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS
Effect
1. Corrosion of non-ferrous pipes
2. Rusting and clogging of steel pipes
3. Green stains on fixtures
1. Clogging and scaling of pipes
2. Impaired laundry and cooking
3. Rough skin after washing
1. Discoloration
2. Bad Taste
3. Discoloration of fixtures and
laundry
1. Red staining of fixtures
2. Pipe clogging due to iron bacteria
1. Bad taste
2. Corrosion of plumbing
3. Stains laundry
1. Disease
2. Poliomyelitis
1. Disease
Disadvantages
1. Only a source during wet season
2. Storage can be a breeding place for
mosquitoes
3. Roofs may not be clean
1. Contains large amounts of bacteria,
organic, and inorganic substances
2. Purification and treatment are necessary
1.
2.
Contains organic matter and chemical
elements; treatment suggested
Hardness of water depends on the
condition of soil and rock
Correction
Raising alkaline content by introduction of a neutralizer
(sodium silicate)
Boiling, use of water softener, use of an iron exchanger
(zeolite process)
Filtration
Oxidizing Filter
Softener
Chlorination
Disinfection
Chlorination
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 9 of 58
METHODS OF WATER PURIFICATION
Aeration – spraying water into the atmosphere to remove entrained noxious gases
Coagulation & Precipitation – addition of coagulants to form a gelatinous mass
Flocculation
Filtration – using layers of sand and gravel to remove finer suspended particles
1. Sediment Filter
2. Activated Carbon Filter
3. Ultra Filtration Membrane Filter
4. Activated Granular Carbon Filter
Sedimentation – “settling process”
1. Intermittent
2. Continuous
Chlorination – injection of hypochlorite or chlorine gas to kill bacteria
Reverse Osmosis – use of a special filter membrane that permits water to pass, but
not larger matters
UV Radiation – killing organisms via UV exposure
Ozone – gas used to kill organisms similar to chlorination
Neutralizing Tank – marble or limestone filtration
Classifications
Methods of
Construction
Methods
of Well
Screening
SNEFERU
WELL SYSTEM
Shallow:
Construction:
< 25 feet
Dug, driven, bored
Deep:
Construction:
> 25 feet
Bored, drilled
Dug Well
3-6 feet in diameter ;
Vulnerable to surface pollution
Driven Well
Pipe with a well point is driven into
the ground with a pile driver ;
Also known as sand point wells
Bored Well
Uses a well auger and casing (4-6”) to
create a well hole
Drilled
Well-drilling rig to create well hole
Jetted
Use of extreme water pressure ;
Used only where ground is soft
1. Non-corrosive brass screens
2. Brass well screens wrapped with rocks and stones
3. Rocks and stones with non-corrosive metal casing
Well Pumps
Shallow Well Jet Pump
Deep Well Jet Pump
Submersible Well Pump
Locating a
Well
1.
2.
3.
Piston Pump
Water is sucked into
a sealed vacuum by a
piston
Centrifugal Pump
Water is drawn into
the pump and
discharged with
centrifugal force
Up to 25 ft
Up to 125 ft
At least 75 ft ; submerged 20 ft from
bottom of the well
At least 50 ft or 15 m away from pollution sources
Ideally on higher ground for gravity distribution
Deeper wells allow for natural filtration
CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS
Positive
Single Action – water is drawn in with
Displacement
only one motion
Pump
Double Action – water is drawn in
with either stroke
Duplex or Twin
Uses two cylinders and two rods. Two
Piston Pump
openings for suction and discharge
allow for a greater flow of water
Single Stage Pump – one impeller and is better for low
head service
Two Stage Pump – two impellers mounted in series for
medium head service
Multi Stage Pump – three or more impellers mounted in
series for high head service
COMMERCIAL TYPES OF PUMPS
Reciprocating Pump
Jet Pump
- piston pump operating at controlled
- centrifugal pump for drawing up
speed ; pulsating discharge
water from a well
Rotary Pump
Turbine Pump
- more efficient for viscous fluids
- centrifugal pump for large
- more discharge, slower suction
applications ; multiple impellers
Jack Pump
Submersible Pump – fully immersible
- exposed lift and push rod to activate a Sump Pump
submerged piston
- used to pump away excess fluid
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 10 of 58
MINIMUM SIZE OF FIXTURE SUPPLY PIPE
Type
Pipe Size (inches)
Drinking Fountain
3/8
Lavatory
3/8
Water Closet (Flush Tank)
3/8
Bathtub
½
Bidet
½
Combination Sink & Tray
½
Dental Lavatory
½
Kitchen Sink
½
Laundry Tray
½
Shower
½
Service Sink
½
Urinal (Lip Type)
½
Wash Sink
½
Fixture Branch Pipe
½
Urinal (Flush Tank)
¾
Urinal (Stall)
¾
Building Supply Pipe
¾
Water Service
¾
Sill Cock
¾
Bedpan Washer
1
Urinal (Pedestal)
1
Water Closet (Flushometer Valve)
1
Pipe Size (mm)
10
10
10
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
19
19
19
19
19
25
25
25
MINIMUM SIZE OF AIRGAPS (WATER DISTRIBUTION)
Fixture
Not Affected by
Affected by
Sidewalls (mm)
Sidewalls (mm)
Lavatories
25
38
(Opening: 13mm dia.)
Sinks, Laundry Trays, Gooseneck Bath
38
57
Faucets
(Opening: 19mm dia.)
Over Rim Bath Fillers
51
76
(Opening: 25mm dia.)
Others
2x dia. of opening 3x dia. of opening
SNEFERU
WSFU OF COMMON FIXTURES
1 Water Supply Fixture Unit (WFSU) = 7.5 gallons of water per minute
Fixture
Private
Public
Dental Lavatory
1
1
Lawn Sprinkler
1
1
Drinking Fountain
1
2
Bar Sink
1
2
Lavatory
1
2
Bathtub
2
4
Bidet
2
4
Laundry Tub
2
4
Clothes Washer
2
4
Shower
2
4
Sink or Dishwasher
2
4
Water Closet (Economical)
2.5
4
Hose Bibb or Sill Cock
3
5
Water Closet (Flush Tank)
3
5
Water Closet (Flushometer Tank)
3
5
Mobile Home
6
6
Urinal (Flush Tank)
3
Urinal (Stall/Wall)
5
Urinal (Pedestal
10
PROBABILITY OF SIMULTANEOUS USE OF FIXTURES
Number of Fixture Units
Probability of Simultaneous Use
1 to 5
50 – 100%
6 to 50
25 – 50%
50 or more
10 - 25
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 11 of 58
Type
Upfeed / Direct Feed System
Water is provided by city water companies using normal
pressure from the public water main.
Air Pressure System (Pneumatic)
Compressed air is used to raise and push water into the
system. Normally used when pressure from public water
main is insufficient for the building.
Downfeed System (Gravity)
Water is pumped into a large tank on top of the building
and distributed to the fixture via gravity,
METHODS OF WATER HEATING
Electric
Gas-Fired or Fuel-Fired
Solar / Solar Tubes
TYPES OF HOT WATER TANKS
Range Boiler
Storage Tank
Tankless or Instantaneous
1. Single Point
2. Multi-Point
HOT WATER DIST. SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS
Upfeed and Gravity Return System
Downfeed and Gravity Return System
Pump Circuit System
SNEFERU
COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS WITHIN BUILDINGS
Advantage
1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps & tanks
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
Compact pumping unit
Sanitary due to air tight water chamber
Oxygen in the compressed air serves as a purifying
agent
Less initial construction & maintenance cost
Adaptable air pressure
Water is not affected by peak load hours
Not affected by power interruptions
Time needed to replace broken parts does not affect
water supply
PARTS OF SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Part
Description
Building
Extends from building drain to the
Sewer
street sewer.
Min dia.: 150mm or 6”
Building
Part of the lowest horizontal
Drain
piping of a plumbing system
Soil Pipe
Conveys waste water with fecal
matter
Waste Pipe
Conveys liquid waste, free of fecal
matter
Vent Pipe
Ensures the circulation of air in a
plumbing system and relieves
negative pressure on trap seals
Stack
Vertical main of the plumbing
systems (soil, waste, vent)
Branch
Any part of the piping system
other than a main, riser, or stack
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Disadvantage
Pressure from water main is inadequate for tall
buildings
Water supply is affected during peak load hours
Water supply is affected by loss of pressure inside
the tank in case of power interruption
Maximum zoning for each system is 10 floors
Water is subject to contamination
High maintenance cost
Occupies valuable space
Requires stronger foundation or another structure
to carry the load of the water tank
INSTALLATION OF BUILDING SEWER
Minimum Slope
2%
Minimum Slope
1% if 4-6” dia.
(if 2% is impractical)
0.5% if ≥ 8” dia.
Minimum Distance from
0.6 meters
Any Building/Structure
Minimum Distance Below
0.3 meters
Finish Surface
Minimum Distance from
15.2 meters
Wells & Bodies of Water
Minimum Distance from
0.3 meters
Domestic Supply Pipes
Minimum Distance from
0.3 meters
Public Water Main
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 12 of 58
VENTING SYSTEM
Main Soil and Waste Vent
• Also: STACK VENT
• Connected to the main soil and
waste stack
• Backbone of the entire sanitary
system
Main Vent
• Also: COLLECTING VENT LINE
• Principal artery of the venting
system
• Serves as support to the main soil
and waste vent
• All vent branches are attached to it
Unit or Common Vent
• Also: DUAL VENT
• One vent pipe serving two traps
Circuit Vent
• Also: LOOP VENT
• Vent serving a battery of fixtures
• Extends from furthest horizontal
fixture connection and connects to
vent stack
Relief Vent
• Pipe that provides additional
circulation of air between
drainage and vent system
Looped Vent
• Also: UTILITY VENT
• A vent arrangement used in spaces
away from partitions (e.g. island
sink counters)
Yoke Vent
• Also: BYPASS VENT
• A type of relief vent
• A pipe connecting upward from a
soil/waste stack to a vent stack
• Prevents pressure changes in the
stack
• Installed every at 3 to 5 storey
intervals
Individual Vent
• Pipe to vent a fixture trap
• Connects with the vent system
above the fixture or terminates to
open air
• 1 fixture : 1 vent
• Most efficient, but expensive
SNEFERU
Wet Vent
• Point of a vent pipe where waste
water also flows thru
Local Vent
• Pipe to convey foul air from a
plumbing fixture or room to the
outside
Commonly used in bathrooms
without windows
Dry Vent
• A vent that does not carry liquid
waste
Vent Stack
• Vertical vent pipe installed
primarily for providing
circulation of air to and from any
part of the soil/waste of the
drainage system
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 13 of 58
INSTALLATION OF VENTS
Minimum Diameter
32mm or not less than ½
of connected drain dia.
Min. Rise from Fixture 6” or 152 mm
Min. Height of VSTR
150 mm
Above the Roof
Min. Distance of VSTR 300 mm
from any Vertical
Surface Nearby
Min. Distance of VSTR 3000 mm
from an Opening
Min. Height of VSTR
900 mm
Above an Opening
Min. Distance from
900 mm
Any Lot Line
Min. Distance of VSTR 3000 mm
from Area of Roof for
Human Activity
Min. Height of VSTR
2100 mm
from Area of Roof for
Human Activity
TRAPS AND INTERCEPTORS
Common P-Trap
Deep Seal P-Trap
Stand Strap
For fixtures that are built low in thr ground (e.g.
slop sink) ; serves as a water seal and structural
support for the fixture
Drum Trap
Used for fixtures that discharge large amounts of
water (e.g. bathtub, shower)
Running Trap / House Trap
Used within the line of a house drain
S-Trap
Predecessor of the P-Trap
Bottle Trap
SNEFERU
MINIMUM TRAP DIAMETER OF FIXTURES
Fixture
Diameter (mm)
Drinking Fountain
31
Dental Units
32
Bathtub
36
Bidet
36
Laundry Tub
36
Floor Sinks
36
Sink (Residential)
36
Sink (Commercial)
36
Sink (Industrial, Schools)
36
Urinal (Wash Out)
36
Wash Basin (In Sets)
36
Clothes Washer
51
Floor Drains
51
Receptors (Commercial)
51
Shower
51
Sink (Service)
51
Urinal (Stall, Wall-mounted,
51
Integral Trap, Siphon jet)
Interceptor (Sand, Auto Wash)
75
Mobile Home
75
Sink (Clinic, Flushing Rim)
75
Urinal (Blowout)
75
Urinal (Pedestal)
75
Water Closets
75
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE OF TRAP ARMS
Trap Arm Diameter
Distance to Vent
32 mm
760 mm
38 mm
1070 mm
51 mm
1520 mm
76 mm
1830 mm
102 mm
3050 mm
DFU OF COMMON FIXTURES
1 Drainage Fixture Unit (DFU) = 7.5 gal/min
Fixture
DFU
Dental Units / Cuspidors
1
Drinking Fountain
1
Floor Sinks (Receptors)
1
Sink (Private Bar, 38 mm dia.)
1
Wash Basin (Single)
1
Bathtub
2
Bidet
2
Floor Drain
2
Laundry Tub
2
Shower Stall (Single)
2
Sink (Residential, 51 mm dia.)
2
Sink (Commercial Bar, 51 mm dia.)
2
Urinal (Stall)
2
Urinal (Washout & Siphon Jet)
2
Wash Basin (In set)
2
Grease Interceptor
3
Receptor (Commercial Sink)
3
Sink (Commercial, Industrial, Service)
3
Urinal (Wall, Integral Trap)
3
Water Closet (Private)
4
Sand Interceptor
6
Sink (Flushing Rim, Clinic)
6
Urinal (Pedestal)
6
Urinal (Wall, Blow-out)
6
Water Closet (Public)
6
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 14 of 58
Defect
Trap Seal Loss
SANITARY SYSTEM DEFECTS
Retardation of Flow
Deterioration of Materials
Types According to Mounting
Types According to Material
Types According to Form
Requirements / Regulations:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cause
Inadequate ventilation and the ff. conditions:
1. Siphonage – creates a vacuum that
breaks the trap seal
2. Back Pressure – excessive pressure causes
trap seal to look for an opening
3. Evaporation
4. Capillary Action
5. Wind Effects
Inefficient ventilation
Acids created by excessive Hydrogen
CLEAN OUTS
Floor Mount
Wall Mount
Ceiling Mount
Plastic
Cast Iron
Galvanized Steel
Brass
Plug
Countersunk
Plain
At every upper terminal of every horizontal sewer/waste line
Each run of piping more than 15m and every fraction thereof
On a horizontal line with an aggregate offset angle ≥ 135°
Inside the building near the connection between building drain and
building sewer, or
Outside the building at the lower end of the building drain and extended
to grade
Not required on horizontal drain > 1.5m in length except when serving
sinks or urinals
SNEFERU
Size of Pipe (mm)
38
51
64
76
>102
SIZES OF CLEAN OUTS
Size of Clean Out (mm)
38
38
64
64
89
Threads per 25.4mm
11 ½
11 ½
8
8
8
HOUSE DRAIN ACCESSORIES
Garage Trap / Oil Trap / Oil Interceptor
• Also: GARBAGE CATCH BASIN
• Trap filled with water and located at the lowest point of a garage
• Collects and separates all wastes (e.g. grease, gas, oil, etc.)
Grease Traps
• Used for fixtures where grease may be introduced into the drainage or sewer
system
• For establishments like restaurants, cafeteria, etc.
