GNRS-610 Advanced Pathophysiology
Study Guide for Test #1
Unit-1
Cellular adaptation, injury, and death
- Apoptosis Vs necrosis
- Role of Na + and Ca ++ in hypoxic cell injury
- Aerobic Vs anaerobic metabolism: effects in cell injury
- Adaptation (Metaplasia)
- Dysplasia
Cancer
What’s CIS?
Proto-oncogene mutation
Role of epigenetics in cancer
Role of P53 as a tumor-suppressor gene
Staging and grading of cancer
Telomeres
Unit-2
Water & Electrolytes
- Causes & mechanisms of edema
- Different types and causes of Hyponatremia and hypernatremia
- Aldosterone & ADH: effects on sodium and water balance
- Effects of K+ Ca++ on cardiac muscle excitability
- K+, and Ca++ disorders (Causes and clinical manifestations)
Unit-3
Acid-base Imbalances/ABGs
- Interpretation of ABGs, applying ROME’s rule and compensation formulas to diagnose
primary and secondary acid/base disorders
- Anion gap, delta gap, and evaluating multiple metabolic acid/base disorders
- Causes of anion-gap and non-anion gap metabolic acidosis disorders
- Causes of metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis
1