Sr.
No.
Name of Material
Alternative I
1.
Traditional Concrete
Ashcrete
2.
Rigid Metal Electrical
Conduit
Flexible Metal
Conduit
3.
Galvanized Steel
Plumbing Piping
4.
Standard Steel Rebar
Reinforcement
6.
Bitumen
Stainless Steel
Plumbing
Piping
Engineered
Bamboo
Reinforcement
Lime
Plastering
Asphalt
7.
Flat Mud Roofing
Metal Roofing
8.
Stainless Steel Kitchen
Sink
Fireclay
9.
Doors Knobs
10.
Conventional
Incandescent Lighting
5.
Gypsum Plastering
Ball Door
Knob
Fluorescent
Lighting
Alternative
II
GGBS
Concrete
Electrical
Metallic
Tubing
ABS
Plumbing
Piping
GFRP Rebar
Cement
Plastering
Lignin
Alternative
III
Self-Healing
Concrete
Electrical
Non-Metallic
Tubing
PVC
Plumbing
Piping
Helix Micro
Rebar
Reinforcement
Gypsum
Board
Blast Furnace
Cool Roofing
System
Built-UpRoofing
Composite
Granite
Square Door
Knob
Acrylic Solid
Surface
Keyed Door
Knob
Halogen
Lighting
LED Lighting
Alternative
IV
Hempcrete
PVC Conduit
PEX
Plumbing
Piping
Spray
Polyurethane
Foam Roofing
Porcelain
Enamel
Half Dummy
Door Knob
Solar Lighting
1. Traditional Concrete
Introduction:
An artificial stone-like mass i.e. Concrete is the composite material that is created by mixing
binding material (cement or lime) along with the aggregate (sand, gravel, stone, brick chips,
etc.), water, admixtures, etc. in specific proportions. The strength and quality are dependent on
the mixing proportions.
Concrete = Binding Material + Fine & Coarse Aggregate + Water + Admixture (optional)
Concrete is a very necessary and useful material for construction work. Once all the ingredients
-cement, aggregate, and water unit of measurement mixed inside the required proportions, the
cement and water begin a reaction with one another to bind themselves into a hardened mass.
This hardens the rock-like mass in the concrete.
Advantages:
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Ingredients of concrete are readily available in most places.
Unlike natural stones, concrete is free from defects and flaws.
Concrete can be manufactured to the desired strength with an economy.
The durability of concrete is very high.
It can be cast to any desired shape.
The casting of concrete can be done on the working site which makes it economical.
Its strength and sustainability increase over time.
The maintenance cost of concrete is almost negligible.
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The deterioration of concrete is not appreciable with age.
Concrete makes a building fire-safe due to its non-combustible nature.
Concrete can withstand high temperatures.
Concrete is resistant to wind and water. Therefore, it is very useful in storm shelters.
Disadvantages:
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The tensile strength of concrete is relatively low.
Concrete is less ductile.
The weight of concrete is high compared to its strength.
It can easily split and rupture under extreme cold weather conditions and low
temperatures.
Rate of Concrete:
M20/M25 - 4300/cum
M35 - 5000/cum
Alternative-I of Concrete: Ashcrete
Ashcrete:
Fly ash is a sustainable building material consisting of ash, usually derived from industrial
waste such as coal combustion or agricultural by-products. It replaces or partially replaces
cement in concrete mixes, providing environmental benefits, comparable strength, durability
and potential savings, making it an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional
concrete.
Advantages:
It stronger and more durable than conventional concrete.
Fine particles of fly ash and their pozzolanic properties reduce the cracking and bleeding of
fresh Ashcrete, resulting in low permeability.
The resistance of Ashcrete to acid and fire is higher than traditional concrete.
Ashcrete is a cost-effective material because it is mainly produced from fly ash. Hence, the
overall cost of Ashcrete is less than conventional concrete.
Ashcrete can trap CO2 from the air, reducing carbon emissions. Thus, it is more
environmentally ecofriendly than traditional concrete.
Disadvantages:
Strength development in Ashcrete is slower than in normal concrete due to the presence of fly
ash in the mixture.
Ashcrete is susceptible to low temperatures during pouring, significantly increasing the
setting time and strength gain. So, using fly ash in the winter is not desirable.
Application:
bridges
pavements
embankments
roads
buildings
Alternative-II of Concrete: GGBS- Ground Granulated Blast Slag Concrete
The iron-making process requires iron ore, limestone and coke to be blasted at 1500°C. As
the ore reduces to iron, the remaining materials float on top and get removed in the form of
molten slag. If you rapidly quench that molten iron slag in water or steam, you get glassy
granules that are ground down to produce a fine powder – GGBS.
This powder is not only extremely cementitious, but also contains high levels of calcium
silicate hydrates (CSH) that enhance its strength and durability.
GGBS will usually replace between 30% and 70% of cement in the concrete, although that
figure can go up to as high as 85%. It usually replaces cement in exactly the same quantity –
i.e. you would replace one ton of Portland cement in the mix with one ton of GGBS. It is
usually added at the mixer stage.
Advantages:
GGBS in concrete increases the strength and durability of the concrete structure
It reduces voids in concrete hence decreasing permeability
GGBS gives a workable mix
Penetration of Chloride can be decreased
Gives a good surface finish and improves aesthetics
Unlike cement, GGBS does not produce carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides.