• Separation of grease from liquid by contact with colder temperature
• Water seal of not less than 2” in depth or the diameter of its outlet
• No food waste disposal unit shall discharge into a grease trap
• Types: Earth-Cooled Grease Trap, Mechanical Grease Trap
PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
Septic Tank / Septic Vault
Cesspool
• An underground holding tank for temporary collection of sewage
• Capacity: based on quantity of liquid waste and on porosity of soil
• Min. Compressive Strength: 17,225 kPa
Seepage Pit
• Circular pit where effluent from a septic tank is collected for gradual seepage
into the ground
• Min. Diameter: 2.2 meters
Absorption Field / Disposal Field
• System of absorption trenches where effluent from a septic tank may seep
into the surrounding soil
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 15 of 58
SEPTIC TANK DESIGN
Septic Tank – Watertight receptacle designed to receive the discharge of sewage
from a building sewer, separate solids from the liquid, and digest organic matter
Common Materials
Reinforced Concrete
Concrete Masonry
Prefabricated Cast Iron
Prefabricated Fiber Glass
High Density Polyethylene
Structure Strength
Earth Load not less than 14.4 kPa
Number of Compartments
≥ 3 compartments
Chambers
Digestion Chamber
• Min. Bottom Slope: 1:10
Leaching Chamber
Manholes
Minimum: 2 manholes
Min. Dimension: 508mm
Inlet & Outlet Pipe Size
Not less than diameter of sewer pipe
Location
Not underneath the house
At least 15m from water distribution
MINIMUM HORIZONTAL DISTANCE FROM SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
Building
Septic Tank
Disposal
Cesspool
Sewer (m)
(m)
Field (m)
(m)
Buildings or Structures
0.6
1.5
2.4
2.4
Property Line
**
1.5
1.5
2.4
Water Supply Well
15.2
15.2
30.5
45.7
Streams
15.2
15.2
15.2
30.5
Trees
3
3
Seepage Pit / Cesspool
1.5
1.2
1.5
On-site Water Line
0.3
1.5
1.5
1.5
Public Water Main
3
3
3
3
SNEFERU
Classifications
Types
Materials
STREET SEWERS
Combination Public Sewer (obsolete)
Storm Sewer
• Carries only rainwater from storm drain or streets
• Terminates at natural drainage areas (e.g. lakes)
• Manhole: 0.6 – 1.2m diameter, 2 – 3m depth
Sanitary Sewer
• Carries regular sanitary wastes only
• Terminates in sewage disposal plants
Tributary Sewer
• Termination points of individual structures
• Diameter: 0.6 – 1.2 meters
Intercepting Sewer
• Also: COLLECTING SEWER
• Termination points of tributary sewer
• Diameter: 0.6 – 3.0 meters
• Depth: 4 – 30 meters
Reinforced / Non-reinforced Concrete Pipe
Cast Iron
Reinforced Concrete (box culvert)
TYPES OF COMMUNITY SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (STP)
Activated Sludge
• First Phase: removes heavy materials
Process
• Second Phase: clarifies effluent
• Third Phase hardens sludge and converts it to fertilizer
• Water Purity: 99 - 99.5%
Trickling Filter
• Also: Percolating or Sprinkling Filter System
Process
• Requires less mechanical elements
• Requires large ground area
• Water Purity: 95%
Combination
• Uses several chambers and a trickling filter tank
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 16 of 58
COMPONENTS OF STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Downspouts,
• Sizes based on max. depth of rainfall per hour
Conductor Pipes,
(102mm/hour for Metro Manila)
Gutters
• Downspouts of high-rise structures must also resist
hydrostatic pressure
Roof Drains
• Equipped with dome-type strainers extending 102mm
above the surface of the roof
• Minimum net total area of 1 ½ of the area of the
connected outlet pipe
• Roof deck strainers shall have a total net inlet area not
less than twice the area of the connected outlet pipe
Catch Basin
• Termination point of downspouts ; can serve multiple
• Made of concrete masonry and connected via the
storm line
Area Drain
• Designed to collect surface water from an open area
• Trench drain: long span drain
MAJOR SYSTEMS OF COLLECTING STORM WATER
Independent
• Also: SEPARATE SYSTEM
System
• Brings collected water directly to water reservoirs
Combined System
• Combines storm water with sanitary wastes
Natural System
• Does not use roof gutters or downspouts
• Rainwater can be collected in cisterns
Type
Dry Standpipe
System
SNEFERU
STANDPIPE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
Description
Standpipe connected to the exterior of the building for use
of fire department
Max. Height: 1220 mm
Min. Diameter: 110 mm if < 23m from Fire Department
153 mm if > 23m from Fire Department
Types:
1. With Automatic Dry Pipe Valve
2. With Manual Control Valve
3. Without Permanent Water Supply (most common)
Wet Standpipe
System
Wet Standpipe
with Siamese
Connection
Combination SP
Types of Sprinkler
Systems
Types of Sprinkler
Heads
Max. Spacing of
Sprinkler Heads
Coverage of One
Sprinkler Head
Clean Agent Gas
Carbon Dioxide
Foam
Connected directly to the main water line and connects to
all levels of a building
All parts of a building to be 6.00m of a nozzle attached to a
23-meter long hose
Usable by building occupants, unlike the dry standpipe that
is for the fire department
A Siamese connection is located outside the building for
additional water supply
Min. Diameter: 51mm if < 15m from Fire Service Connection
64mm if > 15m from Fire Service Connection
Min. Diameter: 150mm
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM
Automatic Wet – lines are constantly filled with water
Automatic Dry – valves and sensors act as a trigger to fill the
lines with water at the hint of fire
Upright – used above piping when piping is exposed
– safer against damage
Pendent – used when piping Is concealed
Side Throw / Side Wall
From Branch: 15 feet / 4.5 m
Between Heads: 4 – 10 feet / 1.2 – 3.0 m
From Wall: 4 inches / 100mm
Light Hazard Occupancy: 20 sqm.
Extra Hazard Occupancy: 10 sqm
ALTERNATIVE FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM
• Discharges inert gas (Halon) onto combusting materials
• Alternatives to Halon: FM-200, FE-13, Inergen
• CO2 displaces oxygen from the fire
• Cannot be used when humans are present
• High volume of gas-filled bubbles rapidly fills space
• Bubbles float on the surface of burning liquids
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 17 of 58
TYPES OF LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) SERVICE INSTALLATION
Type
Description
Cylinder
Where gas is stored
Pigtail
Where high pressure vapor flows thru when the cylinder
valve is opened
Regulator
Reduces pressure of gas to the proper operating gas
pressure of the appliance
Pressure
Regulators and
Other Service
Equipment
Gas Piping and
Shut-off Valves
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Location of
Appliance
•
•
Testing for Leaks
•
•
•
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR INSTALLATION OF GAS SYSTEMS
Criteria
Precaution
Location of
• Install outdoors or in a section of a building with good
Cylinder
floor and ceiling level ventilation
• There should be no combustible materials within 19 ft
or 5.7 m of a cylinder
• Install on firm, dry, and level foundation
• Do not place on ground level
• Maintain at least a 3 ft or 0.9m distance from drains,
culverts, or entrances
• Use in an upright position
• Do not place close to steam pipes or any source of heat
• When cylinders are being connected/disconnected,
there should be no open flame or similar in the area
SNEFERU
Type
Hydrostatic Water
Test
Building Sewer
Test / Gravity Test
Air Pressure Test
Equipment connected to the cylinder (e.g. pigtails,
valves, etc.) should be rigidly supported
The vent in the regulator should be facing downward to
prevent entry of rain
All safety valve outlets should be vented to the open air
Piping should be adequately supported to the wall
Piping should be beyond the reach of people passing by
No joints should be allowed at points where the pipe
passes thru floors walls, partitions
Piping should not be run in elevator shafts, ventilation
ducts, chimneys, or flues
Use the correct terminal fitting
Suitable gas line shut-off valve should be fitted for every
appliance
Both ends of connection to portable devices should be
securely attached by clips
Appliances should have sufficient ventilation
Location should allow for the easy repair and
adjustment of appliance burners and parts
Ensure that the system is gas tight
Sources of ignition should not be used to check for gas
leakage ; use a soap solution
Defective pipes and fittings should be replaced
TYPES OF SYSTEM TESTS
Description
Test for water supply by closing all outlets with a test plug
and filling the system with water from the main to locate
leaks and potential problems.
Plugging the end of the building sewer at points of
connection with the public sewer or private waste disposal
system to conduct air or water tests. Should be at least 15
minutes long, 1 hour is recommended.
Piping system is filled with compressed air, and bubbling
soap suds are used in locating escaping air.
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 18 of 58
>>> HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC)
REFRIGERANTS
• Picks up heat by evaporating at low temperature and pressure
• Gives up heat by condensing at high temperature and pressure
Common Refrigerants
Hydrochloroflourocarbon (HCFC)
• HCFC 22
• HCFC 123
Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)
• HFC 134a
Obsolete Refrigerants
Dichlorofluoromethane – Freon 12
Trichlorofluoromethane – Freon 11
Chloroflourocarbon – CFC 12
AIR CONDITIONING STANDARDS
Temperature: 76 - 80°F or 20 - 24°C
Humidity: 50%
Winter Cooling (Heating)
Temperature: 70 - 75°F
Air Motion
15 – 25 ft/min at 36” about the floor
Air Supply (Smoking Room)
25 – 40 cu.ft/min/person
Air Supply (Non-smoking Room)
5 – 7.5 cu.ft/min/person
Summer Cooling
Type
Direct Expansion
Individual
(Window-Type)
Packaged
Terminal
Split
Multi-Split
SNEFERU
UNITS OF COOLING CAPACITY
1 Ton of Refrigerant (TR) = 12,000 British Thermal Units (BTU) = 1.5 Horsepower
Evaporator
Condenser
COMPONENTS OF AIR-CONDITIONING
Component
Types
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Direct Expansion Coils
Air-cooled (for unit & packaged types)
Water-cooled
• Double-piped
• Shell & Tube
• Evaporative
Compressor
Piston-type / Reciprocating
Centrifugal
Screw-Type
Expansion Valve
Refrigeration Cycle
Expansion Valve > Evaporator > Compressor > Condenser
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
Description
Installed thru walls or windows and exposed to the outside air
Min. Distance from Bottom of Unit to Floor: 2.13 m
Min. Distance from Bottom of Drain to Floor: 2.10 m
Self-contained unit with integral compressor, condenser, and evaporator
An air conditioning condensing unit (ACCU) and a fan coil unit (FCU) connected by two copper pipes/tubings
• Small diameter pipe: Liquid line
• Large diameter pipe: Insulated gas line
Condensing Unit (Outdoor): Compressor, Condensing Coil, Expansion Valve
Fan Coil Unit (Indoor): Evaporator
A large central ACCU connected to several FCUs
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 19 of 58
Central Chilled Water
Cool Thermal Storage
Uses a central chill to cool water. Chilled water is then used by air handling units (AHU) and FCU to cool air
Air Handling Unit – used to condition and circulate air
Cooling Tower – expels heat from chilled water system
Common Components Chiller – produces chilled water that is used to remove heat from the building
– located indoors if system uses a cooling tower, outside if without
Ducting
Other Components
Pre-cooled Air Handling Unit
Fresh Air Handling Unit
Energy Recovery Ventilation
Pumps and Controls
Produces and stores chilled water or generates a phase change in water
Stores the ice during low cooling demand periods then used during peak demand periods
AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Constant Air Volume (CAV) – steady airflow, varying temperature
Variable Air Volume (VAV) – varying airflow, constant temperature
DISTRIBUTION COMPONENTS
Duct
Section
Round, Oval, Rectangular
Allowable Air Conveyed
Material
Ducting Material
S
R
E
F
P
x
x
x
x
x
Rigid Aluminum (ga. 23-26)
Legend:
x
x
x
S – Supply
Rigid Steel (ga. 26-30)
R – Return
x
Rigid uPVC, PP, or ABS
E – Exhaust
x
x
x
Fiberglass Composite
F – Fresh
x
x
x
Fabric
Duct
(polyester)
P - Pressurized
x
x
x
x
Flexible Duct
Designation Supply, Return, Exhaust, Fresh, Pressurized, Mixed
Installation
Fiberglass, Polystyrene, Polyethylene
Air Outlets
Types
Louvered, Vaned, Grille, Diffuser, Side Throw
Chilled Water Supply and Return
Cold Water Supply and Return
CONTROL COMPONENTS
Volume
Type by
Single-blade
Control
Blades
Multi-blade (can be opposed or parallel)
Damper
SNEFERU
Type by
Operation
Fans
Motors
Control
Equipment
Manual Damper – typically set during air balancing
during initial startup of the system
Automatic Damper – responds to temperature or
pressure changes, or remotely controlled
• Backdraft Dampers
• Smoke Dampers
• Fire Dampers
• Combination Smoke and Fire Dampers
Axial
Discharges air in the same axial direction
Types:
• Propeller – moves high volume of air
against low or no static pressure
• Vaned Axial – most commonly used due to
little change in airflow
• Tube Axial – propelled encased in a duct
Centrifugal
Air makes a 90° angle turn from inlet to outlet
Electric motors known as drives
Common Names:
• Variable Frequency Drive
• Variable Frequency Inverter
• Variable State Drive
Sensing
Humidistat, Thermostat, Pressure Regulator
Actuating
Damper, Control Valves, Relays
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 20 of 58
AIR CLEANING COMPONENTS
Viscous Filter
Eliminator Plates
Panel (Flat) Filter
High-efficiency Particulate Arresting Filter
Sound-attenuating Filter
COOLING AND HEATING COMPONENTS
Cooling
Water Sprays
Cooling Coils
Heating
Tempering Coils – contains steam and is used for heating the air
Water Heaters – heated water is used in spray chamber that adds
heat and humidity in the air
Dry Filter
Water Spray
Mechanical Filter
TYPES OF HEATING TYPES OF HEATING SYSTEMS YSTEMS
Type
Medium
Device
Air Handling
Distribution
Mechanical
Air
Furnace
Ducts
Registers
Warm Air
Steam
Steam
Boiler
Pipes
Radiators
Heating
Hot Water
Water
Water Heater Pipes
Radiators
Radiant
Water
Water Heater Pipes
Ceiling/Floor
Panel
Air
Furnace
Ducts
Ceiling
Electricity
Electric
Wires
Ceiling
Heater
Pipe Color
Red
Orange
SNEFERU
Yellow
Green
Gasoline
Grease
Tar
Oil and Water (for Hydraulic Systems)
Acid
Ammonia
High Pressure Air
High Pressure Steam
Low Pressure Steam
Boiler Feed Water
Hot Water
High Pressure Water (excl. Fire Use)
