VOCABULARY MARKET
​
​
​
​
​
eanwhile:
● Definition: In the intervening time.
● Example: Sarah is working on her project; meanwhile, John is preparing for
the presentation.
Subsequently:
● Definition: Following in time; afterward.
● Example: The experiment faced initial challenges, but subsequently, the
team made significant progress.
Simultaneously:
● Definition: Occurring at the same time.
● Example: The two teams worked simultaneously on different aspects of
the project to meet the deadline.
Eventually:
● Definition: In the end; after a long period.
● Example: After years of hard work, she eventually achieved her dream of
becoming a published author.
Initially:
● Definition: At the beginning; in the early stages.
● Example: Initially, the new software had some glitches, but updates fixed
the issues.
Expressions for Communication:
​
​
Articulate:
● Definition: Expressing oneself clearly and effectively.
● Example: The speaker was able to articulate complex ideas in a way that
everyone could understand.
Elaborate:
● Definition: To give more details or information.
​
​
​
​
● Example: The professor asked the student to elaborate on the key points
of the research.
Clarify:
● Definition: To make something clear or easy to understand.
● Example: Please clarify your position on the matter for better
comprehension.
Inquire:
● Definition: To ask for information; to seek knowledge.
● Example: The detective continued to inquire about the details of the crime
scene.
Respond:
● Definition: To reply or react to something.
● Example: She responded promptly to the email, addressing all the
concerns raised.
Express:
● Definition: To convey thoughts, feelings, or ideas.
● Example: The artist used colors to express the emotions associated with
the scene.
Common Phrases:
​
​
​
​
​
On the other hand:
● Definition: Conversely; looking at an opposing viewpoint.
● Example: The research supports the theory, but, on the other hand, there
are practical challenges.
In addition:
● Definition: Also; furthermore.
● Example: She excels in academics, and in addition, she actively
participates in extracurricular activities.
Consequently:
● Definition: As a result; therefore.
● Example: The heavy rainfall damaged the crops; consequently, there was a
shortage of produce.
Furthermore:
● Definition: Additionally; moreover.
● Example: The report highlighted the current issues, and furthermore, it
proposed solutions.
Nonetheless:
● Definition: In spite of that; nevertheless.
​
● Example: The weather was unfavorable; nonetheless, the outdoor event
proceeded as planned.
Therefore:
● Definition: For that reason; as a result.
● Example: The experiment yielded consistent results; therefore, the
hypothesis was considered valid.
Critical Thinking Terms:
​
​
​
​
​
​
Rationale:
● Definition: The underlying reason or justification for an action or belief.
● Example: The rationale behind the decision was to ensure long-term
sustainability.
Inference:
● Definition: A conclusion drawn from evidence and reasoning.
● Example: Based on the data, the scientists made an inference about the
potential impact of the new drug.
Deduction:
● Definition: The process of reaching a specific conclusion from general
principles.
● Example: Sherlock Holmes used deductive reasoning to solve complex
mysteries.
Speculation:
● Definition: Forming opinions without definite evidence; conjecture.
● Example: The journalist's speculation about the political scenario proved to
be inaccurate.
Perspective:
● Definition: A particular attitude or way of viewing things.
● Example: Each character in the story provides a unique perspective on the
events.
Analysis:
● Definition: Examination of a subject in detail to understand its nature or
structure.
● Example: The literary analysis explored the symbolism used in the novel.
Literary Devices:
​
Metaphor:
​
​
​
​
​
● Definition: A figure of speech where a word or phrase is applied to an
object or action to which it is not literally applicable.
● Example: "Time is a thief" is a metaphor conveying the idea that time
steals moments from our lives.
Simile:
● Definition: A figure of speech comparing two unlike things using "like" or
"as."
● Example: "Brave as a lion" is a simile describing someone's courage.
Symbolism:
● Definition: The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.
● Example: The dove is often a symbol of peace in literature and art.
Foreshadowing:
● Definition: A literary device hinting at events to come later in the story.
● Example: The dark clouds foreshadowed the impending storm.
Allegory:
● Definition: A story or poem with a hidden meaning, typically a moral or
political one.
● Example: "Animal Farm" is an allegory representing the events of the
Russian Revolution.
Irony:
● Definition: A contrast between expectations and reality.
● Example: The irony of the situation was that the fire station burned down.
Idiomatic Expressions:
​
​
​
​
​
Hit the books:
● Definition: To study intensively.