Disadvantages:
Additional quality control costs
Slow and small hydration heat, not suitable during winter concreting
GGBS can sometimes result in delayed setting time compared to conventional concrete
mixes.
Although GGBS contributes to the long-term strength and durability of concrete, it may
initially result in lower early-age strength compared to concrete mixes without GGBS.
Application:
There are many areas in which GGBS can be used, including:
The major use of GGBS is in Ready Mixed Concrete
In-Situ Stabilisation of Soil
Alternative-III of Concrete: Self-Healing Concrete
Crack formation is a typical phenomenon related to durability. Percolation of cracks may lead
to leakage problems, causing deterioration of the concrete matrix or corrosion of embedded
steel reinforcement.
In recent years, a Bacteria Based SELF HEALING CONCRETE is being developed in
order to extend the service life.
There are two elements which are added to the concrete mixture as the Healing Agent. The
Healing Agent consists of Bacteria and an organic Mineral precursor compound.
It is a special type of concrete which is cement based material that repair themselves after the
material or structure gets damaged due to some sort of deterioration mechanism.
It is specially made to increase the lifespan or the durability of concrete structure by the SelfHealing Action of Concrete.
There are two special things present in this Concrete:
1. The special bacteria that has to resist the alkalinity and the mechanical stress of
concrete
2. The chemical precursor to activate the bacteria
When the cracks are formed on the surface of concrete due to any reasons like shrinkage,
inadequate water for hydration etc., the water is deliberately forced into the crack then the
precursor is activated.
The chemical precursor activates the bacteria to react with that precursor and form a base of
calcium carbonate called as limestone. Limestone will heal the cracks that appear on the
surface on the concrete structures.
Advantages:
It has a long lifespan, which reduces the number of repairs or replacements required.
Self -healing concrete decreases concrete maintenance. In normal concrete, you have to fill
and seal the cracks. But you do not have to do or worry about this with self-healing concrete.
Improved in compressive strength of concrete.
Disadvantages:
It is more expensive than traditional concrete
Not many contractors know how to use this product yet. Because it is a new product many
people do not have an idea of using it.
There is no code available to standardize the self-healing concrete.
Skilled labor is required.
Growth of any bacteria is not good in any atmosphere media.
Application:
Self-healing concrete can be used for sectors such as tunnel-lining structural basement walls,
highways, bridges, concrete floors and marine structures.
This is new technology can provide ways to durable roads.
High strength buildings with more bearing capacity.
Rate of Self-Healing Concrete:
M20/M25 - 6000/cum to 7000/cum
Alternative-IV of Concrete: Hempcrete:
Hempcrete is a plant based sustainable building construction material that is made with a low
environmental impact that removes waste production, decreases both energy use and the
consumption of natural resources. Hempcrete is a building construction material made from
Industrial hemp fibers, lime and water. For building purposes, the hemp crop’s inner woody
core, hurds is mixed with a lime-based binder forming a bio-aggregate concrete, known as
“Hempcrete”. The hemp-lime composite material is mainly used to make walls, although floor
slabs, ceiling, and roof insulation can be made. Hemp has eco-friendliness, low carbon
footprint, thermal regulation, and moisture-absorbing properties. Industrial hemp fiber is an
ecologically and financially sensible solution, especially in a climatically diverse country like
India.
Advantages:
Hempcrete meets condition of eco-friendly material and is made of renewable resources.
Production is less energy intensive. It provides resistance and durability construction and
healthy living condition. This material is recyclable. It is proposed to undertake a LCA (Life
Cycle Assessment) of hempcrete in the future.
The hemp plant absorbs up to 15 tonnes /hectare of carbon dioxide from the air, thus reducing
the greenhouse gas effect on the planet
Transporting hempcrete is more economical compared to concrete, as it is a lightweight and
low-density material
Hempcrete walls have a high degree of sound insulation by trapping sound waves, thus
reducing noise pollution
Hempcrete costs less than other synthetic insulation materials, which can compensate for the
larger thickness of hempcrete walls
Disadvantages:
Use of hempcrete include its capacity to retain water, which can cause swelling and bio-decay
of the material, as well as poor mechanical performance which currently prevents it from use
as a load bearing material
Hemp is not readily available everywhere, so procuring the material for construction can be
difficult or expensive
Hempcrete building construction is relatively new, not enough research and development
Application:
Hempcrete blocks serve as effective insulation for both internal and external walls.
They are utilized to provide insulation in floors and roofs.
Hempcrete is applied as a supportive material beneath flooring.
It is employed as a plastering material, contributing to both structure and insulation.
They are used to retrofit older buildings, enhancing their insulation properties.
Rate:
Rs 20000/cubic meter
2. Rigid Metal Electrical Conduit
Introduction
Rigid metal conduit (RMC) has a thick wall and is constructed of either coated steel, stainless
steel, aluminium or galvanized steel. This variety is one of the most heavy-duty types of conduit
used in many industrial applications.
Rigid Metal Conduit affords maximum mechanical protection to conductors within the
raceway. Rigid metal conduit can be installed indoors and outdoors, in dry locations or wet
locations, exposed or concealed, in all atmospheric conditions and in hazardous locations. Steel
RMC has the thickest-wall of the steel raceways. It is available with either a straight-tapped or
integral coupling. The thicker walls of RMC protects the cables inside from electromagnetic
interference (EMI), which can be harmful to sensitive equipment.