Low Pressure Helium
Low Pressure Nitrogen
Low Pressure Argon
Low Pressure Air
Cold Water
Distilled Water
Low Pressure Water (excl. Fire Use)
Treated Water
Oil and Water (for Hydraulics Systems)
PIPING COLOR CODING (NEW BLDG. CODE)
Identification
Carbon Dioxide
Fire Service Water
Acetylene
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Blast Furnace Gas
Low Pressure Gas
Producer Gas
High Vacuum
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 21 of 58
>>> ACOUSTIC DESIGN
Frequency
(f)
Wavelength
(λ)
Speed
(C)
Intensity
Frequency
Intensity
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES OF SOUND
Measure of tone/pitch
Number of cycles (sound crest) in one
second in a sound wave
Distance between wave crests
Low frequency: Farther waves
High frequency: Closer waves
Speed of sound in air is 344m/s (1130 ft/s)
Greater in solids than in gases or liquids
Amount of sound power over a unit area
C = fλ
C
W/m2
SOUND TO THE HUMAN EAR
Infrasonic sounds ( < 20Hz)
Not heard; perceived as vibrations
Ultrasonic sounds ( > 20kHz)
Not heard by humans but by animals
Threshold of audibility
10-12 w/m2
Threshold of pain
1012 w/m2
Sound
Transmission
Class
Transmission Loss
Noise Isolation Class
SOUND RATINGS
Number rating system that rates the ability of a wall or other
construction to block transmission
Varies per Hz (frequency)
The higher, the better
For example: An 80dB sound passing through a door with an
STC of 39 will become 41 dB
Decibels stopped by a structure/material at a given frequency
Number rating that measures noise reduction between 2 areas
SOUND TRANSMISSION
Factors Affecting Sound Transmission Intensity
Material density
Kind of medium
Factors Affecting Transmission
Thickness of wall
Between Rooms
Material of wall
Area of wall
SNEFERU
Hertz (cycles/second)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
HIERARCHY OF MATERIALS PREVENTING SOUND TRANSMISSION
12” Double brick wall (best)
9” Brick wall
Cavity wall
7” Concrete wall
Trombe Wall
Double Glazed Glass
Laminated Glass
Tempered Glass
Float Glass (poor)
SOUND ABSORPTION
Measure of sound absorbing quality of a surface
Ranges from 0 to 1
0 - Totally Reflective
1 - Totally absorptive
All materials have different coefficients that vary on frequencies
< 0.20 is a good reflector
> 0.75 is a good absorber
Noise Reduction
The average Absorption Coefficient of materials on mid-range
Coefficient
frequencies/across frequencies (250, 500, 1000 and 2000)
Used to measure the ability of a material to absorb sound
Thickness x Density = kg/m2 (the thicker, the better)
Two materials with the same NRC may perform differently
There is always at least an insignificant amount by any reflecting material,
or reflected by any absorbent one
Absorption
Coefficient
Hard Room
Soft Room
Live Room
Dead Room
Anechoic Chamber
TYPES OF ACOUSTIC ROOMS
More reflective, less sound absorptive
More absorptive, less sound reflective
A room with an unusually small amount of sound absorption
A room with an unusually large amount of sound absorption
A room in which all surfaces are designed to completely absorb
all sounds produced in a room
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 22 of 58
Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction
Diffusion
Focusing
Absorption
Reinforced Sound
Diffused Sound
MOVEMENT OF SOUND
Return of sound
Change in direction
Bending around edges
Scattered reflection
Reflection on concave surfaces
Dissipating sound
Natural amplification of sound being heard from various
reflections and directly from a source
Sounds reflected from a convex or flat surface, and remains
fairly constant throughout a space
PRINCIPAL ACOUSTICAL DEFECTS DUE TO REFLECTION
When a reflected sound wave reaches an ear in LESS than 0.1s after
the original direct sound
Made up of successive reflections close together in an enclosed
space after original sound has ceased
Persistence of sound that causes blurring or reduced quality
Reverberation time Volume of room
is influenced by
Sound absorbing qualities of a room’s surface
Number of people and furniture
Resonance
Sound is intensified and prolonged by sympathetic vibrations
Especially in enclosed rooms with highly reflective surfaces
Echo
Distinct, reflection of a direct sound with a delay of MORE than 0.1s
Can be avoided by
Planning of a room’s geometry
Selective use of absorptive materials
Flutter Echo
Rapid succession of echoes with sufficient time between reflections
for listeners to be aware of separate, distinct signals
Between 2 reflective surfaces
Buzzing or clicking sound
Undue Focusing
Reflected sound in a concave surface converges at a single point
of Sound / Creep Sound is less loud elsewhere
Reverberation
SNEFERU
Decoupling
Absorption
Mass
Damping
Tiles
Panels
Boards
Spray-on
Planning
Rooms
Materials
ELEMENTS OF SOUNDPROOFING
Separate assembly
Low density, less compaction
The heavier, the better
Use of soundproofing compound
PRE FABRICATED ACOUSTIC UNITS
Regular Perforated Tile
Fissured Tile
Random Perforated Tile
Textured and Patterned Tile
Membrane Faced/Ceramic Tile Materials
Slotted Tile
Fissured Panel
Textured and Patterned Panel
Slotted Panel
Shredded Wood Form Board
Glass Fiber Blankets and Boards
Smooth Spray on Material (Cellulose Fiber)
Rough Spray On Material
DESIGN STRATEGIES
Sound energy lessens in intensity as it disperses over a wide area
Use of tree buffers (20m distance)
Building configuration with a central court or U shaped buildings can
create an echo chamber
Locating physical mass or maximizing irregularities of terrain can block
noise from a busy highway and building
Heavy walls of concrete and masonry can block noise along sight lines
between quiet and noisy spaces if they are high enough
Shape affects the geometry of paths of reflected sound & can alter quality
Thickness does not increase absorbency except at very low frequencies
Most materials are better at absorbing high frequencies
A material’s capacity to absorb depends on density, thickness, porosity,
and resistance to airflow
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 23 of 58
Brick
Concrete
CMU
Stone
Wood
Paint
Resilient
Floors
Glass
Air Spaces
Batts /
Blankets
SNEFERU
MATERIALS IN ACOUSTICS
Attenuates sound when wall is made of 2 unconnected tiers
Absorb little sound
Reflect sound at all frequencies
One of the best for attenuating sound
Absorbs almost no sound
Can transmit impact sounds
Aerated Concrete absorbs sound fairly
Effective when hollow cores are filled with mortar
Attenuates sound when wall is made of 2 unconnected tiers
Thick, well-sealed stone
Attenuates sound very well
Marble and granite
Reflective but can produce impact sound
slabs/tiles
Porous stones
Less reflective
Plywood
Ineffective for attenuating sound
Thin plywood adhered on Effectively absorbs low frequencies
solid walls by using studs
Reflective in all frequencies
Thin wood boards and
Not much better than a basic wall
panels attached to studs
Thick panels
Effective if attached directly to a
wall/floor without airspace
Painted concrete/plaster absorbs < 5% of sound striking it
Decreases absorption
Reflect sound but cushion impact sound
If backed by foam can increase sound attenuation
Reduce vibration and increase sound isolation
Attenuates sound effectively
Double glazing & some laminated glass have better sound attenuation
High end spaces for insulating sounds (double glazed)
Layer of air between an absorptive material and rigid surface works
almost well in mid-range frequencies
Deep air space in the ceiling for best low-frequency absorption
Fibrous batts/blankets improve attenuation when used between 2
faces of a partition in a stud space or above suspended ceiling
Ability to absorb sound is limited when wall is tied rigidly together
with wood studs
Improve transmission loss significantly with metal studs
Should never completely fill a cavity
Polyurethane
Foam
Tiles
Absorbs sound reducing reflections
Acoustical TIles
Suspended tiles
Suspended Tiles with Foil
Backing
Metal
Baffles
Fabrics
Carpets
Acoustical
Canopies
Sealants
Bonded
Acoustical
Panel
Perforated metal pans
backed by fibrous batts
Perforated metal panels
on metal brackets, backed
with acoustical fill
Suspended acoustical
baffles (fiberglass)
Draperies
Light curtains
Fabrics attached directly
to hard surfaces
Deep, porous upholstery
Excellent sound absorbers especially
when thick
Absorb more frequencies than glued on
tiles
Can help in sound attenuation when
partitions are constructed just above the
ceiling
Effectively absorb sound
Offers economical sound absorbing, fire
resistance and better maintenance
Designed to upgrade existing spaces
with high ceilings for better sound
absorption
Absorb sound if heavy (wide spaces)
Better sound reduction than blinds
Does not absorb sound
Absorbs most sounds from mid-range
frequencies and up
Only floor finish that absorbs sound in mid to high frequencies
Absorption is proportional to pile height and density
Installed on walls where drapery is not feasible
Do not reduce passage of sound from room to room but are effective
in impact sound reduction
Wall panels are impractical but should be provided with enclosed air
space behind to increase absorption
Reduce floor sound reverberation
Music halls, movie and performance theatres
Used for low ceilings
Weatherstripping reduces with noise
Cuts transmission of outdoor noises into the building
Absorbs sound reducing reflections
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 24 of 58
Types by
Use
Feature
Types
Parts
Feature
Types
Parts
SNEFERU
ELEVATORS
Passenger Elevator
Freight Elevators
Dumbwaiter
Manlift
HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS
Used for low-rise applications, 2 – 8 stories
Maximum Travel Speed: 200 ft/min
Low initial and maintenance cost
Hydraulic fluid can leak and be an environmental hazard
Oil Hydraulic Elevator
Roped Hydraulic Elevator
Telescopic Elevator
Hole-less Hydraulic Elevator
Hydraulic Jack – cylinder and plunger
Pump – increases the pressure in the hydraulic fluid
Control Valve – controls the pressure in the jack
Tank – fluid reservoir
ELECTRIC / TRACTION ELEVATORS
Used for medium to high-rise applications
Higher travel speeds compared to hydraulic elevators
Geared Traction
• Has a gearbox attached to the motor
• Used to low/med speed passenger and freight elevators
• Speed: up to 1000 ft/min
• Travel Distance: up to 250 ft / 18 storeys and below
Gearless Traction
• Uses high speed, low torque electric motors
• Used for medium to high speed elevators
• Speed: 2000 ft/min
• Travel Distance: up to 2000 ft (approx.) / 18+ storeys
Shaft/Hoistway
• Min. Size: 1.5m x 1.8m
Hoisting Ropes/Cables
• Minimum: 3 – 8 cables
Minimum Diameter: 30mm
Compensation Weight and Chain – used for emergencies
Counterweight
Guide Rails
Elevator Car
Machine Room – contains the motor-generator set, control board,
and control equipment
Elevator Machine
Controls
Governor – controls elevator speed
Car Frame
Elevator Pit
Lantern – light that signals the approach of the elevator
Annunciator – indication of the floor landings
Call Button
Door Interlock – prevents operation unless the hoistway door is
closed or locked
Door Contact – prevents operation unless the elevator car door
or gate is fully closed
Main Brake
Safety Switch – stops the elevator car
Electric Final Limit Switches – de-energizes the motor and sets
the main brake when a car over-travels
Oil/Spring Buffer – energy absorber at the bottom of a hoistway
Safety Devices
>>> TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS OF ELEVATOR CONTROL
Single Automatic Push Button Control
• Handles only one call at a time ; uninterrupted trip each call
Collective Control
• Collects all waiting up calls when going up, and similarly if going down
• Car remains at the floor of its last stop while waiting for a call
Electronic Group Supervisory Dispatching and Control
• Control system for an entire group of cars
• During peak hours, all cars are in operation, and progressively shut down
as number of passengers decreases
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 25 of 58
Travel Distance:
Hoistway
Car Size
Max. Capacity
DUMBWAITER
3 storeys or 4 ft
3 ft x 3 ft
2 ft x 2 ft x 6 ft
227 kilograms
Typical Applications
Typical Specifications
Types of Installation
Specs.
Design
Capacity
Parts
SNEFERU
MOVING WALKS AND RAMPS
Exhibit halls, airport terminals
Width:
27” and 36”
Speeds:
120 fpm and 180 fpm
Horizontal or Level
Bi-level
Overpass Installation
Underpass Installation
ESCALATORS
Typical Widths
24” , 32” , 48”
Min. / Max. Width
558mm / 1200mm
Max. Inclination
30°
Typical Speeds
90 fpm, 100 fpm, 120 fpm
Max. Speed
38 mpm
Small (24”)
• One passenger only
Medium (32”)
• One passenger and one package
Large (48”)
• Two passengers
• Used for metro transit, airport, and large retail
Truss – structural support of the escalator
Tracks – steel angles on the truss that guides the step rollers
Sprocket Assemblies, and Driving Machine – provides motive power
Controller
Steps – made of die-cast aluminum or steel
Handrail
Balustrade –skirt panels, interior panels, and the handrail
OTHER CONVEYING SYSTEMS
Conveyor Belt
Lift
• Stair Lift – used for raising or lowering a person along a stairway
• Wheelchair Lift – used to raise a wheelchair and its occupant
• Platform Lift – for access to deck, stages, and other elevated surfaces
• Car Lift - used where ramps are not feasible
Chutes
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 26 of 58
>>> COMMUNICATION AND SIGNAL SYSTEMS
Component
Detector
Manual Pull
Station
Alarm Systems
SNEFERU
FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM
Description
Temperature Detector
• Fixed Temperature Unit – triggers when a pre-set
temperature is reached
• Rate of Rise Unit – activates when the rate of
ambient temperature rise exceeds a pre-set value
Photoelectric Detector
– reacts to obscuration of a light beam by smoke
– slower response time
– recommended for high ceiling areas, and closed areas with
little airflow
Ionization Detector
– detects ionized particles in the air from fires that do not
produce heavy smoke (e.g. alcohol and plastic fires)
– early warning type
Flame Detector
• Ultraviolet Detector – highly sensitive ; used in
highly flammable or explosive storage areas
• Infrared Detector – less sensitive ; used in enclosed
spaces (e.g. sealed storage vaults)
Connected to a building fire alarm control panel or directly to
the city fire alarm system
An alarm is sounded when lever is pulled
Alarm Devices (bells, buzzers, strobes, etc.)