● Example: Exams are approaching; it's time to hit the books.
Break the ice:
● Definition: To initiate a conversation or interaction in a social setting.
● Example: A good joke can help break the ice at a party.
Piece of cake:
● Definition: Something very easy to do.
● Example: Solving that math problem was a piece of cake for her.
Under the weather:
● Definition: Feeling unwell or sick.
● Example: I won't be able to make it to work today; I'm a bit under the
weather.
On the ball:
​
● Definition: Alert and competent.
● Example: The team needs someone on the ball to lead the project.
The ball is in your court:
● Definition: It's your turn to take action or make a decision.
● Example: I've done my part; now the ball is in your court to finalize the deal.
What Is the Future Progressive Tense?
The future progressive tense is used for an ongoing action that will occur in the future. For
example:
●
John will be baking a cake.
●
They will be painting the fence
Examples of the Future Progressive Tense
Here are some examples of the future progressive tense (shaded):
● The Moscow State Circus will be performing in Cheltenham
for the next 3 weeks.
● We will be celebrating like kings if it works.
● The next time you see a spider's web, please pause and
look a little closer. You will be seeing one of the most
high-performance materials known to man. (Biologist Cheryl
Hayashi)
● She'll be coming around the mountain when she comes.
("She'll" is a contraction of "she will.")
Forming the Future Progressive Tense
The future progressive tense is formed like this:
"will be" + [present participle ("verb-ing")]
(This is the construction for singular and plural.)
Forming the Present Participle
The word that ends "-ing" is known as a present participle. It is formed
like this:
Add "ing" to most verbs:
● play > playing
● shout > shouting
For verbs that end "e," remove the "e" and add "ing":
● prepare > preparing
● ride > riding
For verbs that end "ie," change the "ie" to "y" and add "ing":
● lie > lying
● untie > untying
For verbs whose last syllable is written [consonant-vowel-consonant]
and is stressed, double the final consonant and add "ing":
● run > running
● forget > forgetting
The Negative Version
If you need the negative version, you can use the following construction:
"will not be" + [present participle]
● The Moscow State Circus will not be performing in
Cheltenham for the next 3 weeks.
● We will not be celebrating like kings if it fails.
Remember that "will not be" can be said or written (especially in informal
writing) as the contraction "won't be."
The Question Version
If you need to ask a question, you can use the following word order for a
yes/no question:
"will" + [subject] + "be" + [present participle]
● Will the Moscow State Circus be performing in Washington?
● Will we be celebrating like kings?
You can use the following word order for a question-word question:
[question word] + "will" + [subject] + "be" + [present participle]
● When will the Moscow State Circus be performing in
Cheltenham?
● Why will we be celebrating like kings?
You can use the following word order for a choice question:
"will" + [subject] + "be" + [present participle] + + choice A + or +
choice B
● Will the Moscow State Circus be performing in New York or
Washington?
"will" + [subject] + "be" + present participle A + or + present
participle B
● Will we be celebrating like kings commiserating like
paupers?
.
The present participle is a kind of verb that usually ends with
"-ing." It helps make different verb tenses like present actions
happening right now, past actions that were ongoing, and future
actions that will be ongoing. It's also used to create phrases with
verbs. When you use the present participle as a word on its own,
it becomes a gerund and works like a noun.
Examples of Present Participles:
​
Running:
●
​
Example: She is running in the race.
Swimming:
●
Example: They are swimming in the pool.
​
Eating:
●
​
Reading:
●
​
Example: The couple is dancing at the party.
Talking:
●
​
Example: They are studying for the test.
Dancing:
●
​
Example: The kids are playing in the park.
Studying:
●
​
Example: She is writing a letter.
Playing:
●
​
Example: He is reading a book.
Writing:
●
​
Example: The cat is eating its food.
Example: We heard them talking in the room.
Traveling:
●
Example: They are traveling to new places.
1. Future Perfect Tense
A. Definition
The Future Perfect Tense is a grammatical construction that expresses an action that
will be completed before a specific point in the future. It is formed by combining the
future auxiliary "will have" with the past participle of the main verb.
B. Structure
​
Affirmative: Subject + will have + past participle
● Example: She will have finished her project by tomorrow.
​
Negative: Subject + will not (won't) have + past participle
● Example: They won't have completed the construction by next month.
​
Interrogative: Will + subject + have + past participle?
● Example: Will you have submitted the report by Friday?
II. Usage
A. Completed Actions Before a Point in the Future
The Future Perfect Tense is employed to convey actions that will be finished before a
specified time in the future.