Galvanized Rigid Steel Conduit is the heaviest weight and and thickest wall of electrical
conduits, for the applications that need superior protection, strength, safety and ductility. GRC
can be used indoors, outdoors, underground, concealed and exposed. It is manufactured from
high-quality flat-rolled steel utilizing an Electric Resistance Welding process followed by hotdipped galvanizing. The finished product has strong and smooth welds and a tightly-adhering,
uniform zinc coating. Galvanized Steel RMC may have a primary coating of zinc on the
exterior and interior of the conduit; a combination of zinc and non-metallic coating are also
permitted. Supplementary coatings can be applied for additional corrosion protection.
Advantages
Rigid Metal Conduit
Long life; durable, strong, and suitable for the harshest environmental conditions.
The steel is seam welded to ensure quality standards are met strictly.
The inside surface of our conduit is seamless and extra smooth, making wire pulling and
pushing easy and reducing friction between wall and wire.
Electro-line Rigid Steel Conduit (RSC) has excellent ductility that resists flaking, cracking,
peeling, impact, and damage from severe bending.
Its physical and mechanical properties ensure that the conduit has an extended life cycle.
Galvanized Rigid Metal Conduit
Rust Protection: By providing an extra layer the rust must go through if it becomes
contaminated. Rust can be easily caused by the iron in steel reacting with oxygen and water
which will lead to the object deteriorating. With zinc coating, it is harder for these elements to
cause such a reaction.
Lower Price: The galvanization process usually costs less than other popular methods of
protecting pipe. This is because the other methods are often labor intensive and Galvanization
requires less manual labor. At the same time, galvanized steel pipe has a long life. can last
more than 50 years in many rural areas, and more than 25 years in severely exposed urban
and coastal environments. Therefore, less maintenance costs is needed.
Easy Inspection: The inspection process for galvanized pipe is simple and straightforward.
Galvanized coatings can be examined by eye, and their thickness can be tested with simple,
non-destructive methods.
Disadvantages
Rigid Metal Conduit
Since all connections are threaded, there is much more labor required when installing the
system-this makes RMC much more expensive.
The thick walls of the tubing make the conduit much heavier, which also makes installation
more labor intensive and expensive.
when it is cut, all cut ends must be reamed to remove any rough edges, if any rough edges are
left, they are likely to tear the insulation when insulated conductors are pulled through.
Galvanized Rigid Metal Conduit
Internal Corrosion: Although the zinc barrier in galvanized pipes does prevent rusting for a
certain amount of time, it eventually after a long time. When this happens, pipes begin to
corrode from the inside out, which can eventually lead to a leak or a broken pipe
Water Contamination: When galvanized pipes begin to corrode, the corrosion materials and
lead from exposed metal can seep into your water supply. When this happens, those minerals
begin to form a plaque that coats the inside of your pipes. Over time, that plaque begins to
restrict your home’s water flow. Then water can even change its colour.
Application
Rigid Steel Conduit
Rigid Metal Conduit is a type of steel conduit that is commonly used for electrical wiring in
commercial and industrial buildings. It is the thickest and heaviest of the steel conduit options,
providing the greatest protection against physical damage, moisture, and other environmental
factors.
Rigid Metal Conduit is designed to protect electrical cables and wires from damage and is
particularly well-suited for applications where the conduit will be exposed to heavy physical
abuse or where high levels of protection are required. It is often used in outdoor or industrial
settings where the conduit needs to withstand harsh environmental conditions.
Rigid Metal Conduit is commonly used in a variety of electrical applications, including
Commercial and Industrial Buildings, Bridges and Tunnels, Outdoor Lighting and Electrical
Systems, Oil and Gas Facilities, Chemical Processing Plants, Pharmaceutical Facilities, Food
Processing Plants, Waste Water Treatment Plants.
Galvanized Rigid Steel Conduit
Both types steel pipe is designed for indoor, outdoor and underground application. Galvanized
steel pipe can be widely used for pipeline, such as heating pipeline and conveying gas etc.
Galvanized rigid steel conduit are special designed for electrical application, it provides good
protection for electrical wire.
Specifications
Rigid Metal Conduit
Trade
Metric
Threads/
Size Designator
Inch
16
21
27
35
41
53
63
78
91
103
129
155
½
¾
1
1¼
1½
2
2½
3
3½
4
5
6
14
14
11 ½
11 ½
11 ½
11 ½
8
8
8
8
8
8
Weight Per
100 ft.
Ibs.
82
109
161
218
263
350
559
727
880
1030
1400
1840
Kg
37.2
49.4
73.0
98.9
119.3
158.8
253.6
329.8
399.2
467.2
635.0
834.6
Nominal
Outside
Diameter
Inch
mm
0.840 21.34
1.050 26.67
1.315 33.40
1.660 42.16
1.900 48.26
2.375 60.33
2.875 73.03
3.500 88.90
4.000 101.60
4.500 114.30
5.563 141.30
6.625 168.28
Nominal
Inside
Diameter
Inch
mm
0.632 16.05
0.836 21.23
1.063 27.00
1.394 35.41
1.624 41.25
2.083 52.91
2.489 63.22
3.090 78.49
3.570 90.68
4.050 102.87
5.073 128.85
6.093 154.76
Nominal
Wall
Thickness
Inch mm
0.104 2.64
0.107 2.72
0.126 3.20
0.133 3.38
0.138 3.51
0.146 3.71
0.193 4.90
0.205 5.21
0.215 5.46
0.225 5.72
0.245 6.22
0.266 6.76
Galvanized Rigid Metal Conduit
Trade
Size
Metric
Designator
½
¾
1
1¼
1½
2
2½
3
3½
4
5
6
16
21
27
35
41
53
63
78
91
103
129
155
Outside
Diameter
Inch
0.840
1.050
1.315
1.660
1.900
2.375
2.875
3.500
4.000
4.500
5.563
6.625
mm
21.34
26.67
33.40
42.16
48.26
60.33
73.03
88.90
101.60
114.30
141.30
168.28
Rate
Galvanized Rigid Metal Conduit
3 - 6 Metre
3000/ Pack
25 mm
17.25 / meter
Nominal Wall
Thickness
Inch
0.104
0.107
0.126
0.133
0.138
0.146
0.193
0.205
0.215
0.225
0.245
0.266
mm
2.64
2.72
3.20
3.38
3.51
3.71
4.90
5.21
5.46
5.72
6.22
6.76
Approximate
Weight Per 100 ft.