Types:
• Manual System
o Non-coded – station locations are not
identifiable at the control panel
o Coded – each station is coded and verified
at the control panel
• Automatic System – detectors trigger alarm system
o Non-coded
o Coded
• Combination/Dual-coded
Sprinkler Alarm
System
Control Unit or
Panel
Circuitry
Emergency Voice
Communication
Component
Intrusion Alarm
System
Electronic
Security System
Electronic Access
Control System
Closed Circuit
Television System
Water flow switches monitor the water in a sprinkler head
Sprinkler code appears on an annunciator board
Energizes audible devices upon signal from detectors
Can also shut off oil lines, gas lines, and fans
Can be interfaced with the building management system
Typical Control Functions:
• Non-coded System
• Master Coded System
• Zone Coded System
• Dual Coded System
• General and Selective Coded System
• Pre-Signal System
FDAS use an open circuit system
Pre-recorded system messages or instructions transmitted via
the building’s speakers (BGM/PA)
BUILDING SECURITY SYSTEM
Description
Devices (e.g. metallic tape, magnetic switches, laser beams)
detect door and window motion, and glass breakage
An electric circuit on all doors and windows that triggers an
alarm when the circuit is broken
Perimeter Protection
• Plunger Type
• Magnetic Type
Interior Protection
• Infrared Motion Detector
• Glass Break Detector
• Floor Mat Detector
Used by companies to control employee entrance and track
employee movement
Components:
• Surveillance Cameras
• Monitors – maximum of 16 channels/cameras
• Digital Video Recorder
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 27 of 58
Transmission
Format
Transmission
Materials
Internet Services
Internet
Hardware
Network
Typology
Spatial Network
Types
SNEFERU
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Analog Transmission
Digital Transmission
Cables
Unshielded Twisted Pair
– used for basic voice, fax, data
Shielded Twisted Pair
Coaxial Cable
– higher bandwidth than TPC
– used by telephone and TV companies
Connectors:
• RJ-45 – standard 8-pin connector
• [INSERT COAXIAL CONNECTOR]
T1 – powerful phone line with 24 cables
– each channel can be configured to specifications
– commonly used as a leased line
Optical
Single Mode Fibers – telephone and cable TV
Fibers
Multi-mode Fibers – used for LAN
Connectors: ST and SC
Dial-up
DSL
Cable
Satellite
3G and 4G
Modem
Router
WiFi Booster/Repeater/Extender
Bus – each node connect to a single cable trunk
Ring – all nodes connect to a central unit or hub
Star – nodes are connected in point-to-point serial manner in
an unbroken circular configuration
Local Area Network (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAW)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Wireless
• Peer-to-Peer
• Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)
Telephone
Systems
Elements of
Telephone
Installation
TELEPHONE AND INTERCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Single-Line – basic line without transfer capabilities
Small Business Multi-Line – line with 2 or more extensions
Large Business Multiple Calls
– hundreds of outside lines and even larger number of extensions
– for large businesses with a large number of phone calls
Intercom System
PBX Server – private phone switchboard serving a group of users
PABX – automatic PBX system
IP Telephony Uses Packet-Switched Voice Over IP (VOIP)
– telephone calls over the internet
Service Entrance
Protector – protects against lightning
Main Terminal Cabinet / Telephone Terminal Cabinet
Vertical Riser Conduits and Shafts
Floor Conduits
Splicing Cabinets – where all individual lines connect, and
calls are routed
– where extensions are programmed
Control Unit
Individual Unit
OTHER AUDIO VISUAL TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Television
– Amplifies signals from TV antenna and distributes to various
Antenna / Cable
wall outlets via coaxial cable
System
– System with multiple outlet may need a booster amplifier
Sound Amplifying Components:
(BGM/PA)
• Microphone
• Amplifiers
• Loudspeakers
Time Equipment
Components:
• Mother Module
• Clocks (Digital/Analog)
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 28 of 58
>>> ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Measured
Electric Charge
Electric Current
Electric
Potential
Resistance
Power
Energy
UNITS OF ELECTRICITY
Definition
Coulomb (C)
Approximately equal to 6.25 x 1018 Electrons
Ampere (A)
Rate of flow of 1 Coulomb
Volt (V)
Potential difference between two points in an
electric field
Ohm (Ω)
Difficulty of to pass a current thru a conductor
Watt (W)
Rate of energy transfer
Watt-Hour Capacity for doing work
Unit
OHM’S LAW
↑ Voltage (V) = ↑ Current (I) = ↓ Resistance (R)
V = IR
Current
Direct Current (DC)
Alternating Current (AC)
Current Converters:
• Inverter: DC → AC
• Rectifier: AC → DC
Machine
Battery
Generator
SNEFERU
Motor
Transformer
TYPES OF CURRENT
Description
Unidirectional flow of electric charge
Sources: batteries, solar cells, dynamos
Current that periodically reverses direction
Lighting: 60 Hz
Motors: 25 Hz
ELECTRIC MACHINES
Description
Two or more electric cells that store and supply direct current
• Primary Battery (e.g. Uninterruptible Power Supply)
• Secondary/Storage Battery (e.g. Emergency Light)
Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
• Alternating Current Generator or Alternator
• Direct Current Generator
Rotary Converter
Converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
For converting one voltage to another
Location:
• Oil-insulated: Transformer Vault
• Dry-type: Transformer Room
Changes alternating current to direct current and vice versa
ELECTRIC LOAD CONTROL METHODS
Method
Description
Load Scheduling and
Restricts demand by shifting large loads to off-peak
Duty-Cycle Control
hours and controlled to avoid coincident operation
Demand Metering Alarm
Demand is metered and an alarm is triggered when
exceeding a set demand level
Automatic Instantaneous
An automatic version of the demand metering alarm
Demand Control
system ; also called “rate control” system
Ideal Curve Control
Compares actual rate of energy use by ideal rate and
control demand by controlling the total energy used
within a metering interval
Forecasting System
Forecasts, examines, and prioritizes loads and
decides on a proper course of action
Building Management
Controls energy-consuming equipment in a building
System
to make it operate more efficiently
• Scheduling Function
• Lock-out Function
• Reset Function
• Demand-limiting / Load-shedding Function
SHEDDABLE vs. UNSHEDDABLE LOADS
Sheddable or Controllable Loads
Unsheddable or Uninterrupted Loads
• Non-essential lighting
• Essential lighting
• Ventilation fans
• Elevators
• Comfort Cooling
• Refrigeration
• Space Heating
• Compressors
• Non-critical equipment
• Process equipment
• Electric boilers
• Office machinery
• Transfer Pumps
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 29 of 58
Special Types of Cables
Types
CONDUCTORS
Wires – AWG #14 to #8 in size
Cables – AWG #6 or larger in size
Bus Bars
Name
Type Description
Armored Cable
AC
Insulated conductors in a flexible metal
sheathe
Metal Clad
MC Each conductor is individually insulated and
Cable
enclosed in a metal sheathe
Mineral
MI
Insulated with a refactory mineral insulation
Insulated Cable
enclosed in a continuous copper sheathe
Non-metallic
NM/ Two or more insulated conductors with a nonSheathed Cable NMC metallic outer sheathe ; Trade Name: ROMEX
Shielded NonSNM Two or more insulated conductors in an extruded
core of moisture & fire resistant material covered
metallic
with an overlapping spiral metal tape
Sheathed Cable
Underground
UF
Moisture resistant cable used for underground
Feeder and Branch
connections
Circuit Cable
Service
Entrance Cable
Power and Control
Tray Cable
Flat Cable
Assemblies
Flat Conductor
Cable
Medium
Voltage Cable
SE /
USE
TC
FC
FCC
MV
Conductor assembly with or without overall
covering primarily used for service wire
Used for installation in cable trays, raceways,
or where supported by wire
Parallel conductors formed integrally with an
insulating material web in a square channel
Three or more flat copper conductors placed
edge to edge within an insulating assembly
Solid dielectric insulated cable rated at 2,000 to 35,000V
Trade Name: Medium Voltage Solid Dielectric
AWG
#14
#12
#10
#8
#6
#4
#2
#0/9
#0
#00 (0/2)
#000 (0/3)
#0000 (0/4)
250 MCM
300 MCM
350 MCM
400 MCM
500 MCM
General Types
Materials
Rating
CONDUCTOR SIZES AND AMPACITY
Metric (sq.mm)
Ampacity (Ampere)
2
15
3.5
20
5.5
30
8
40
14
55 / 60
22
70
30
95 / 100
38
110
50
125
60
145 / 150
80
165
100
195 / 200
125
215
150
240
175
260
200
280
250
320
INSULATORS
Jacketed – has a nylon jacket, designated as N
Unjacketed – conductor with T or TW insulation
Glass, mica, rubber, oil, porcelain, synthetics
(e.g. phenolic compounds)
Voltage
Common for buildings: 300V and 600V
CONDUCTIVITY OF COMMON METALS
Silver
Copper
Gold
Aluminum
Less Conductive
Platinum
More Conductive
↑
SNEFERU
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 30 of 58
COMMON TYPES OF INSULATORS
Max. Operating
Trade Name
Type
Temperature
Rubber Heat and Water Resistant
RHW
75°C
167°F
Thermoplastic
T
60°C
140°F
Thermoplastic Water-resistant
TW
60°C
140°F
Thermoplastic High Heat-resistant
THHN
90°C
194°F
Nylon-coated
Cross-linked Polyethylene High Heat
XHHW
75°C
167°F
and Water Resistant
90°C
194°F
Silicone Asbestos
SA
90°C
194°F
Asbestos and Varnished Cambric
AVA
110°C
230°F
Use
Materials
Form
Rigid
Flexible
Floor Raceway
Ceiling Raceway
Materials
Mounting
Form
SNEFERU
Conduit
Wires, Cables
Metallic
Non-metallic
Pipe, Tubing
RACEWAYS
Wireway
Wires
Metallic
Non-metallic
Enclosed
Cable Tray
Cables
Metallic
Locations
Dry
Wet
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Busway
Busbars
Metallic
Open,
Enclosed
Perforated
OTHER TYPES OF RACEWAYS
uPVC Electrical Moulding
Mica Tube, Liquid-tight Flexible Metal Conduit
Under-floor, Cellular Meta, Cellular Concrete (pre-cast)
Header Ducts, Distribution Ducts
ELECTRICAL BOXES
Utility Box
Junction Box
Metallic
Metallic
Non-metallic
Non-metallic
Recessed
Recessed
Surface Mount
Surface Mount
Suspended
Rectangle
Octagon, Square
Metallic
NonMetallic
CONDUITS
Type of Conduit
Rigid
Rigid Steel Conduit
Intermediate Metal
Conduit
Electric Metal Tubing
Flexible
Galvanized Steel
Rigid
uPVC
Flexible
uPVC
Connection
Threaded
Threaded
Length
3m
3m
Plain
Connectors
Solvent Weld
Conectors
3m
30 m/box
3m
50 m/roll
100 m/roll
NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIONS (NEMA) ENCLOSURES
Type
Protection Against
Location
Materials
NEMA 1
Falling Dirt
Indoor
Black Iron
NEMA 3
Falling Dirt
Indoor / Outdoor
Black Iron
Circulating Dust and Fibers
Dripping or Light Splashing
of Water
External Ice Formation
NEMA 3R Same as NEMA 3 except
Indoor / Outdoor
Black Iron
circulating dust and fibers
*can be ventilated
NEMA 4
Same as NEMA 3R
Indoor / Outdoor
Stainless Steel
Hosedown Water
NEMA 4X Same as NEMA 4
Indoor / Outdoor
Stainless Steel
Corrosive Agents
Fiberglass
Polycarbonate
Pull Box
Metallic
Recessed
Surface Mount
Rectangle, Square
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 31 of 58
Device
Power Receptacle
Outlet
Power
Outlet
Refers
Lighting
only to
Outlet
the box
Receptacle
Outlet
Switch
Voltage
Intensity of
Use
Type of
Service
Mounting
Operation
Mechanism
Number of
Poles &
Throws
Other
Types
SNEFERU
WIRING DEVICES
Description
Where the appliance is plugged into
Complete set-up which connects the flexible cord and
appliance connected to the receptacle
Outlet intended for direct connection to a lamp
receptacle, lighting fixture, or cord with a lamp holder
Power outlet where one or more receptacles are
installed
250V, 600V, 5kV
Normal Duty
Heavy Duty
Light Duty (e.g. service switches)
Service Switch
Power Switch
• General-purpose
• Disconnecting/Isolating
Wiring Switch
• General-purpose
• Three-way
• Four-way
Electrolier or Multi-circuit
Momentary Contact
Dimmer / Rheostat
Flush
Surface
Pendant
Rotary Switch
Push-button Switch
Toggle or Tumbler Switch
Poles – part of the switch for making or breaking of a
connection ; 1-5 pole construction
Throws – relates to the position of the poles that will
make a closed circuit ; single or double throw
Time-controlled Switch
Remote-controlled Switch
Air Switch
Plates
Fuse
Circuit
Breaker
Wall Plate
Face Plate
Knife Switch
Float Switch
Mercury Switch
Key Switch or Card Switch
Automatic Transfer Switch
Motion Control Switch
Relay
Protective plate surrounding an outlet or switch
Can be single-gang, two-gang, or three-gang
OVER-CURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICES
Description
Enclosed in a porcelain cap and screws into sockets
For circuits not exceeding 125V
Cartridge
Cylindrical shape and enclosed in insulating fiber
Fuse
With Ferrule Contacts: 250 - 600V ; 5 - 60A
With Knife Blade Contacts: 250 - 600V ; 70 - 600A
With Bolted Knife Blade Contacts: 600V ; 800 – 6000A
Open Link
Wire or strip of easily melted metal
Fuse
Disrupts violently when a short circuit occurs
For 600A or smaller, and must be in a cabinet
Time Delay
Can momentarily handle overload without blowing
Fuse
Used for circuits of electric motors
Trip
Thermal Trip
Mechanism Magnetic Trip
Commercial Bolt-on
Types
Plug-in
Enclosed Circuit Breaker
• NEMA Enclosure
• Moulded Enclosure
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter
Rated
Ampere Trip (AT) – rating where the breaker will trip
Capacities
Ampere Frame (AF) – maximum rating of the breaker
Kilo Ampere Interrupting Capacity (KAIC)
– ability of a circuit breaker to withstand overload
Device
Plug Fuse
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 32 of 58
Types of
Circuits
Circuit
Config.
Open
Closed
Short
Series
Parallel
Branch
Circuits
Combination
Generalpurpose
Appliance
Individual
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
Current flow is interrupted (e.g. turned off switch)
Current flow is continuous
Current leaks out of the intended conductor path
I T = I1 = I2 = I3 = …
V T = V1 + V2 + V3 + …
R T = R1 + R2 + R3 + …
I T = I1 + I2 + I3 + …
V T = V1 = V2 = V3 + …
RT = VT/IT
Combination of series and parallel circuits
Lighting, appliances, convenience receptacles
Three Phase – 3 Lines and 0 Neutral
Three Phase – 3 Lines and 1 Neutral
Intended for appliances
Supplied a specific item (e.g. motor, unit A/C)
SINGLE AND THREE PHASE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Single Phase - 1 Line and 1 Neutral
Why use 3-phase?