● Example: By the time you arrive, we will have already started the meeting.
B. Future of Completion
It is commonly used to discuss activities that will be completed at some point in the
future.
● Example: By the end of the year, they will have lived in that house for a decade.
C. Predictions about the Past
The tense can be used to make predictions or assumptions about a past event from a
future perspective.
● Example: When you read this letter, I will have already left for the conference.
III. Time Expressions
To clearly convey the timing of the completed action, various time expressions can be
used with the Future Perfect Tense.
● By (a specific time): They will have finished the project by 5 PM.
● Before: She will have graduated before the summer.
● By the time: By the time you arrive, I will have prepared dinner.
IV. Contrast with Other Tenses
A. Future Simple vs. Future Perfect
While the Future Simple Tense indicates a simple action in the future, the Future
Perfect Tense emphasizes the completion of an action before a specific future time.
● Future Simple: I will meet you at 3 PM.
● Future Perfect: I will have completed the task by 3 PM.
B. Future Continuous vs. Future Perfect Continuous
The Future Perfect Continuous Tense emphasizes the duration of an action leading up
to a future point, whereas the Future Perfect Tense focuses on the completion of the
action by that time.
● Future Continuous: I will be studying all day.
● Future Perfect Continuous: I will have been studying for eight hours by tonight.
V. Exercises
Put the following sentences into the Future Perfect Tense.
​
She (finish) her book by the end of the week.
​
We (not / start) the project before you come back.
​
Will they (visit) the museum by the time it closes?
Answers:
​
She will have finished her book by the end of the week.
​
We won't have started the project before you come back.
​
Will they have visited the museum by the time it closes?
VI. Conclusion
Mastering the Future Perfect Tense adds depth and precision to your English language
skills. By understanding its structure, usage, and nuances, you can effectively
communicate actions that will be completed before a specified future point. Practice
using this tense to enhance your language proficiency and convey temporal
relationships with confidence.
2. Simple Future Tense
A. Definition
The Simple Future Tense is a grammatical structure used to express actions that will
occur in the future. It is formed by using the modal verb "will" or "shall" followed by the
base form of the main verb.
B. Structure
​
​
Affirmative: Subject + will/shall + base form of the verb
● Example: She will finish her project by tomorrow.
Negative: Subject + will not (won't)/shall not (shan't) + base form of the verb
● Example: They won't attend the meeting.
​
Interrogative: Will/Shall + subject + base form of the verb?
● Example: Will you come to the party?
II. Usage
A. Future Actions
The Simple Future Tense is primarily used to talk about actions that will happen in the
future, often in the context of predictions, promises, or plans.
● Example: I will meet you at the airport.
B. Predictions
It is employed to make predictions or express future certainty based on current
evidence.
● Example: The sun will rise in the east tomorrow.
C. Offers and Promises
The tense is used to make offers or promises about future actions.
● Example: I will help you with your homework.
III. Time Expressions
To specify when the future action will take place, various time expressions can be used.
● Tomorrow: They will complete the project tomorrow.
● Next week: She will visit her parents next week.
● In the future: We shall overcome challenges in the future.
IV. Contrast with Other Tenses
A. Present Simple vs. Simple Future
While the Present Simple Tense expresses routine actions or general truths, the Simple
Future Tense focuses on specific actions that will occur in the future.
● Present Simple: I go to the gym every day.
● Simple Future: I will go to the gym tomorrow.
B. Future Progressive vs. Simple Future
The Future Progressive Tense emphasizes actions in progress in the future, whereas the
Simple Future Tense indicates straightforward future actions.
● Future Progressive: They will be studying all night.
● Simple Future: They will study for the exam tomorrow.
V. Exercises
Transform the following sentences into the Simple Future Tense.
​
​
​
She (visit) her grandparents next weekend.
We (not / be) late for the flight.
Will they (join) us for dinner?
Answers:
​
​
​
She will visit her grandparents next weekend.
We won't be late for the flight.
Will they join us for dinner?
VI. Conclusion
Understanding and correctly using the Simple Future Tense is crucial for effective
communication in English. Whether making predictions, promises, or discussing future
plans, the simple yet versatile structure of this tense is a fundamental tool in expressing
actions yet to come. Practice and apply this knowledge to enhance your language
proficiency and convey future events with confidence.