(30.5m)
Ib
Kg
82
37.5
109
49.4
161
73.0
218
98.9
263
119.3
350
158.8
559
253.6
727
329.8
880
399.2
1030
467.2
1520
689.5
1785
809.7
Quantity in
Master Bundle
ft
2500
2000
1250
900
800
600
370
300
250
200
150
100
m
762.5
610.0
381.3
274.5
244.0
183.0
112.9
91.5
76.3
61.0
45.8
30.5
Rigid Metal Conduit
20mm /25mm/32mm/40mm/50mm
46/ meter
20 mm to 50 mm
100 / meter
Alternative-I: Flexible Metal Conduit
Introduction
Flexible metal conduit (FMC, informally called greenfield or flex) is made by the helical
coiling of a self-interlocked ribbed strip of aluminium or steel, forming a hollow tube through
which wires can be pulled. Flexible Metal Conduit (FMC) is typically available in diameters
between 3/8’’ and 3’’, but larger sizes can sometimes be found. It is made by coiling selfinterlocked aluminium or steel strips, which forms a hollow tube that wires can be pulled
through. FMC comes in a standard wall sometimes called full wall thickness or a reduced wall
thickness. Most manufacturers also produce an extra-flexible FMC for tighter bend radiuses,
but this is generally not usually approved. FMC is used primarily in dry areas where it would
be impractical to install EMT or other non-flexible conduit, yet where metallic strength to
protect conductors is still required. The flexible tubing does not maintain any permanent bend,
and can flex freely.
Advantages
One of the key advantages of Flexible Metal Conduit is its unparalleled flexibility, allowing it
to navigate through intricate pathways with ease.
Durability is a cornerstone in any electrical infrastructure, and Flexible Metal Conduit
delivers on this front. Constructed from high-quality materials, it provides robust protection
against physical damage, corrosion, and environmental factors.
longevity ensures that your electrical system remains resilient over the long term, minimizing
maintenance requirements.
Electromagnetic interference can be a significant concern in modern electrical systems. FMC,
with its metal construction, acts as a shield against such interference, safeguarding the
integrity of signals and preventing disruptions.
Efficiency in installation is a critical factor in any project, and Flexible Conduit excels in this
regard. Its flexibility not only simplifies routing through complex spaces but also reduces the
need for labour-intensive processes. This leads to substantial time savings during installation,
making it a preferred choice for projects with tight timelines.
While the initial cost of Waterproof Flexible Metal Conduit may be marginally higher than
some alternatives, its long-term value becomes apparent. The durability, adaptability, and
ease of installation contribute to lower maintenance costs and fewer replacements over time.
Disadvantages
A flexible metal conduit is designed for use where flexibility is required due to movement or
vibration, or where bends and offsets make the installation process tricky. It’s not intended for
use in wet locations unless conductors are specially approved for the conditions.
Besides short runs, for wiring outdoor air conditioning equipment and wiring under kitchen
sinks, the use of FMC in residence is pretty limited.
In extremely hot conditions, the conduit material may become more pliable, potentially
affecting its structural integrity. Similarly, in extremely cold temperatures, LFNC could become
less flexible, making installation and routing more challenging.
FNC offers some mechanical protection to enclosed cables, it may not be as robust as rigid
metal conduits or other reinforced conduit types.
While FNC is designed to be flexible and easy to install, its flexibility can also present
challenges. In some cases, particularly complex installations or layouts with numerous bends
and turns, the conduit may be harder to install effectively without kinks or bends that could
affect cable integrity.
FNC's flexibility can lead to limitations in terms of the size and number of cables it can
effectively protect. In applications requiring larger cable bundles, the conduit's interior space
may be limited, potentially leading to difficulties in installation and cable management.
Application
Use of flexible galvanized steel conduit is in the construction industry, where it is used to
route electrical wiring and cables through walls, floors, and ceilings.
Flexible galvanized steel conduit is also commonly used in outdoor environments, as it is
able to withstand exposure to the elements and provide protection against moisture and dirt.
Flexible galvanized steel conduit is also widely used in the automotive and transportation
sectors. It is often used to route electrical wiring and cables in cars, trucks, buses, and other
vehicles, as well as in aircraft and boats.
It is particularly useful in these settings due to its ability to be easily routed through walls and
other tight spaces, as well as its ability to withstand the wear and tear of everyday use.