• To balance loads in a building (primary purpose)
• More efficient use of conductors
• More constant power delivery
Single Phase – 2 Lines and 1 Neutral
SNEFERU
COMPONENTS OF THE BUILDING ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Component/Parts
Description
Unit Substation
Used to supply power from a primary voltage
line to any large facility
Service
Service Drop
Overhead portion of service conductors
Set-up
Service Lateral
Underground portion of service conductors
Service
S. Conductor
From street distribution main or transformer
Entrance
to the service equipment of a building
S. Conduit
Min. Requirement: RSC
Weatherproof Head
S. Entrance Switch
Dis/Connecting of the entire electrical service
S. Electrical Post
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 33 of 58
Component/Parts
Switch Gear
Switch Board
Feeder Circuits
Sub-feeder Circuits
Panel Boards
Branch Circuits
Utilization Equipment
Description
Room that houses the switch board
Connection between service entrance
conductors and distribution panel boards
Types:
• Live Front
• Dead Front
Conductors extending from the main switch
board to a main distribution panel (MDP)
Extensions of a feeder distributing power
from the main feeder to sub-panel boards
Box where overcurrent protective devices
are housed
Types According to Use:
• Lighting Panel
• Power or Motor Panel
• Distribution Panel
• Isolation Panel
Types According to Mounting:
• Flush Type
• Surface Type
Small capacity conductors which deliver
energy to loads within the circuit
Loads and devices utilized by users
LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM
Component
Description
Lightning Rod / Air Terminal
Conducting rods installed at the top of
a structure, usually bare copper
Lightning Arrester
Protects electric equipment using spark
gaps to carry current to the ground ; it
is connected to a surge arrester
Spark Gap
Space between two terminals across
which discharge of electricity may pass
EMERGENCY ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEMS
Emergency Systems
Standby Systems
Provide power and illumination
Provide power to loads not directly
necessary for life safety and protection
involved with safety
Ex.: Exit lighting, elevators, fire pumps
Ex.: Water treatment plants
Emergency Power Equipment:
• Battery Equipment (e.g. uninterruptible power supply)
• Engine-Generator Sets
Method
Knob and Tube Wiring
Rigid Metal Conduit Wiring
WIRING METHODS
Rigid Non-Metallic Conduit Wiring
Flexible Metal Conduit Wiring
Armored Cable Wiring (BX Wiring)
Surface Metal Raceway Wiring
Flat Cable Assemblies
Lightning Track
Cable Tray / Open Raceway
Floor Raceways
Ceiling Raceway
Pre-wired Ceiling Distribution System
SNEFERU
Description
Obsolete wiring method
Durable, but most expensive of usual
wiring methods
Separate classification of rigid conduits
Easier and quicker installation than rigid
metal conduits
Rubber or thermoplastic covered wire
protected from injury and dampness
Wires are supported on a thin sheet steel
casing, mounted on walls or ceilings
Field-installed square structural channel
to carry 2 – 4 conductors and will act as
light duty plug-in busways
Factory-assembled version of flat cable
assemblies
Continuous open support for cables
Types:
• Underfloor Ducts
• Cellular Metal Floor Raceway
• Precast Cellular Concrete
Composed of header and distribution
ducts, and allow for rapid changes in
layout at low cost
Factory pre-wired ceiling raceways
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 34 of 58
>>> LIGHTING DESIGN
Illuminance
Luminance
Reflectance
Transmittance
Absorptance
Warm Lighting
Cool Lighting
Day Lighting
Overcast Sky
Candle Flame
Color Perception
Visual Acuity
SNEFERU
BEHAVIOR OF LIGHT
Amount of light striking a surface
Amount of light leaving an object
Reflected light vs. Illuminance
Specular
Diffuse
When light is reflected off a
When light scatters after striking a
polished or mirror like surface
surface
Image is maintained
Image is blurred
Transmitted light vs. Illuminance
Transparent
Translucent
Transmits light without
Transmits light but obscures the
distorting the image
image (scattered light)
Absorbed light vs. Illuminance
Opaque - Illuminance is reflected and absorbed but not transmitted
CORRELATED COLOR TEMPERATURE
< 3500 K
Mostly red and yellow wavelengths
> 5000 K
Mostly blue and white wavelengths
4500 - 6000 K
Lower side warmer and the upper side cooler
Noon sunlight: 5500 K
6500 - 7500 K
1800 - 2000 K
COLOR OF LIGHT
Ability to distinguish and interpret different
wavelengths of visible light
Perceived color depends on dominant wavelength
Ability to distinguish fine details
Keenness of vision necessary to perform tasks
COLOR TEMPERATURE
Uses
Equivalent of a north sky
Used where color matching is important
Not generally used due to a high proportion of blue
Cool White
Factories, offices, schools
Rather cold in appearance
High efficiency with good color rendering
Deluxe Cool Stores and some factories
White
Used where color is important
Less efficient than daylight by 20%
White
Often used in factories and offices
Highest efficiency
Warm White Offices
High efficiency lamp
Moderate color rendering
Emphasis on greens and yellows
Deluxe
Homes, restaurants, hotels
Warm White Most efficient
*based on a 4-ft, 40W T-12 lamp in Lumens/Watt
Lamp
Daylight
Bulb
Lamp
Fixture
Luminaire
Avg. Efficiency*
51
58
42
59
59
42
COMPONENTS OF A LUMINAIRE
Glass portion of a lamp
Device that generates artificial light
Luminaire without a lamp
Complete lighting unit
CLASSIFICATION OF LUMINAIRES BY DIRECTIONAL DISTRIBUTION
Downwards
Upwards
Direct
90 - 100%
Semi-Direct
60 - 90%
40 - 10%
Direct-Indirect
Equal distribution
Semi-Indirect
40 - 10%
60 - 90%
Indirect
90 - 100%
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 35 of 58
Type
Filament
Sub-Type
Incandescent
TungstenHalogen
LAMPS
Description
Sealed glass containing a filament connected at its ends to the base
Emit visible light as a result of heating
Low cost, reliable, poor efficacy, and sensitive to voltage fluctuations
Good color rendition
Hotter burning incandescent lamp, requires good ventilation
Use a halogen gas cycle to prevent depreciation of filament using high pressure gases (Iodine/Bromine)
Common Uses
Desk lamps, accent
lighting
Color
Warm
Best for focus lighting
Warm
Smaller, brighter, longer life, and better color rendition than incandescent
Produced by USHIO in 2008
Indoor lighting
**Intended to mimic the appearance of Incandescent, but is not a true filament light
Produces continuous light by passing electricity through a gas contained within the lamp, electric discharge produces UV radiation causing the phosphor coating to glow
Fluorescent
Composed of a tubular glass bulb with phosphor coating on the inside and filled with low-pressure mercury vapor
Lamps
Consumed less energy and has a longer lifespan than incandescent lamps
Linear FL
Available in straight, U-shaped and circular
Signage, Cove lighting,
Various
Indoor parking
Available in Pre-Heat, Instant Start and Rapid Start
Compact FL
Miniature fluorescent lamps, usually manufactured with integrated ballasts
Indoor lighting
Neon
Electrified glass tubes or bulbs containing rarified neon
Signage
Produces a bright light by discharging an arc in the metal gas contained under high pressure
Mercury Vapor
Contains mercury vapor in a quartz tube
Limited industrial areas,
Blue green
(MV)
General outdoor, Street
Higher efficacy than Filament Lamps, and longer lifespan than MH
lighting
Low color rendition, remedied by adding phosphor
Metal Halide
Modification of MV with improved color, but with a shorter lifespan than MV
Flood light, Outdoor
Daylight, warm
(MH)
parking, Street lighting
Increased light output and color rendition
High Pressure
Contain an arc tube of translucent ceramic material with a small amount of solid metallic sodium and
Outdoor application
Orange white
Sodium (HPS)
mercury sealed in a xenon gas fill
Can be employed in high and orangeceiling interiors
yellow
Longest life span and efficient lumen maintenance
Warm up period is shorter than MH and MV
Low Pressure
A large sodium resistant glass tube containing sodium and neon-argon gas mixture
Outdoor parking
Orange-yellow
Sodium (LPS)
Streets & highways
Efficient lumen maintenance and higher efficacy than MH and MV
Large warehouses
Needs time to start up and needs to cool before restarting
LED
Chips of semiconducting material treated to create a structure with 2 electron charged materials
Feature lighting, Ceiling
RGB, white,
fixture, Cove light, Focus yellow
Specific color depends on materials used to make the diode
lighting
Ganged together for more light output
No mercury, toxic gases or filament
Led Filament**
Gaseous
Discharge
High
Intensity
Discharge
Solid-State
Lighting
SNEFERU
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 36 of 58
1
2
3
4
5
6
HEIRARCHY BY LIFE HOURS
High Pressure Sodium
Mercury Vapor
Low Pressure Sodium
Fluorescent Light
Metal Halide
Tungsten-Halogen
Ambient
Local
Accent
Emergency
Lighting
Escape
Lighting
Level of Work
Casual
Moderate
Prolonged
Precision
Fine Precision
SNEFERU
1
2
3
4
5
6
HEIRARCHY BY FIXTURE COST
High Pressure Sodium
Low Pressure Sodium
Metal Halide
Mercury Vapor
Fluorescent
Tungsten-Halogen
METHODS OF ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING
Provides uniform illumination throughout a space
Provided for a specific visual function
Additional to and controlled separately from ambient light
Task Lighting
Local lighting for precision works
Directional lighting used to emphasize an object or area
Decorative
Accent lighting to add interest to the space
EMERGENCY AND SAFETY LIGHTING
For critical care and emergency spaces (hospitals, fire protection, etc.)
Stand by
Part of emergency lighting that enables normal
Lighting
activities to continue substantially unchanged
Safety
Part of emergency lighting that ensures safety of
Lighting
people in potentially hazardous processes
Provides illumination to ensure that an escape route can be identified
and used during power failure
Exit Lighting Part of escape lighting that includes illuminated
signage to provide directions for emergency exits
INTENSITY OF ILLUMINATION
Activity
Conferencing, interviewing, inactive filing
Intermittent filing and general clerical work
Active filing, index referencing, mail sorting
Accounting, auditing, tabulating
Cartography, designing, detail drafting
Illumination (FC)
10 - 30
30 - 50
50 - 100
100 - 150
150 - 200
RELIGHT TIME (MINUTES)
Low Pressure Sodium
≈0
Fluorescent (Rapid Start)
≈ 0
Tungsten-Halogen
≈ 0
High Pressure Sodium
<1
Mercury Vapor
3 – 10
Metal Halide
10 – 20
EFFICACY (LUMEN/WATT)
Low Pressure Sodium
Up to 180
High Pressure Sodium
75 – 140
Metal Halide
80 – 100
Fluorescent Light
55 – 100
Mercury Vapor
50 – 60
Tungsten-Halogen
15 - 25
RECOMMENDED DESIGN ILLUMINATION LEVELS
Illumination (Lux)
Application
50 - 100
Circulation areas, corridors, stairs, parking
garages, theatres
100 - 200
Hotel escalator, lobbies, waiting areas
Working Interiors
300 - 750
General offices, typing, computing
500 - 1000
Deep plan general offices, drawing offices,
groceries, laboratories, retail
Localized Lighting
750 - 1500
Designing, architecture, machine engineering
for Exacted Tasks
1000 - 2000
Detailed and précised work
Task Area
Infrequently Used
Areas
Uniformity
Diffusion
Absence of
Glare
Color
FACTORS AFFECTING QUALITY OF LIGHT
Freedom from variations
A deviation of 25% from the average
of illumination in a space
intensity is an acceptable maximum
The number of directions
Good Diffusion: When light falls upon a
and angles from which
matte/satin surface (eliminates shadows)
illuminating rays proceed
Poor Diffusion: Illumination from only one
direction
Effect of brightness in the An angle of 45º between the horizontal and
field of vision that causes
line of sight is the maximum accepted angle
discomfort or interferes
Discomfort Glare: Without impairing vision
with seeing
Disability Glare: Visibility is impaired from
extreme brightness
Enhances certain qualities Depends upon the type of lamp
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 37 of 58
Sources
Sun
Sky
Ground
Types
Methods
Direct
Reflected
Diffuse
Side Lighting
Top Lighting
DAYLIGHTING
Effectivity is affected by position in the sky, rotation
and revolution of earth
Illumination is 500 lumens/sq ft regardless of
location and orientation
Light reflected, affected by orientation, weather,
time of day
Travels in a straight line path and is more intense
Reflects off in another direction
Reflected or refracted by clouds, glazing or skylights
Area of windows should not exceed 40% in a room
Skylights
COMMERCIAL TYPES OF LUMINAIRES
Ceiling recessed or mounted
Eye Ball
High Hat
Parabolic Aluminized Reflector
PAR LED
PAR CFL
Directional Lighting (CFL, MH,
Spotlight
MERCURY, LED)
Flood Light
Track Light
Pendants
Low Bay
High Bay
Wall Washers/Scones/Lights
Task and Table Lights
Floor Lights
Exterior Lights
Lantern
Bollards
Fluorescent Luminaires
Open-type
Industrial
Troffer
Weather-proof
Down Lights
SNEFERU
Cornice Lighting
Cove Lighting
Valence Lighting
Luminous Flux
Luminous
Intensity
Luminous
Efficacy
Lumen
Lux
Candela
Candlepower
Foot-Candle
Foot-Lambert
Lambert
Nanometer
Angstrom
Color Rendering
Index
LUMINAIRE LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Direct
Light sources are shielded by a panel parallel
to the wall and ceiling
Indirect
Light sources are shielded by a light tray
Direct-indirect Light sources are shielded by a panel parallel
to a wall and usually across a window top
UNITS OF LIGHT
Measure of perceived light power
Expressed in Lumens (lm)
Power emitted by a light source in a particular direction
Luminous Flux emitted per unit solid angle
Expressed in Candelas (cd)
Ratio of light output of a lamp to the electrical energy consumed
Determines efficiency of a bare lamp
SI Unit of Luminous Flux
SI Unit of Illumination (Lumen/m2)
SI Unit of Luminous Intensity
Luminous Intensity expressed in Candelas
Unit of illumination everywhere one foot from a uniform point
source of 1 Candela (Lumen/ft2)
Unit of Brightness/Luminance (0.32Cd/ft2)
SI Unit of Brightness/Luminance (0.32Cd/cm2)
Expresses wavelengths
Unit of length used to express wavelengths of radiation
Method of numerically comparing color distribution of a light
source to a reference lamp
5 fc
1000 fc
1 fc
50 lux
10,000 lux
10.76 Lm/m2
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 38 of 58
>>> BUILDING MATERIALS
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1995 CSI MASTERFORMAT (16 DIVISIONS)
General Requirements
Site Conditions
Concrete
Masonry
Metals
Wood and Plastics
Thermal and Moisture Protection
Doors and Windows
Finishes
Specialties
Equipment
Furnishings
Special Construction
Conveying Systems
Mechanical
Electrical
2004 CSI MASTERFORMAT (50 DIVISIONS)
Procurement and Contracting Requirements
00 Procurement and Contracting Requirements
Specifications Group
> General Requirements Subgroup
01 General Requirements
> Facility Construction Subgroup
02 Existing Conditions
03 Concrete
04 Masonry
05 Metals
06 Woods, Plastics, and Composites
07 Thermal and Moisture Protection
08 Openings
09 Finishes
10 Specialties
SNEFERU
11 Equipment
12 Furnishings
13 Special Construction
14 Conveying Equipment
15 RESERVED
16 RESERVED
17 Telecommunications
18 RESERVED
19 RESERVED
> Facility Services Subgroup
20 RESERVED
21 Fire Suppression
22 Plumbing
23 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning
24 RESERVED
25 Integrated Automation
26 Electrical
27 Communications
28 Electronic Safety and Security
29 RESERVED
> Site and Infrastructure Subgroup
30 RESERVED
31 Earthwork
32 Exterior Improvements
33 Utilities
34 Transportation
35 Waterways and Marine Construction
36 RESERVED
37 RESERVED
38 RESERVED
39 RESERVED
> Process Equipment Subgroup
40 Process Integration
41 Material Processing and Handling Equipment
42 Process Heating, Cooling, & Drying Equipment
43 Process Gas and Liquid Handling
44 Pollution Control Equipment
45
46
47
48
49
Industry-Specific Manufacturing Equipment
Water and Wastewater Equipment
RESERVED
Electrical Power Generation
RESERVED
SECTION FORMAT
01 – General
• Scope
• Description of Systems
• Requirement of Regulatory Agencies
• Qualifications
• Submittals
• Mock-up
• Product Handling
• Environmental Conditions
• Protection
• Operating Instructions
• Extra Stock
• Alternates
• Measurement and Payment
02 – Product
• Materials
• Mixes
• Equipment
• Fabrication
• Source Quality Control
03 – Execution
• Condition of Surfaces
• Preparation
• Installation
• Field Quality Control
• Adjusting
• Patching
• Cleaning
• Schedules
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 39 of 58
Particle
Boulders
Gravel
Coarse Sand
Fine Sand
Silt-Clay Particles
Liquid Limit (LL)
Plastic Limit (PL)
Plasticity Index (PI)
Classification
GW, GM, GP
SW, SM
Material
Fill Materials
Granular Fill/Filters
Borrow Fill
Base Course
Materials
SNEFERU
SITE CONDITIONS
SOIL PARTICLE SIZES (AASHTO)
Minimum
Maximum
> 75 mm
75 mm
No. 10 sieve
No. 10 sieve
No. 40 sieve
No. 40 sieve
No. 200 sieve
< No. 200 sieve
ATTERBERG LIMITS
Performed on soils passing No. 40 sieve
Moisture content when soil changes from liquid to plastic
When soil in a dish flows to close 12.5 mm grove after 25
drops from 1 cm
Water content a silt/clay will begin to crumple when rolled
into a 3.2 mm ø tread
LL – PL = PI
Range of water content over which sediment behaves
FILL MATERIALS CLASIFICATION (USCS)
On No. 200 Sieve
On No. 40 Sieve
> 50% retained
> 50% retained
> 50% retained
≥ 50% passes
FILL MATERIALS
Uses
Size
Raise existing grade, under
No. 40 – No. 200 Sieve
footings, slabs, pavers
Prevent movement of
ASTM C 33 Size 67
particles through seepage
Sand < 50%
Fill or subgrade
≤ 35% passing No. 200 Sieve
Under roadways, tracks
1.5” – No. 200 Sieve
BASE COURSE MATERIALS
Sieve Designation
% of Weight Passing Thru
(US Standard)
Type B Base Course
1.5”
100%
1”
85 – 100%
No. 4
20 – 45%
No. 200
5 – 12%
CRITERIA FOR GABION THICKNESS
Bank Soil Type
Max Velocity (ft/s)
Bank Slope
Min. Mattress Thk. (in)
Clays, Heavy
10
< 1:3
9
Cohesive Soils
13 – 16
< 1:2
12
Any
> 1:2
≥ 18
Silts, Fine Sands
10
< 1:2
12
Shingle with
16
< 1:3
9
Gravel
20
< 1:2
12
Any
> 1:2
≥ 18
TERMITE SAND BARRIER
Small
< 1 mm
Termites can penetrate by removing particles
Effective
1mm – 3mm
Termites cannot penetrate
Large
> 3 mm
Termites can crawl thru between particles
TERMITE PROTECTION: CHEMICAL BARRIERS
Type
Area
Amount
Pre-construction
Soil & foundation
Barriers
Drywall to floor joists
Vertical Barriers
Base of foundation
4 gallons/10 linear feet
(also for CHB voids and
Plumbing and utility entrances
trenches)
Expansion joints
Where 2 Slabs will join
Horizontal
Slab
1 gallon/10 sq ft
Barriers
Basement and crawl spaces
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 40 of 58
CONCRETE
PORTLAND CEMENT COMMERCIAL QUANTITIES
1 bag
1 cu. Ft.
94 lbs/40 kg
1 barrel (4 bags)
4 cu. Ft.