3. Future perfect Progressive Tense
A. Definition
The Future Perfect Progressive Tense is a grammatical structure that conveys ongoing
or continuous actions that will be in progress up to a specified point in the future. It
combines elements of progressive and perfect aspects, utilizing "will have been"
followed by the present participle (base form + ing) of the main verb.
B. Structure
​
​
​
Affirmative: Subject + will have been + present participle
● Example: By next year, he will have been working on the project for five
years.
Negative: Subject + will not (won't) have been + present participle
● Example: They won't have been studying all night.
Interrogative: Will + subject + have been + present participle?
● Example: Will you have been practicing the piano by the time of the recital?
II. Usage
A. Duration of Ongoing Actions
The Future Perfect Progressive Tense emphasizes the continuous nature of actions
over a specified duration leading up to a future time.
● Example: By 2025, she will have been living in the city for a decade.
B. Planning and Expectations
It is used to discuss expectations or assumptions about actions that will be ongoing in
the future.
● Example: I expect that they will have been training for the marathon for months.
C. Expressing Dedication
This tense is suitable for describing long-term dedication or commitment to an activity
or goal.
● Example: By retirement, he will have been serving the company faithfully for 30
years.
III. Time Expressions
To precisely convey the duration and timing of ongoing actions, various time
expressions can be utilized.
● For: She will have been traveling for three months by June.
● Since: By graduation, he will have been studying engineering since 2018.
● Until: They won't have been renovating the house until next spring.
IV. Contrast with Other Tenses
A. Future Progressive vs. Future Perfect Progressive
While the Future Progressive Tense emphasizes the ongoing nature of actions in the
future, the Future Perfect Progressive Tense adds the element of completion over time.
● Future Progressive: They will be studying all night.
● Future Perfect Progressive: They will have been studying for eight hours by
midnight.
B. Future Perfect vs. Future Perfect Progressive
The Future Perfect Tense focuses on the completion of an action by a specific future
time, while the Future Perfect Progressive Tense emphasizes the ongoing nature
leading up to that point.
● Future Perfect: She will have finished the report by Friday.
● Future Perfect Progressive: She will have been working on the report for a week
by Friday.
V. Exercises
Transform the following sentences into the Future Perfect Progressive Tense.
​
​
​
They (practice) for the concert for two hours by the time you arrive.
By the end of the month, she (learn) French for six months.
Will you (write) the novel for a year by the time it's published?
Answers:
​
​
​
They will have been practicing for the concert for two hours by the time you
arrive.
By the end of the month, she will have been learning French for six months.
Will you have been writing the novel for a year by the time it's published?
VI. Conclusion
Mastering the Future Perfect Progressive Tense adds depth and precision to your
language skills, allowing you to convey ongoing actions with a focus on their duration
leading up to a specific future point. Utilize this versatile tense to express dedication,
expectations, and the continuous nature of activities in a variety of contexts. Practice
incorporating this knowledge into your communication to enhance your language
proficiency.
DIALOGUE MARVEL GAME
1. Simple Future Tense:
Tony Stark: Captain, we will assemble the Avengers for one last mission against
Thanos.
Captain America: Thanos won't know what hit him. We will reclaim the Infinity Stones.
2. Future Progressive Tense:
Black Widow: While you're hacking into the mainframe, I will be securing the
perimeter.
Hawkeye: Iron Man and Thor will be taking down the enemy forces from the sky.
3. Future Perfect Tense:
Doctor Strange: By the time Thanos arrives, we will have prepared a strategy to defeat
him.
Thor: Loki, you will have redeemed yourself by helping us in this final battle.
4. Future Perfect Progressive Tense:
Bruce Banner: Before the battle begins, Captain Marvel will have been training our
forces extensively.
Black Panther: By the end of the fight, we will have been victorious in protecting the
universe.
Feel free to customize these sentences or let me know if you have specific characters or
situations in mind!
Match the words in column A with the definitions in column B:
A
​
coincidence
​
dilemma
​
disaster
​
emergency
​
lucky break
​
mishap
​
mystery
​
triumph
B
a. an unexpected event that brings good fortune (5. lucky break)
b. a situation that involves a difficult choice (2. dilemma)
c. something puzzling or unexplained (7. mystery)
d. an event that causes suffering or destruction (3. disaster)
e. a great success or achievement (8. triumph)
f. an accident, mistake, or unlucky event (6. mishap)
g. a sudden, dangerous situation that requires quick action (4. emergency)
h. a situation when two similar things happen at the same time for no reason (1.
coincidence)