Specification
Item Code
Conduit
Size
FMCUL050
FMCUL075
FMCUL100
FMCUL125
FMCUL150
FMCUL200
½
¾
1
1¼
1½
2
Acceptable
External
Metric
designator Diameters mm
Min
Max
23.37
16
21.84
28.07
21
26.54
33.02
35.05
27
39.37
41.4
35
46.99
49.53
41
59.68
62.32
53
Acceptable
Internal
Diameters mm
Min
Max
15.88
16.38
20.62
21.21
25.4
26.42
31.75
33.02
38.1
40.01
50.8
52.83
Min.
Bending
Radius
mm
76.2
101.6
127
158.75
190.5
254
Length
of
Conduit
m/Roll
30
30
15
15
7.5
7.5
Rate
Alternative-I: Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT)
Introduction
Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT) is a light-weight tubular steel raceway without threads on
the ends. It is a type of wiring installation which is designed to lessen or eliminate fire hazard
and electrical accident. Steel and aluminum are the two main choices used to make the pipe,
and in many cases, it is also galvanized with a zinc coating so that it will remain corrosionresistant. EMT is connected together using clamp-type fittings that slide onto the tubing and
then are secured with a set-screw. Some electricians are sceptical of using EMT in critical areas
because the set-screws in the clamps can loosen over time. In order to prevent this, a torque
wrench or driver can be used to be sure the screws are set to the correct tension as required by
the manufacturer.
Advantages
EMT conduit is lightweight, flexible, and easy to bend
EMT fittings are available everywhere and are relatively easy. Set-screw or compression-type
fittings are an option.
A safe solution for fire-rated enclosures because it is non-flammable
EMT conduits are aesthetically more attractive than others, such as PVC, making them
excellent for exposed environments where appearance matters.
Disadvantages
As a thin-wall conduit, EMT cannot be used where physical damage is a strong possibility.
Raintight electrical metallic tubing (EMT) fittings are not currently available on the market.
While possessing excellent moisture resistance, the EMT conduit is not watertight, so it
cannot be submerged in water.
EMT is not suitable for wet areas or where corrosive fumes and vapors exist-special corrosive
-resistant tubing and gasketed clamps are required in these areas.
While EMT provides a good amount of protection for the cables inside, it should not be used
in hazardous areas where it is exposed to sever damage like power plants or around vehicular
traffic.
Application
It is suitable for exposed and concealed applications
Rated for indoors and outdoors
Permitted to be embedded in concrete
Perfect for commercial, industrial, and residential applications where not much physical
damage is expected.
It can be used in overhead lighting circuits
It is used in retrofitting and remodelling projects for rerouting of cabling because of
flexibility
Specification
Rate
Alternative-III: Electrical Non-Metallic Tubing
Introduction
Electrical non-metallic tubing is a flexible corrugated plastic-type of tubing that is moistureresistant and flame-retardant. It’s so flexible it can be bent without using tools. It is usually
installed with glued plastic fittings or snap-lock. Additionally, when installing metal-frame
walls or standard woods, ENT can be connected within concrete block structures and covered
with concrete. ENT is nicknamed the “smurfing tube” because it is blue. It is easier to install
than other conduits because it can be routed around obstructions without cutting and welding
the pipe. Special ENT connectors are used-these are generally snap-in connections and are not
watertight.
Advantages
Lightweight, non-conductive and flame retardant
Speedy Installation time
There is use of colour Codification
It is easily hand bendable and no sharp edges
Available in long length coils and reels to reduce scrap
Easy to work with-no special equipment needed
Disadvantages
It is not suitable for outdoor use,
Not suitable for direct burial,
It is not suitable in hazardous locations, where subject to physical damage, where ambient
temperature exceeds 122°F (50°C) or where the operating voltages of the conductors is greater
than 600 volts. Because it's nonconductive, it may not be used as an equipment grounding
conductor. Where equipment grounding is required, a separate equipment grounding conductor
must be installed within the conduit.
Application
Electrical Non-Metallic Tubing is a pliable raceway that is used in concealed or exposed work
in dry/ damp/ wet locations; concrete slabs; in walls and ceilings; raised floors for information
technology equipment; and in buildings exceeding three floors from grade.
Specification
Rate
Alternative-IV: PVC Conduit
Introduction
PVC conduit has long been considered the lightest in weight compared to steel conduit
materials, and usually lower in cost than other forms of conduit. Rigid PVC conduit and flexible
PVC conduit are two popular options.
Rigid PVC conduit, also known as PVC pipe, is a sturdy and durable option for electrical
applications. It is composed of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a rigid plastic material known for its
strength and resistance to impact and corrosion. Rigid PVC conduit provides excellent
protection for electrical wires, making it ideal for installations that require added durability.
Flexible PVC conduit, also known as liquid-tight conduit, is a flexible option designed for
ease of installation and adaptability. It is constructed with a PVC material that contains
plasticisers, allowing it to bend and conform to different shapes without compromising its
structural integrity.
Advantages
Rigid PVC Conduit
It excels in providing superior physical protection and resistance to impact, making it ideal for
installations where wires may be exposed to potential damage.
It exhibits excellent resistance to UV rays, moisture, and most chemicals, making it suitable
for outdoor and corrosive environments.
The material cost of rigid PVC conduit is lower compared to flexible PVC conduit.
Additionally, the maintenance requirements for Rigid PVC Conduit type is minimal.
Flexible PVC Conduit
While not as rigid as its counterpart, it offers good protection against moisture, sunlight, and
some level of physical impact.