376 lbs
SIEVE DESIGNATION FOR FINE AGGREGATES
US Standard Square Mesh Sieve Size (mm)
Cumulative % by Weight Passing Thru
3/8
9.5
100%
No. 4
4.75
95 - 100%
No. 8
2.36
No. 16
1.18
45 - 80%
No. 30
0.60
No. 50
0.30
10 - 30%
No. 100
0.15
2 - 10%
WATER CEMENT RATIO
28-Day Strength
Gal. of Water per 94lbs.
Pounds of Water per 100lbs.
(lbs/sq.in)
Bag of Cement
of Cement
2000
7
62
2500
6.5
57.5
3000
5.75
51
3750
5
44.5
Class
Uses
AA
A
Underwater, retaining walls
Slabs, beams, columns, arches, stairs,
4” walls
>4” walls, footings, steps, RC slabs on fill
Plant boxes, and non-critical structures
Mass concrete works
B
C
D
SNEFERU
Proportion
Cem. Fine Coarse
1
1.5
3
1
2
4
1
1
1
2.5
3
3.5
5
6
7
SLUMP PER STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
Min. Slump
Slabs, beams, thin reinforced walls, columns
150 mm (6”)
Reinforced foundation walls and footings
125 mm (5”)
Plain footings, caissons, substructure walls
100 mm (4”)
Pavements and floor laid on ground, heavy mass
75 mm (3”)
construction
ADMIXTURE PROPERTIES
Type
Property
A
Water reducer
B
Set retarder
C
Set accelerator
D
Water reducer and set retarder
E
Water reducer and set accelerator
F
High range water reducer
G
High range water reducer and set retarder
CONCRETE MIXTURES
40 kg
50 kg
Sand
Cem. Bags Cem. Bags
(cu.m)
12
9.5
0.5
9
7
0.5
7.5
6
5
6
5
4
0.5
0.5
0.5
Gravel
(cu.m)
1
1
Water
(Gals/ Bag)
1
1
1
5.75
6.5
7
5
Max. Slump
75 mm (3”)
50 mm (2”)
25 mm (1”)
25 mm (1”)
Compressive Strength (psi)
Final (28 Days)
Cylinder
Cube
3500
2400
2800
3000
2000
2400
2500
2000
1500
1600
1300
1000
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 41 of 58
2000
1600
1200
Defect
Segregation
Stratification
Bleeding
Laitance
Defect
Honeycomb
Spalling or
Scaling
Crazing
Type
Aerocrete
Gunite
Porete
Haydite
SNEFERU
FRESHLY POURED CONCRETE DEFECTS
Cause
Effect
Excessive movement of mix
Separation of coarse aggregates
from mortar or water
Over vibration
Over vibration
Separation into horizontal layers
with lighter materials at the top
Excessively wet
Settlements of solids within the Emergence of excess mixing
mass
water on the surface
Bleeding
Milky deposit containing
cement and aggregate on the
Over working the mix
surface
Improper finishing
Slab curing
HARDENED CONCRETE DEFECTS
Cause
Effect
Segregation during placement
Voids on the surface
Insufficient consolidation
Freeze-thaw cycles
Chipping/scaling of surface
Rapid drying shrinkage
Hairline cracks on the surface
TYPES OF PROCESSED CONCRETE
Description
Uses
Portland cement + metallic
Structural floor & roof slabs,
alum. powder + sand of cinders partition blocks
(soundproofing), wall insulation,
Lightweight, expanded
lightweight fill on slabs
structural concrete, fire
resistive
Cement + sand under high
Encasing structural steel, floor
pressure of a CEMENT GUN
and roof slabs, curtain walls
Portland cement + chem. foam Solid slabs for short span roofs
Lightweight precast units
Siding of industrial buildings
Processed concrete +
Cast in place concrete, ground
lightweight aggregate
cover, blocks
CURING PERIOD/TIME BEFORE REMOVAL OF RC FORMS
Parts of the Structure
Time
Footings
Massive Footings
1 day
Cantilever Footings
5 days
Slab Footings
Walls &
Massive (≥ 300mm
Up to 2M high: 1 day
Plaster
thk.)
Add 1 day for every additional meter
Thin (<300 mm thk.)
Up to 2M high: 2 days
Add 1.5 days for every additional meter
Cantilever walls,
Without loads same as thin walls
buttresses, counter
forts, and diaphragms
Columns
Height : Least Ø = ≤ 4
2 days
Height : Least Ø = 4-15 Add to the above number 1 day for every
additional meter of height
Slabs
3 - 7 ft. Span
3 ft : 5 days
Add 0.5 day for every additional ft span
> 7 ft. Span
7 ft : 7 days
Add 1 day for every additional 1 ft span
Beams &
Sides
3 days
Girders
Bottom
Up to 14 ft: 14 days
Add 1 day for every additional 1 ft
Arches
Spandrel Wall
7 days
Spandrel Arches
14 days
Main Arches
21 days
Balustrades Steel and Side Forms
1 day
& Copings
RC Piles
Sides
3 days
and Posts
Bottom
14 days
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 42 of 58
AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
Description
Uses
Volcanic
Pumice
Absorptive, tends to
Origin
break down, must be wet
before mixing
Perlite
Durable, light, uses more Precast slabs & blocks,
cement, useful if max.
floor fill, fireproofing,
strength is not required
plaster and insulation
Micaceous Minerals
Expands with heat
In fireproofing steel,
(Vermiculite)
floor & roof fill, acoustic
and fireproof plaster
Expanded Shale and Clays
Require heating in a kiln
Airox, Rocklite
By-Product
Expanded Foamed slag
Precast blocks, cast in
Aggregates
Slag
place walls, panel filling
of steel framed building
Cinders
Components of coal,
For concrete, but is not
unsound properties
weight saving
CONCRETE ADMIXTURES
Type
Uses
Description
Accelerators
Speed up setting, develop high early strength Calcium chloride
Reduce resistance to sulfate attack and
increases efflorescence and corrosion
Retarders
For very hot weather to slow down hydration Zinc oxide,
calcium
Require more frequent slump tests
lignosulfonade,
Reduce expansion & contraction of concrete
derivaties of
adipic acid
Air-Entraining Introduce air bubbles, increasing resistance
Rosin, beef
Agents
of concrete to freezing, thawing & plasticity
tallow,
stearates,
Reduces bleeding, causes loss of strength
foaming agents
Waterproofing Reduce water absorption
Stearic acid,
asphalt
emulsion
Pigments
Dry cast/surface color, integral/surface color
Adds color
Hardeners
Hardens floors
Zinc/magnesium
fluosilicate
Type
SNEFERU
MASONRY
MORTAR & PLASTER MIXTURE PROPORTION
Class
Proportion
40 kg Cem.
50 kg Cement
Sand
A
1:2
18
14.5
1
B
1:3
12
9.5
1
C
1:4
9
7
1
D
1:5
7.5
6
1
MORTAR TYPES
Str. (psi)
Type
Recommended Uses
M
2500
Exterior above or below grade load-bearing walls
S
1800
Exterior walls, above or below grade, w/ or w/o load
N
750
Exterior or interior non-load-bearing walls
O
300
Interior non-load-bearing walls
K
150
Generally, not used anymore
PORTLAND CEMENT PLASTER
Coat
Proportion*
2-Coat Thickness
3-Coat Thickness
Scratch Coat
(Base Coat)
Min. ¼”
1:0.25:3
½”
Brown Coat
Min. ¼”
Finish Coat /
1/8” (min. 1/16”)
1/8” (min. 1/16”)
*Cement : Lime Putty : Sand Proportion
LIME PUTTY
Gypsum
Coat
Part Lime
Part
Part Sand
Putty
Cement
by Weight Plaster by Vol.
Scratch Coat
1
1
2.75
Brown Coat
1
1
3
Finish
Hard
1
1/3
Coat
Sand Float
1
2
1/4
CHB REINFORCEMENT
Wall Thickness
Ø Vertical Bars
Ø Horizontal Bars
(Every 600mm/24”)
(Every 3rd Course)
4” and 6”
10mm/3/8”
10mm/3/8”
8”
12.5mm/1/2”
12.5mm/1/2”
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 43 of 58
TYPES OF GYPSUM PLASTER
Plaster of Paris + clay & lime; interior walls & ceilings
+ hair or fiber; interiors and exteriors
GP + fibers; for 3 coat job
GP + white sand; interior walls and ceilings
GP + ingredients; interior finish: smooth concrete
GP + perlite, vermiculite; interiors only
POP + alum/borax; for interiors only
Ornamental plaster works and castings
Acoustic
COMMERCIAL BLOCK SIZES
Block Type
W
H
L
Uses
CHB
Non-Load Bearing
4”
8”
16”
Various
6”
8”
16”
Load Bearing
6”
8”
16”
Louver Block
Brick
3 ¾”
2 ¼”
8”
Various
Durisol
4” or 6"
7 ½”
24”
Lightweight block
made of fiber and
cement
Plaster
2”
Partition blocks,
(SOLID)
30”
12”
lightweight, fireresistant interior
3”
partitions
4”
6”
Struc.
Load-Bearing
12”
12”
12”
Various
Clay
Non-Load Bearing
4”
8”
12”
5”
Gypsum Plaster (GP)
High Strength GP
Fibered GP
Prepared GP
Bonding Plaster
Lightweight, Fire Resist.
Keene’s Cement
Plaster of Paris
Acoustics
Aluminum
Iron
Copper
Tin
Zinc
Brass
Bronze
Chromium
Nickel
Lead
Casting /
Molding
Drawing
Extrusion
Forging
Rolling
Stamping /
Pressing
SNEFERU
METALS
GENERAL TYPES OF METALS
Soft, nonmagnetic silvery, light weight, readily attacked by alkali’s
and hydrochloric acid
Tough, malleable, silvery white, oxidizes, attacked by acids, very
low temperatures: brittle; mainly for the production of Steel
Ductile, malleable, nonmagnetic, reddish brown, highest electrical
and thermal conductivity
Soft, ductile, malleable, bluish white, resists corrosion by air
Medium hard, bluish white, brittle and low strength
Alloy of copper and zinc, doors, windows, frame, railings, trims
Suited for casting, corrosion resistant; TRUE BRONZE: Statuary
bronze
Steel white, harder than nickel, resists oxidizing agents, soluble in
acids
Resists strong alkali’s & most acids, can be hot or cold rolled,
forged, bent, extruded, spun, punched, drawn; Coating for other
metals
Corrosion resistant, blue gray, extruded, rolled, cast, rough
hardware (expansion shields for securing bolts, screws etc.)
COMMON METHODS OF FORMING METALS
Pouring liquid metal into a mold
For complex shapes
Pulling a work piece (cold or hot) through a die, reducing cross
section
Shaping materials by forcing it to flow through a shaped opening in
a die
Working of metals into predetermined shapes by pressure/impact
blows
Reduces cross sectional area while improving mechanical
properties by rotating rolls
Sheet metal forming processes: punching (machine
press/stamping press) including blanking, embossing, bending
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 44 of 58
Type
Anodic Protection
Cathodic
Protection
PROTECTION OF METALS
Sub-type
Applicable Metals
Zinc Chromate
Any
Red Lead
Galvanized Iron
Red Oxide
Any
Epoxy Primer
Any
Tar Coat
Steel piles, cast iron
Zinc Coating (Galvanizing)
Iron, steel
TYPES OF ALUMINUM IN ARCHITECTURE
For roofing, flashing, gutter
For thermal insulation and vapor barrier
Surface finish material
Corrugated
For roofing and sidings
Structural
Various sections, girders, columns
Doors / Windows
Fabricated from extrusions and rolled shapes
Panels and
2’, 3’, 4’ widths for interior partitions & dividers
Sandwich Panels
Consists of vapor barrier, condensation drain, insulation,
finish
Mesh & Wire Cloth For fencing (especially chain link) and insect screening
Sheets / Strips
Foil (0.005” thk.)
