DIABETES
MELLITUS
WHAT’S DIABETES?
It’s a chronic disease that occurs
either when the pancreas does not
produce enough insulin or when the
body cannot effectively use the
insulin it produces.
ETIOLOGY
When there isn’t enough insulin or cells
stop responding to insulin, too much
blood sugar stays in your bloodstream.
Over time, that can cause serious
health problems, such as heart disease,
vision loss, and kidney disease.
CLINICAL
MANIFESTATIONS
INCREASED THIRST (POLYDIPSIA)
FREQUENT URINATION (POLYURIA)
FATIGUE
BLURRED VISION
SLOW-HEALING SORES OR CUTS.
UNEXPLAINED WEIGHT LOSS
FREQUENT SKIN / VAGINAL YEAST INFECTIONS.
TWO TYPES:
NURSING DIAGNOSIS:
Risk for unstable BLOOD
GLUCOSE LEVEL related to
Insuffi cient diabetes
management or
nonadherence to diabetes
management plan;
inadequate blood glucose
monitoring; ineffective
medication management as
evidenced by polyuria,
polydipsia, and slow-healing
wounds.
TYPE 1 DIABETES
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Once known as juvenile diabetes or
insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic
condition in which the immune system
attacks and destroys insulin-producing
cells in your pancreas, causing lack of
insulin.
The most common diabetes is type 2
diabetes. Also known as Non-insulin
dependent diabetes, usually in adults,
which occurs when the body becomes
resistant to insulin or doesn't make
enough insulin.
NURSING INTERVENTIONS:
•Determine individual factors that may contribute to unstable glucose as listed in
risk factors. (e.g: Family History, poor glucose control, eating disorders, and obesity.)
Ascertain whether client/SOs obtain accurate readings on their glucose-monitoring
device and are adept at using the device
Provide information on how to manage glucose level, balancing food intake,
antidiabetic agents, and energy expenditure. Ask the patient to consult dietician as
needed.
DIscuss how the anti-diabetic medications work to patients
Encourage the patient to have an active physical lifestyle and eat healthy foods
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
MEDICATION
For Client Receiving Insulin •
Fasting Plasma Glucose Test
Emphasize the importance of
(FPG)
checking expiration dates of
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
medications, inspecting insulin for
(OGTT)
cloudiness if it is normally clear,
Random Plasma Glucose Test
and monitoring proper storage and
Hemoglobin A1c Test
preparation (when mixing
(HbA1c):
required). These factors affect
insulin absorbability.
REFERENCES
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/symptoms-causes
https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabetes.html
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7104-diabetes
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes
NANDA 2015