Its flexible nature allows for easy bending and routing, minimizing the need for additional
fittings and simplifying the installation process, particularly in tight or complex spaces.
the ease of installation and flexibility can potentially reduce labour costs.
Additionally, the maintenance requirements for Flexible PVC Conduit type is minimal.
Disadvantages
Rigid PVC Conduit
It requires precise measurements, cutting, and fitting of rigid sections. Bending is not typically
possible without additional fittings or heat bending techniques.
However, the installation process may require additional fittings and tools, which can add to
the overall cost.
Flexible PVC Conduit
While it offers good resistance to UV rays and some chemicals, it may not provide the same
level of protection against moisture or harsh environmental conditions as rigid PVC conduit.
While the material cost may be slightly higher
Application
Rigid PVC Conduit
Our Rigid PVC Conduit Pipe & Fittings can be used in exposed, concrete encased and
underground environments. They are well suited for many applications, including: utilities and
communication lines, industrial and residential buildings, transportation systems, water and
wastewater treatment plants, marinas, mines and more.
Flexible PVC Conduit
Flexible conduit systems are generally used to encase wires, helping to reduce the risks of
electrical hazards, such as electrocution. Liquid-tight conduits, for instance, are covered in a
watertight plastic coating that in combination with the rated liquid-tight fittings, protects cables
against water damage. This type of flexible conduit is best used for outdoor applications.
Flexible conduits are also an excellent choice if you’re worried pets may chew through cables,
providing a protective barrier.
Specification
Rate
Galvanized Steel Plumbing Piping
Introduction
Galvanized steel pipes are steel pipes that have undergone a specialized coating process to prevent
corrosion and increase their longevity. These pipes are typically made from carbon steel and are
coated with a layer of zinc, forming a protective barrier between the steel and the surrounding
environment. The zinc coating not only provides exceptional resistance against rust and corrosion but
also enhances the overall strength of the pipe. They are also known as galvanizing pipes or pipes
galvanized. Galvanized steel pipes have an average life expectancy of 40 to 50 years. If your supply
lines are made of galvanized steel, there is constant water pressure pushing the water towards the
faucets, placing pressure on the corroded pipes. If your waste lines are made of galvanized steel, there
is less pressure on them, as the waste liquid is just flowing out of the home, and the lifespan may be a
bit longer.
Advantages
Rust protection: By providing an extra layer the rust must go through if it becomes contaminated.
Rust can be easily caused by the iron in steel reacting with oxygen and water which will lead to the
object deteriorating. With zinc coating, it is harder for these elements to cause such a reaction.
Lower price: The galvanization process usually costs less than other popular methods of protecting
pipe. This is because the other methods are often labour intensive and Galvanization requires less
manual labour. At the same time, galvanized steel pipe has a long life. can last more than 50 years in
many rural areas, and more than 25 years in severely exposed urban and coastal environments.
Therefore, less maintenance cost is needed.
Easy Inspection: The inspection process for galvanized pipe is simple and straightforward.
Galvanized coatings can be examined by eye, and their thickness can be tested with simple, nondestructive methods.
Disadvantages
Restricted Flow: Over time, galvanized iron pipes can develop build-up, restricting water flow and
making it harder to use them for large hot water systems, showerheads, or other fixtures requiring
high water pressure.
Prone to Corrosion: Despite their zinc coating, galvanized iron pipes can still corrode over time,
especially in hot water systems. This can lead to leaks, damages, and contaminated or unpleasanttasting water.
Difficult to Work With: Galvanized iron pipes require a specialized tool kit to cut and fit. They are
heavier and harder to work with compared to other plumbing materials, which can increase the
installation time and cost.
Application
Galvanized steel pipes are often used in construction projects, homes, traffic projects, fire protection
water systems on high-rise buildings, domestic plumbing systems, oil and lubricant pipes, and
chemicals, making fence systems, gates or assembling prefabricated steel house frames, making
ultrasonic pile systems in foundation structures, load-bearing scaffolding.
The strength and resilience of galvanized iron pipes make them suitable for both residential and
commercial plumbing installations. They are fit to withstand the rigors of heavy flow and fluctuating
temperatures, ensuring reliability under diverse circumstances.
These pipes are also used for fire sprinkler systems because this system demands pipe material that
can handle sudden and high-pressure water flow.
Galvanized steel pipes are also used as water, oil, and chemical pipes and are widely used on ships,
trains, and other floating vehicles.
Galvanized steel pipes are also used in gas distribution, industrial boiler systems, refineries, oilfields
and offshore drilling rigs.
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Alternative-I: Stainless Steel Plumbing Piping
Introduction
Stainless steel pipe can be generally defined as a heavy wall thickness tubing, with dimensions
as specified by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). A stainless steel pipe system
is the product of choice for carrying corrosive or sanitary fluids, slurries and gases, particularly
where high pressures, high temperatures or corrosive environments are involved. Due to
stainless steel’s aesthetic properties, stainless steel pipe is also used in architectural
applications. Stainless steel pipe and fittings are supplied in the annealed condition to facilitate
fabrication and ensure best corrosion resistance.
Advantages
Corrosion Resistance: Stainless steel plumbing fittings and fixtures are known for corrosion
resistance like any other stainless-steel product. Generally, these items are produced with
chromium oxide, making them resistant to corrosion and similar issues.