Cast Iron
(1.7% C)
Wrought
Iron
(0.05% C)
Steel
(2% C)
SNEFERU
Mechanical
Chemical
Electrolytic /
Anodized
Electroplating
Porcelain /
Vitreous Enamel
Painted
ALUMINUM FINISHES
From grinding polishing, scratching, sandblasting or
embossing
Etching, cleaning or polishing of surface to remove
irregularities; oxidizing of surface with aluminum or other
metallic oxides; permits limited colors
Based on ability of aluminum to develop a protective oxide
coating (transparent or opaque); architectural gold color
(most stable and fade resistant), blue, brown (analok),
black
Covered with protective/decorative film or another metal
by electro deposition
Forms a hard, resistant surface available in a broad color
range
Paint, lacquer and enamel: on aluminum surfaces that have
been prepared by chemical treatment finish
Never use lead base paint
FORMS OF IRON
Iron-carbon alloy poured in forms (too hard and brittle to be shaped by
Piping and fittings
hammering, rolling or pressing)
Ornamental ironwork
Generally used: Gray & Malleable cast iron
Hardware
Base metal for porcelain enameled plumbing fixtures
Stops vibration
Miscellaneous casting (floor/wall brackets for railings, vents, manhole covers, gratings)
Almost pure iron
Pipes, plates, sheets, bars, chain
Ornamental (Railing, fences, grilles)
Corrosion resistant
Plumbing & HVAC
Less than 2% carbon
Steel pipes
Wrought carbon steels
Wrought, rolled, cast, welded; NEVER extruded
Alloy steels
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 45 of 58
Steel Pipe
Wrought
Carbon
Steel
Alloy Steel
STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE
For water and gas (homes and businesses)
Gas lines; NEVER drinking water
Fire sprinklers (high resistance to fire and heat)
Galvanized Pipe
Railings & Scaffolding
NEVER gas (because of zinc that flakes)
Structural
ASTM A36 Medium carbon steel
Various structural steel sections
Reinforcement
Bars
Sheets & Strips
Low carbon steel
Strip: Sheet ≤ 12”
Decking sheet, expanded metal, panels &
sandwich, base metal for porcelain enamel
Corrugated
Ga. 18, 20, 22, 24, 28 sheet and strip
Mesh & Wire
For concrete reinforcement, lath for plaster,
Cloth
stucco and cement, fencing, insect screens
Hardware
Nails, screws, rivets
Doors / Windows
High Strength
Resistance to atmospheric corrosion
Reinforcement for pre-stressed concrete
High strength Bolts
Special structural steel
Cables for elevators
Stainless
Contain more than 10% chromium
Resistance to heat, oxidation, corrosion
Exterior and interior wall finishes
Doors and windows
Trims
Railings
Signs and letters
Appliances
Black Pipe
METALS IN ARCHITECTURE
Electrical wires and bus bars
Copper sheet and strip: Roofing and flashing
Tin
Terne Plate (20% Tin 80% Lead)
Mirrors & Gilding (ornamentation)
Solders
Hardware
Zinc
For galvanizing (protective coating)
Brass (Copper + Zinc)
Doors, windows, frames
Ornamental: railings, trims, grilles
Finish hardware & plating of hardware
Accessories: screws, nuts, bolts, anchors
Bronze (Copper + Tin)
Statuary plaques, medallions, ornamentation
Miscellaneous rough and finish hardware
Chromium
Chromium plating for other metals
Nickel
Protective/decorative coating for other metals
Lead
Corroding Lead
Fine white lead paints, red lead, lithage (paint)
Chem. Lead &
Sheet, pipe, powdered lead, ribbon lead and
Common Desilverized
alloys
Copper
Soldering
Brazing
Welding
Rivets
Bolting
SNEFERU
JOINING METALS
Pieces immersed in a pot of molten solder
Preheated iron piece is applied to the joint with
the solder and flux (cleaning substance)
Torch
Parts are heated by the torch then solder & flux
Sweat Method
Heating of materials causes solder to run into
joint (for copper tubing and fittings)
Soldering with higher temp & melting alloys
For joints not adaptable to welding
Pressure
Pressure and heat make the weld
Fusion
Heat and added metal make the weld
Metal cylinder/rod with a head
Metal nut and bolt
Metal Bath Dip
Soldering Iron
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 46 of 58
METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
Billet Steel Made by the open hearth furnace by Bessemer acid
Bars
Rolled from billets and come in 3 grades
Rail Steel
Rolled from standard T-rails and come only in 1 grade
Bars
1/8” (3mm) - 1 ¼” (31mm) ø, 6m Lengths or more
Expanded Mesh
Manufactured from stretched solid sheets
Free from mechanical and welded joints
E.g. STEELCRETE
Wire Fabric Welded
Series of wires welded to form a grid pattern
Wire
To reinforce concrete slabs (light construction)
Fabric
Roll Width: 5 - 6 ft
Roll Length: 150, 200, 300 ft
Triangle
Single or stranded longitudinal wires with cross/bond
Mesh Wire wires running diagonally
Fabric
Longitudinal wire spacing: 4” on center
Steel Bars
and Rods
Laths
Structural
Name
Intermediate
High Tensile
SNEFERU
Cross wire spacing: 4” or 8” apart
Wire mesh with paper backing applied to a wood or
metal framework for applying stucco or plaster
BILLET STEEL GRADES
ASTM/PNS Codes
Typical Application
ASTM Grade 33
Low rise buildings
PNS 230
Low loading conditions
ASTM Grade 40
Medium rise structures
PNS 275
Infrastructure work
Most common in
architecture
ASTM Grade 60
Medium & high rise
PNS 415
structures
Infrastructure
Checks
Decay
Knots
Pitch Pockets
Shakes
Wane
Warping
Bow
Crook
Cup
Twist
Board
Dimension Lumber
Strips
Timber
Type
Dimension Lumber
Board Lumber
WOOD
DEFECTS OF WOOD
Cracks/lengthwise separation across annual rings of growth
Irregular shrinkage during drying
Cause: Attack of fungi
Irregular growth interrupting smooth curve of the grain
Well-defined openings between annual rings
Cracks between and parallel to annual rings of growth
Lock of wood on the edge or corner
Any variation on plane surface from by unequal shrinkage
Face is concave/convex at the longitudinal
Long edge is concave/convex
Concave/convex across the board
One corner is raised
LUMBER CLASSIFICATIONS
Thickness
Width
< 2”
≥ 8”
2”- 5” in any dimension
< 2”
< 8”
≥ 5” on the smallest dimension
LUMBER SIZES
Nominal Size (in)
Actual Size (in)
2x4
1½x3½
2x6
1½x5½
2x8
1½x7½
2 x 10
1½x9½
2 x 12
1 ½ x 11 ½
1x4
½x3½
1x6
½x5½
1x8
½x7½
1 x 10
½x9½
1 x 12
½ x 11 ½
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 47 of 58
SUGGESTED WOODS FOR CONSTRUCTION
Posts, Strength, Durability
Molave, ipil, yakal, narig, saplungan, dalunga,
malabayabas, betis, bansalangin, banaba, urung
Posts on Concrete Piers
ABOVE + guijo, makaapis, apitong, tabao, pagatpat,
kamatog, amugis
Beams,
High Grade
Yakal, narig, guijo, ipil, malugai, apitong
Girders,
Med. Grade Apitong amugis, pagatpat, lamog
Rafters,
Low Grade
Tanguile, nato, red and white lauan
Chords
Flooring
Reddish
Red narra, ipil, betis, guijo, tanguile, red lauan
Yellowish
Supa, yakal, saplunga
Siding
Narra, molave, supa, tanguile
Sash Works Panels
Narra, tangile, alke, tindalo
Frames
Narra, ipil, yakal, guijo, apitong
Stairs
Molave, tindalo, yakal, guijo, apitong
PHILIPPINE TIMBER GROUPS
Group 1
Soft woods
Free from splitting when nailed
Group 2
Harder soft woods
Greater nail holding power than GROUP 1
More inclined to split, grain often deflects nails
Group 3
Medium density hard woods
Similar to GROUP 2 in nail holding power and beam strength
Less tendency to split and shatter under impact
Group 4
True hardwoods
Greatest shock resistance and nail holding power
Very susceptible to splitting
Heaviest and hardest wood
SNEFERU
GROUP 1 PHILIPPINE TIMBER - STRENGTH REQUIRED
High grade furniture and interior work; Paneling
High grade construction: posts, beams, rafter
Flooring
Interior building
Bansalagin
Wharf and bridge construction, ships, posts
Dao
Veneer, flooring, paneling
Furniture cabinet work
Ipil
House construction
Narra
High grade furniture and fixtures, paneling
Supa
High grade construction & furniture
Flooring, paneling, door and window casings
Tindalo
High grade construction; floors, doors, windows, sills,
cabinet
Yakal
Posts, flooring, beams, joists, ties, bridges
GROUP 2 PHILIPPINE TIMBER
Guijo
Frames in construction (posts, beams, trusses, studs,
furniture)
Kalamansanai
Favorite for flooring and window sills
Manggachapui
General high grade construction (doors, window frame,
joists, beams)
Narig
All uses of Yakal/Molave
GROUP 3 PHILIPPINE TIMBER
Apitong
House posts & frames
Flooring if well-seasoned
Piling
Palosapis
Interior finish, veneers, plywood, general construction
Red Lauan
For most uses of genuine mahogany, furniture, veneer
Sash and mill work
Tanguile
Cabinet timber; all uses of mahogany
GROUP 4 PHILIPPINE TIMBER
Almon
Furniture and interior work
White Lauan
Furniture, cabinet and interior finish
Akle
Aranga
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 48 of 58
Plywood
Type
Description
Thin piles/veneers glued together
WOOD COMPOSITES
Sub-Type
Thickness
Ordinary
3/16” (4.5mm) for Double Walls & Ceilings
Form
¼” (6mm) for Double Wall Part.
Marine
3/8” (10mm) and ½” (12mm) for Drawers & Shelves
Fancy
¾” (19mm) for drawers, shelves, cabinet doors
1” (25mm) cabinet and closet doors, sub floors
Standard
1/8” (3mm)
Panel
3/16” (4.5mm)
Tempered
¼” (6mm)
Plain
¼” - 1” (6mm - 25mm)
Patterned
Veneered
High Density
Acoustic
¼”, ½”, ¾”
See gypsum board types
Hardboard
(Masonite, Lawanit,
Lawanex)
Chipboard
Reducing and refining wood chips
into fibers and pressing under heat
& pressure
Bonding wood particles with an
adhesive (Phenolic resin or urea
glue)
Med. Density Fiberboard
Gypsum Board
(Boral, Elephant)
Vegetable fibers pressed into sheets
Gypsum core in paper
Fiber Cement Board
Particle Board
72% Portland, 20% Cellulose fibers, 8% calcium carbonate
Small wood chips and base materials pressed and glued together
Type
Acrylic
(Lucite,
Plexiglass)
Cellulosic
Polyethylene
Polystyrene
SNEFERU
PLASTIC
THERMOPLASTICS
Description
Uses
Transparent like glass,
Skylights, sky domes, safety glass,
but shatterproof
paints, adhesives, finish hardware
lighting fixtures
Cellulose acetate or
Paints, lacquers, transparent
butyrate
sheeting
ZIEGLER PE: Strong,
Household and industrial
tough, rigid
applications
IMPROVED CHEMICAL
Construction as pond or lagoon
INDUSTRIES PE: High
lining, water vapor barriers
pressure, low density,
flexible, tough
Excellent transparency,
Colorful, brittle wall tiles, thermal
rigidity, moldability
insulator foam, paint for concrete
Size
3’ x 6’
4’ x 8’
4’ x 8’
2’ x 4’
4’ x 4’
4’ x 8’
4’ x 8’
4’ x 8’
4’ x 8’
4’ x 8’
Polyvinyl
Chloride
Amorphous, rigid, solvent
and flame resistant
Polycarbonate
White, amorphous,
tough, good heat
resistance
Good hear and chemical
Chairs, pipes
resistance
Strong, elastic, resistant to damage from oil, can be colored
Ability to resist abrasion, chemical and heat resistance
Tough and heat resistant, Injection molding: appliances,
low shrinkage, stability
furniture; extruded sheet; panels
for appliances, thermoformed
items like hot tubs and vehicle parts
Polypropylene
Nylon
Fluroplastic
ABS
Resilient floor tile, films, pipes,
paint lacquers, adhesives, safety
glass
Injection molded plates, rods,
gears; die cast metal parts, skylight
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 49 of 58
Type
Melamine/
Urea
Epoxy
Alkyd
Phenolic
Polyester
Urethanes
Silicone
Type
Sheet
Film
Foam
Laminate
SNEFERU
THERMOSETTING PLASTICS
Description
Uses
Hard, durable, stable Melamine: molded dishes
Urea: incandescent light diffusion and
baked enamels
Adhesive qualities
Special chemical resistant paints, caulking
compounds
Derived from
Molded electrical parts, vehicle in paints,
alcohols and acids
lacquers and enamels
Resin or plastic by
Paints, baked enamels, adhesives,
condensation of
impregnating resins for paper, wood and
phenol
finish hardware
Strong, rigid, impact
Most commonly used in large glass fiber
resistant
reinforced translucent panels; impregnating
wood and paper, laminating material,
contact adhesive
Synthetic crystalline
Paint coatings, foams (self-adhesive)
compound
Based on siliconeClear, water repellant paints for masonry
oxygen chains
and concrete above grade
PLASTIC SHEETS, FILM AND FOAM, LAMINATES
Description
Thk.
Uses
Acrylate, polyester,
1.5mm - 2.38mm Replace glass in
polystyrene; Plain or
(1/16”-3/32”)
windows, doors,
reinforced with glass
skylights, showers;
fiber
Corrugated: roofing
PE and PV
1 - 10 mils
Water barrier/damp
(0.001-0.01”)
proofing material
Building construction
2, 4, 6 mil
Building construction
Flotation material,
thermal insulator,
shock resistant
mounting
Paper/fabric
Sheets, table tops, wall
impregnated with
facings
thermosetting resins
Sheet Metal
Tiles
Shingles
Material
GI / GS
Aluminum
THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION
TYPES OF ROOFING MATERIALS
Galvanized Iron
Galvanized Steel
Aluminum
Clay
Concrete
Wood
Tar/Asphalt
SHEET METAL ROOFING
Length
Width
Corrugation
Notes
5 - 12 ft in 1 ft
32”
10 with a
Roofing: Ga. 26 is
increments
pitch of 3”
generally specified;
Ga. 24 is preferred
8 ft is most
common
6 - 12 ft in 1 ft
32 5/8”,
≥ 32”: 12
Other materials
increments
31 ½”, 31
must be insulated
< 32”: 10
1/8”
from contact
Bituminous
Cement
Silicone Sealant
Materials
Minimum
Thickness
Sheet Connection
JOINT SEALANTS
Black: solid, semi-solid, liquid
For sealing built up roofing, joints and cracks of concrete
pavements
White, clear
Outdoor or indoor joints between surfaces
DAMPROOFING
Polyvinyl Chloride
Polyethylene
Over Sand or Soil: 4 mils
Over Rocks or Gravel: 6 mils
Minimum Overlap: 6”
Minimum Return: 6 – 12”
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 50 of 58
TYPES OF WATERPROOFING
Surface Preparation
Comm’l Unit
Rough, Damp
Pails, Bags
Type
Cementitious
Form
Coat
Application
Roller or Brush
Elastomeric
Coat
Roller or Brush
Smooth or Rough,
Damp
Gallons, Pails
12 hrs per coat
Integral
Membrane
Integral
Asphalt
Polyester
Mixed with Cement
LPG Torch
N/A
Rough, Dry
Bags
Roll
Same as Concrete
N/A
Emulsions
Cut-back
PVC Sheet
EDPM
Felt & Bitumen
Coat
Coat
Membrane
Membrane
Roller or Brush
Roller or Brush
Hot Air Welding Fasteners
Adhesive Fasteners
Hot/Cold Rollers
Smooth or Rough, Dry
Smooth or Rough, Dry
Relatively Rough
Relatively Rough
Relatively Rough
Type
Impermeability thru
Dense Concrete
Waterproofing Coats
and Washes
Integral
Membrane
SNEFERU
Concrete
Curing
1 day per coat
Gallons, Pails
6 hours
Drum, Tin
6 hours
Roll
N/A
Rolls
N/A
Roll (Felt)
N/A
Drum (Bitumen)
WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE
Description
Well-graded sands, good aggregates, Portland cement as plaster coat
Form
Alum and soap mixtures applied
in alternate mixtures
Alum, Lye and cement washes
Cement grout
Paraffin and other mineral bases
Specially prepared bituminous
products (FLINT-KOTE, JOHN
MANSVILLE)
Powder or liquid
Ordinary tar paper laid with coal
tar pitch
Asbestos or asphalted felt laid in
asphalt
Notes
Covers 10 sqm/gal
Brand: Boysen Flexibond
Covers 16-18 sqm/gal
Wall: 3 coats
Floor: 4 coats
Brand: Sahara
Modified Bitumen Ply Installation
Thickness: 3mm, 4mm
Finish: Plain, Granulated
Also: Black Primer
Used for decks
Used for decks
Used for decks (slabs only)
Prevents percolation,
¾ gallon soap: 1 gallon water
2 oz. alum: 1 gallon of water
With or without water repellants
Applied in cold solution or prepared in melted
ASPHALT EMULSIONS: Minute asphalt particles dispersed in water and maintained in suspension by emulsifying
agent; when water vehicle evaporates, weatherproof film remains
Tough, durable films
Mixed with concrete
Sahara, Pozolith, Truscon Zilicon, Aquella, Anti-hydro