Heat Resistance: Aside from corrosion resistance, stainless products are also known for their
resistance to heat and fire. Because of this, stainless steel pipes and fixtures are also appropriate
hot water conduits. Even high temperatures won't dent or melt the fittings as the chromium
content protects the stainless steel from being damaged.
Ease Of Cleaning: Because stainless steel products are durable and non-porous, they're easier
to clean than galvanized iron and traditional steel.
Disadvantages
Initially Expensive: Stainless steel products are generally expensive because they've
undergone melting, casting, and hardening processes. In addition, they typically require special
elements that make them easy to maintain, durable, and corrosion-resistant. Because of this,
stainless steel plumbing fittings and fixtures are more expensive than traditional choices.
May Require Professional Installation: While many fittings and fixtures can be installed
instantly, some stainless-steel products may require a professional.
Applications
Sanitary Pipes: Sanitary pipes are made of stainless steel and are used in high sanitation
applications such as sensitive applications. This pipe type is given the greatest priority in the
industry for efficient fluid flow. The pipe has the best corrosion resistance and does not rust
due to its simplicity of maintenance. Various tolerance limits are determined based on the
application.
Mechanical Pipes: Hallow components, bearing parts, and cylinder parts are commonly
utilized in mechanical pipe applications. The mechanics may be readily regulated to a broad
range of sectional shapes such as rectangular, square, and other shapes that add up to
conventional or traditional shapes. They have excellent machinability and are used in
applications like automotive or agricultural machinery.
Polished Pipes: The polished stainless-steel pipes are utilized in the home facility depending
on the specifications. The polished pipes aid in the reduction of wear and tear on working
components. It also aids in the reduction of adhesion and contamination of various equipment
surfaces. The electropolished surface has a wide range of uses. Stainless steel polished pipes
do not require any extra coating. Polished pipes have an essential and critical role in aesthetic
and architectural applications.
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Alternative-II: ABS Plumbing Piping
Introduction
ABS is an abbreviation for Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, a plastic used in the manufacture
of some pipes and fittings by extrusion and injection moulding respectively. ABS has different
properties to PVC, most specifically in that it is very ductile and so does not split or shatter
easily and retains these properties at temperatures well below freezing. ABS plastic pipe is the
standard material for many types of DWV systems. Its properties make it ideal for residential
homes, manufactured housing, commercial and industrial buildings, and recreational vehicles.
Advantages
Abrasion Resistance: ABS offer outstanding resistance to abrasion and erosion from
aggressive slurries which can rapidly damage steel or other traditional pipe materials.
Weather Resistance: ABS is one of the most weather resistant polymers available today.
Successful field tests have been completed on piping systems having been exposed to
weathering for over 30 years.
Light Weight: ABS is one-sixth the weight of steel systems, making easy to handle and install.
This reduces the cost of installation, handling and transport.
Chemical Resistance: ABS is unaffected by both internal and external attack by a wide range
of acids, alkalis, ground water salts and other environmental factors.
Non-Toxic: The ABS formulation contains no harmful metallic stabilizers and it has been
widely used for many years in piping systems for drinking water, medical preparations, food
products and potable water.
Exceptionally Smooth Bore: ABS do not suffer from internal corrosion and provides a smooth
bore for the life of the piping systems. The smooth bore does not support formation of scale
and slime as do cement based lined products.
Cold Solvent Weld Joining: The ABS size range also utilizes the proven traditional method
of joining ABS pipes, cold solvent cement welding, which provides a homogenous bond
between pipes and fittings.
Temperature Range: A great advantage of ABS over other plastic systems is its ability to
perform over a wide temperature range from -30°C to +60°C. This makes ABS very versatile
and capable of handling a wide variety of fluids from refrigerants to moderately hot corrosive
liquids.
Disadvantages
The material itself has a low melting point which renders it useless for high-temperature
applications. It’s also flammable, which means it’s not suitable for indoor use.
An ABS waste pipe doesn’t stand up so well to UV exposure and can warp with exposure to
direct sunlight.
Applications
Pipes & Fittings are widely used in a variety of applications such as:
HVAC, chilled water and condenser
Water reticulation
Domestic plumbing
Water treatment plants
Waste water treatment and recycling plants
Power generation plants
Industrial plants such as electronics, food processing, chemical, paper mills, palm oils and
rubber mills.
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Alternative-III: PVC Plumbing Piping
Introduction
PVC stands for polyvinyl chloride, and it’s become a common replacement for metal piping. PVC’s
strength, durability, easy installation, and low cost have made it one of the most widely used plastics in
the world. PVC is a thermoplastic material that is molded into different shapes to create pipes, fittings,
valves and other liquid handling supplies. It's the white plastic pipe commonly used for plumbing and
drainage.
Advantages
Resistant to Corrosion: Most older homes use galvanized steel, clay, or cast-iron pipes for
plumbing. These materials are highly prone to corrosion. Corroded pipes can easily crack or
break, leading to major leaks in your home’s plumbing and drain system. None of these issues
are associated with PVC pipes.
Easy to Install: Plumbers everywhere enjoy working with PVC pipes thanks to their ease of
installation. Unlike steel pipes, PVC pipes are easier to cut to install. PVC pipe installation
takes less time than steel pipes, giving you less time without working plumbing pipes.
Smooth Surface: If you ever touch a PVC pipe, you will notice its smoothness. PVC plastic
pipe’s smooth surface provides less friction, producing efficient water flow for your home.
Less friction in PVC pipes is also why they are used indoors because it allows for silent water
flow.