All concrete surfaces must be smooth and dry and leveled with cement mortar (1:2)
Minimum pitch: 1%
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 51 of 58
DOORS
SURFACE PREPARATION FOR DOOR FRAMES
Frames
Opening Surface
Wood
Finished, Rough
Steel
Finished, Rough
Aluminum
Finished
uPVC
Finished, Rough
DIMENSIONS
Door Thickness
38 – 45mm
Door Frame
2” x 4”
Door Undercut
6mm
TYPES OF DOORS
According to Handing
Left / Right Hand
Left / Right Hand Reverse
Double
Left / Right Hand Active In-swing
Handing
Left / Right Hand Active Out-swing
According to Panel Appearance Flush
Panel
According to Material
Wood
Metal
Steel
Ga. 16 – 22
Galvanized Iron Ga. 16
Aluminum
Ga. 16
Stainless
Ga. 16 – 22
According to Build
Hollow Core Flush Door
Solid Core Flush Door
Framed Flush Door
Rail & Stile or Panel Door
Batten Door
Fire Rated Door
According to Operation
Swing Door
Pivot Swing Door
Dutch Door
Folding Door
Accordion
Overhead
Hidden or Jibb Door
Sliding
SNEFERU
According to Operation
(cont’d)
Roll-up or Coiling
Revolving
Overhead
Automatic
LOCATION OF TRACKS AND GUIDES FOR SLIDING DOORS
Door Material
Track
Guide
Wood
Up
Down
Steel
Up
Down
Aluminum
Down
Up
uPVC
Down
Up
Wood
Steel
Aluminum
uPVC
Fixed
Pivot
Casement
Awning
WINDOWS
SURFACE PREPARATION FOR WINDOW FRAMES
Type
Opening Surface
Finished
Rough
Finished
Finish, Rough
TYPES ACCORDING TO OPERATION
Type
Opening
0%
100%
100% if without limiter
80-90% if with limiter
Hopper
Tilt and Turn
100%
Louvered / Jalousie
100%
Sliding
50%
Single / Double Hung
50%
Accordion / Folding
80 – 85%
Automatic Actuator – can be used on awning, casement, and hopper
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 52 of 58
Flat
Type
Sheet
Plate
Float
Annealed
Heat
Strengthened
Tempered
GLASS
TYPES OF GLASS
Process
From drawing molten glass from a
furnace or flattening a cylinder
Rolling molten glass into a plate,
then ground and polished
Pouring molten glass into a surface
of molten tin and cooling slowly
Cooled slowly
Annealed glass partially tempered
by reheating and sudden cooling
Reheated and rapidly cooled
Insulating
Tinted /
Heat Absorbing
2 or more plies of flat glass bonded
under heat and pressure
Square or diamond wire mesh
embedded to prevent shattering
Linear geometric surface pattern
One or both sides acid etched/
sandblasted to obscure vision
By fusing a ceramic frit to interior
surface of tempered/heat str. Glass
≥ 2 sheets separated by space
Chemical admixture to absorb
portion of radiant heat & light
Reflective
Low-Emissivity
Thin, translucent metallic coating
Depositing a low-e coating on glass
Laminated /
Safety Glass
Wired
Patterned
Obscure
Spandrel
SNEFERU
Characteristics
Some distortion (minimize by
glazing with distortion
horizontally)
Virtually clear, undistorted
vision
Flat, parallel surface;
minimize distortion
2x strength of annealed glass
of the same thickness
3 - 5x resistance of annealed
glass to impact and thermal
stresses
Breaks into harmless, pebble
sized particles
Resin retains fragments if
glass is broken
Flat or patterned glass
Obscure vision/diffuse light
Process weakens glass; hard
to clean
Opaque, conceals structural
elements (curtain wall)
Insulate; resists condensation
Iron oxide: pale blue green
Cobalt oxide/nickel: grayish
Selenium: bronze tint
Reflects portion of light
Transmits visible light
GLASS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Foamed or Cellular Glass
Rigid, vapor proof thermal insulation
Glass Fibers
Textiles and material reinforcement
Glass Fibers Spin in Form
Glass wool for acoustical and thermal insulation
Glass Block
Control light transmission, glare, solar radiation
Glazing
Window, sash, skylight openings
Types
Nails
Screws
Bolts
Length
2d = 1” long
to
60d = 6” long
About 3x
thickness of
material
being
secured
½”-6”
(12mm150mm)
JOINERY
TYPE
Diameter
Material
Large:
MILD STEEL;
heavy work; Aluminum, copper,
brass, zinc, stainless,
Lighter:
tempered high
finish work;
carbon steel (Greater
strength in masonry)
Thinner:
hardwood >
softwood
Up to Ga. 24 Steel, brass,
aluminum, bonze,
stainless steel
¾” to 30”
(19mm900mm)
1/4” to 1 ¼”
(6mm32mm)
Face Nailing
Blind Nailing
Toe Nailing
Metal pins or rods
Form
Serrated,
barbed,
threaded, fluted
or twisted
shafts;
Tapered, cupped
or flat heads
Tapered,
helically
threaded shanks
and slotted
heads
Head at one end
designed to be
inserted through
holes; with
washers
TYPES OF NAIL CONSTRUCTION
Driven perpendicular to face of material
Nail heads are not visible on the face
Obliquely to surfaces being joined
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 53 of 58
TYPES OF NAILS
General construction (2d - 60d)
Light construction (2d - 40d)
Finish work (2d - 40d)
Cabinetry (2d - 20d)
Fastening floor boards
Wood flooring
Fastening shingles
Temporary structures
Hammering into concrete or masonry
Fastening heavy timbers
Driving into concrete or steel
TYPES OF SCREWS
Wood Screw
Helically threaded with a pointed end
Wood or resilient material
Metal Screw
Into metal
Lag Screw/Bolt/Coach Screw
Square head and a thin, coarse pitched thread
Screw Anchors or Tux Screw
Similar to expansion bolt
Metal shell with screw along its central axis
Tekscrew
To fasten metal roofing sheets to purlins
TYPES OF BOLTS
Machine Bolt
Threaded bolt with straight shank and conventional head
Carriage Bolt
Circular head, oval/flat bearing surface & a means to prevent
rotation
Toggle Bolt
With a nut with pivoted flanged wings used to fasten objects
to hollow wall
Expansion Bolt
Anchoring device having expandable socket that swells as
bolt; in masonry for attaching timber
Common Nail
Box Nail
Casing Nail
Finishing Nail
Flooring Nail
Cut Nail
Roofing Nail
Double Headed Nail
Masonry Nail
Spikes
Power Driven Studs
SNEFERU
FINISHES
TYPES OF SURFACE FINISHES
Concrete Surface
Wood Flooring
Granolithic and
Resilient Floor
Finishes
Finishes
Terrazo Finishes
Finishes
Tile Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Paint FInishes
CONCRETE SURFACE FINISHES
Wall
Stucco /
Stucco: mortar of cement, sand and water
Cement Plaster (sometimes with hydrated lime)
Applied in 3 coats (scratch, brown, finish)
Rubbed Finish
Grinding down concrete surface of concrete using a
brick of carborundum, emery or soft natural stone
Circular motion of rubbing with grout
If sand instead of grout: Sand-Float Finish
Brushed Finish
Scrubbing or brushing concrete surface with fiber or
wire brushes
Leaves coarse aggregates exposed
Tooled Finish
Most common: Bush Hammering
Not on gravel concrete because of pebbles getting
dislodged
Sand Blast
Same appearance as brushing concrete while still
Finish
green (best at least 1 month old)
Produces a granulated finish
Most effective: dried silica sand/quartz
Exposed
Color from aggregates, not coloring
Aggregate Fin.
Floors
Wood Float
Coarse aggregate is forced below the surface, which
Finish
is leveled while concrete has not set
Steel-Trowelled Wood float finish then the entire surface is steel
Finish
trowelled before final setting of conc.
Integral Color
While concrete is still green, a finish coat of 1:3
Finish
mortar is applied and leveled with a wood screed
then steel trowelled
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 54 of 58
Coat
Scratch Coat
Brown Coat
Finish Coat
Granolithic
Terrazo
Common
Heavy Duty
Non-Slip
Light Duty
Non-Slip
Cement Tile
Ceramic Tile
Composition
SNEFERU
STUCCO/CEMENT PLASTER FINISH
Parts
Parts Sand
Pounds
Sand
Cement
H. Lime
Size
1
3
10 Lbs
Coarse
1
2
Fine
GRANOLITHIC AND TERRAZO INGREDIENTS
Ingredients
1 part cement
1 part sand
Cement
Water
Thickness
Finish
3/8” (10mm)
1/8” (Rarely
exceeding ¼”)
Manufacture
1 part finely
crushed stone
Marble chip
aggregates
TERRAZO FLOOR FINISH
Aggregate
Min. Topping
Uses
Forms
Exposure
Thickness
70%
5/8”
Where
Precast (e.g.
durability,
tile),
3 marble
resistance to
granules: 1
Cast in place
wear and
abrasive
form
minimal
4 marble
maintenance
granules: 1
necessary
abrasive
CEMENT AND CERAMIC TILE
Cement and sand mixture in plastic mould
Thickness: 1”
Common sizes
8”x8”
12”x12”
16”x16”
Clay/mixture of clay with other ceramic materials and fired
Brands: MARIWASA, EUROTILES
CERAMIC TILE CHARACTERISTICS
Plastic
Usually clays having high bonding power
Filler
Reduces shrinkage in drying and firing
Imparts rigidity, prevents deformation in heat
E.g. Flint, Kaolin, Tale, Finely pulverized silica
Flux /
Melts under intense heat and fuses heat
Solvent
resisting elements into a solid mass
Widely used: Feldspar
Vitrification
Glazed
Interior
Ceramic
Mosaic
Glazed
Weatherproof
Pavers
Unglazed
Glazed
Composed of the same ingredients throughout
Glassy surface of ceramic materials fused on face
May have plain, textured, polychrome, mottled,
stippled or rippled surface
BRIGHT GLAZE
MATTE GLAZE
Highly polished surface Entirely without sheen
and reflects images
Dust Press
Shaped in steel dies by applying heavy pressure
Process
to damp ceramic mix
More regular appearance
Plastic
Shaped from clay rendered plastic and mixing
Process
with water
HAND MOLDED
EXTRUDED
Non-vitreous Moisture absorption > 7% of tile weight
Semi-vitreous Moisture absorption 3-7% of tile weight
Vitreous
Moisture absorption < 3% of tile weight
Impervious
Negligible moisture absorption
TYPES OF CERAMIC TILE
Description
Size
Vitrification
Made by dust
Non-vitreous
pressed process
Predominantly
< 6 sq. in. in facial
Fully vitrified
unglazed
area; Each sheet
in 2 sq. ft.
For interior/exterior
Semi-vitreous
walls and floors
Unglazed, resembling > 6 sq. in. in facial
PLASTIC METHOD
mosaic tiles
area,
Vitreous/Semi
3”x3” or 6”x6”
DUST PRESSED
Impervious
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 55 of 58
Asphalt
Tile &
Sheet
Vinyl Tile
& Sheet
Rubber
Tile &
Sheet
Linoleum
Tile &
Sheet
RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES
Composition
Size
Thk.
1/8”
9” x 9”
Asbestos and other
12” x 12”
fillers formed under
3/16”
pressure
1.5mm
300 mm x
Solid Vinyl
Vinyl and Asbestos
Vinyl Layer Over
Resilient Floor
Neutral rubber
Quietest, but not as
resistant to solvents as
vinyl/linoleum
Resilient, waterproof
Backing with a thick
layer of wearing surface
(linseed oil with
wood/cork flour, fillers,
stone dust, resins,
binders, driers)
Vinyl
Atimco
Armstrong
Azrock
BF
Goodrich
John
Mansville
Kentile
Rubberoid
Matico
SNEFERU
X
X
300 mm
Rolls:
6’ wide
50 ft long
2 mm
2.5 mm
3 mm
Rolls:
3’ wide
2 mm
2.5 mm
3 mm
Rolls:
2’ and 6’
wide
Up to 30’
long
9”x9”
(plain and
marbled)
SERVICE
GAUGE
1/16”
BRAND NAMES
Vin. Asb..
X
X
(Vinalux)
X
(Koroseal)
Rubber
X
X
X
STANDARD
GAUGE
3/32”
HEAVY
GAUGE
1/8”
Uses
Not exposed to
direct sunlight,
water, grease
Heavy indoor
traffic
*Requires
underlayment
- Damp areas
(e.g. Kitchen)
- Not sub/below
grade (damp)
- Can be used
outdoors but
exposed to acids
Asphalt
Linoleum
Cork
X
X
X
X
X
X
(Terraflex)
X
X
X
WOOD FLOORING FINISHES
Thk.
Requirements
Strip
7/8”
First strip: face nailed as close to the
(T & G)
wall as possible
Ilco
Succeeding strips: blind nailed
(Insular
Over concrete subfloor
Lumber Co)
Flooring steps nailed to 2x3 or 2x4
Nalko
sleepers
(Nasipit
Damp proof composition fill or cinder
Lumber Co)
concrete between finish floor and top of
slab
Plank
≥ 8”
Square edged boards
Face nailed
Parquet
SQUARES
3/8”
Square tiles built up in several layers
(Block
9 5/8”
5/15”
with veneered surface
Flooring)
14 ½”
Nailed to a wood subfloor (lumber must
19 ¼”
be kiln dried)
24”
Slab should be with vapor moisture
barrier
Asphalt type underlayment should NOT
be used
CEILING FINISHES
Ceiling Board or Beaded
Shiplapped with a bead on center
Ceiling Board
Width: 4” and 6”
Thickness” 3/8” and ½”
Acoustic
Cellulose
Compressed sugar cane/wood fibers with
Tiles
Fiber
perforations on the surface
Mineral
Felted rock wood
Wool
Cannot be painted, Flame retardant
12”x12”, 24”x24”, 12”x24”; ½ 5/8 7/8 1” thk
Glass Fiber Glass fibers held by binders
23 ¾”, 47 ¾” squares; 1 ¼” thk
Beh Stylone
Armstrong
Lo-Tone
Gold Bond
Acousti-Celo
Size
NOMINAL
≤ 6” wide
1”x 3”
1”x 4”
1”x 6”
X
X
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 56 of 58
Type
Acrylic
Alkyd Enamel
Stain
Nitro Cellulose
Lacquer
SNEFERU
Solvent
Water-Based
SolventBased
Oil-Based
(Turpentine)
Oil-Based
LacquerBased
PAINT
Uses
Concrete, Masonry, Drywalls,
Primed Wood
Sub-Type
Permacoat
Location
Exterior, Interior
Permatex
Plexibond
Interior
Exterior
Wall-guard
Exterior
Roof-guard
Roofs
Anti-bacterial
Latex
Interior
Elastomeric
Exterior
Acrytex
Exterior, Interior
Masonry, Wood, Primed Steel
Quick Drying
Enamel
Red Oxide
Primer
Flatwall Enamel
Exterior, Interior
Wood, Metal
Brush, Roller
Exterior, Interior
Steel, Iron
*cannot use spray
due to viscosity
Exterior, Interior
Wood
Alkyd Traffic
Paint
Oil Wood Stain
Exterior
Xyladecor
Exterior, Interior
Automotive
Lacquer
Interior
Interior
Application
Brush, Roller, Spray
Wood, Drywall, Masonry
WATERPROOFING
Concrete, Masonry, Metal (GI)
New masonry, Repainting
GI surfaces, Asphalt Shingles,
Unglazed Roof Tile, Etc.
Concrete and Drywalls
Medical, Nursing homes,
Schools
Walls, Floors, Firewalls,
Swimming Pools
Street markings, curbs, traffic
lanes
Wood works, furniture,
paneling
Surfaces
Doors, Jambs, Cabinets,
Shelves
Brush, Roller, Spray
Brush or Roller (semiducco finish)
Spray (ducco finish)
Notes
Excellent hiding ability
FLAT – Primer/1st coat or TOP COAT
GLOSSY – TOP COAT
Textured with a textured roller
Good corrosion resistance
Cementitious coating
Mildew Resistant
High resistance to dust and pollutants
Covers cracks, prevents entry of rain
water, carbon dioxide and acidic gases
Use after cementitious water proofing
putty
Textured with a mortar gun
Second Best for waterproofing
Superior hiding, high gloss
Rust inhibiting
Durable, fast drying paint
Can also be a primer
Must be applied on epoxy-primed
asphalt/rough concrete
Emulsion paint
Seals, prevents fungal growth, mold,
insect attacks
Water repellant
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 57 of 58
Type
Epoxy
Solvent
Epoxy-Based
Polyurethane
Varnish
Automotive
SolventBased
Material
Cement
Asphalt Mix
Coarse Aggregates
Fine Aggregates
Reinforced Concrete Pipes
Non-Reinforced Concrete Pipes
Steel Bars
Galvanized Iron Sheet
Concrete Hollow Block
Steel Pipes
Sub-Type
Epoxy Enamel
Location
Interior
Acqua Epoxy
Exterior, Interior
PU Varnish
Topcoat
Automotive
Paint
Interior
Exterior, Interior
Uses
Metal, GI, Wood, Masonry,
Concrete flooring, Water tank
Floorings, Walls, Metal
Substrates, other Primed
Surfaces
Wood, countertops, flooring
Application
Roller
Notes
As a TOPCOAT for Epoxy Primer
Chemical, corrosion & abrasion resistant
Solvent, chemical, stain resistances
Spray, Roller, Brush
After varnish sealer
Wood, Metals
MATERIALS TESTING
Min. Required Number of Samples
1 per 2000 bags
1 per 40 tons OR 1 per 200 drums
1 per 1,500 cu.m
1 per 1,500 cu.m
1 per 50 pipes OR 2% of number of pipes
2 pipes OR 2% of number of pipes
1 per 10,000 kg
1 per 1,000 sheets
1 per 20,000 units
1 per 500 units
On site application
Min. Quantity of Each Sample
10 kg
20 kg
70 kg
50 kg
1 pipe
2 pipes
3 bars of 1 meter length
1 sheet
6 units (3 for compressive test, 3 for moisture content)
2 pieces at 10 cm long with both sides unthreaded
Disclaimer: This reviewer is subject to human error. When in doubt, go check your own sources and think for yourself.
SNEFERU
June 2017 ALE Reviewer | Building Technology, Materials, Utilities, and Structural Conceptualization | Page 58 of 58