Lightweight: Steel pipes are heavy and require more workforce and machinery to carry. PVC
plastic pipes are lightweight, which makes them easier to transport and move from one job site
to another. Heavier equipment requires more labour, and more labour usually equals higher
costs.
Durable and Strong: PVC pipes are versatile because they can be used for indoor and
underground plumbing. According to our technicians, indoor PVC pipes can last around 55 to
80 years, and underground PVC pipes can last 100 years before being replaced.
Resistant to Low Impact: Underground pipes must be sturdy for water transportation support.
PVC plastic pipes for plumbing can handle water pressure without weakening. If it weren’t
impact resistant, these pipes would have had a high chance of cracking or breaking. Thanks to
PVC’s density, these pipes can withstand high impact. These plastic pipes are resilient enough
to withstand small impacts without sustaining any damage.
Affordable: Homeowners and professional plumbing companies select PVC pipes because of
their low cost. PVC pipes are an inexpensive material. Pipe replacement jobs for sewage line
repair should cost significantly less PVC than steel pipes, given you don’t run into any major
issues along the way. Pipe material is just one of the many things involved with pipe
replacement cost, which you can read more about here.
Easy to Mould: Manufacturers can mould PVC plastic into any shape to fit every home.
Because of its easy moulding capabilities, PVC plastic is used to make pipes and pipe
connections like valves, bends, elbows, and clips.
Eco-Friendly: Everyone does their part to be more earth-conscious. PVC plastic production
produces fewer carbon emissions than galvanized steel and iron pipes. With PVC plastic, you
will feel more eco-friendly thanks to fewer carbon emissions being released into the
atmosphere.
Disadvantages
Weak to High Heat: While it may not stand up to heat as well as steel, PVC pipes can still withstand
temperatures up to 140 degrees Fahrenheit. PVC pipes are vulnerable to fire since it causes the plastic
to warp or melt.
Could Freeze: PVC pipes may freeze during freezing temperatures. A frozen PVC pipe doesn’t
always break, but any wet material inside can freeze and cause a buildup.
Cost: In general, PVC is more expensive to manufacture. The cost difference is not huge, so, for
smaller buildings, the higher price can be negligible. For larger buildings, though, costs can add up.
While the front-end costs for PVC can be higher, PVC potentially can save money over time once
maintenance and energy efficiency are factored in.
Application
Water applications: VC piping systems are used in several areas for the transport of water - from
delivery of drinking water over the removal of sewage or waste products to drainage of water from the
ground or roof.
Drinking water: Pipes and fittings for the distribution of water under pressure. The main application
is the distribution of drinking water. The diameters are of medium size (generally between 75 mm and
250 mm).
Soil and waste: Pipes and fittings for the evacuation of waste water without pressure inside the
buildings (generally vertical). These are usually of medium diameters (< 160 mm). They can be made
of compact PVC or have structured walls (foam core).
Sewage and underground drainage: Pipes and fittings for the collection and evacuation of waste
water without pressure and intended to be buried in the ground (horizontally). These are usually of large
diameter (160 mm and up to 630 mm). They can be made of compact PVC or have structured walls
(foam core or twin wall with a corrugated layer).
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Alternative-IV: PEX Plumbing Piping
Introduction
PVC stands for polyvinyl chloride, and it’s become a common replacement for metal piping. PVC’s
strength, durability, easy installation, and low cost have made it one of the most widely used plastics in
the world. PVC is a thermoplastic material that is molded into different shapes to create pipes, fittings,
valves and other liquid handling supplies. It's the white plastic pipe commonly used for plumbing and
drainage. Two main types of PVC pipe exist: schedule 40 and schedule 80. The difference lies in the
thickness of the pipe wall. Schedule 40 PVC pipes have thinner walls than their schedule 80
counterparts. If you come across a different schedule number than the typical 40 or 80, know that the
higher the number, the thicker the pipe wall. Thicker walls come in handy for different pressure and
temperature applications
Advantages
PEX Piping is Cost-Effective: This plastic pipe is easier to install and is one of the lightest options
when compared to copper pipes. Its low installation cost means you will pay less for PEX and have
high-quality piping in your home. Plastic pipes are also cheaper than copper pipes to produce, so those
savings are passed down to the homeowner.
Ease of Installation: Thanks to its physical and usage flexibility, plumbers can use one single-length
pipe to connect water lines in hard-to-reach places. PEX connections are easier to install since the
fittings require less specialized tools to connect. PEX pipes are easy to install because of their unique
color-coding system not available on other pipes. Blue pipes are for cold water, red for hot, and
white/gray colored pipes are for both.
PEX Pipes Reduce Noise: You may hear water flowing through pipes because of loose pipes or high
water pressure, but that's not the case with PEX plastic. These pipes provide silent water flow, so you
don't hear running water while trying to enjoy music or watch a movie in your living room.
PEX Plastic is Durable: PEX pipes will not corrode over time like metal pipes. These pipes have a
lifespan of 30 years with proper water treatment and a yearly check-up from a professional plumber.
PEX piping is also resistant to freeze-cracking, so it can handle temperatures of -40 degrees Fahrenheit
without breaking, thanks to its ability to expand and contract.
PEX Pipes Are Energy Efficient: PEX plastic is an excellent thermal insulator for hot water. With
PEX piping, water heater systems use less energy. This ensures that hot water from your home's water
heater arrives at your faucets without losing a lot of heat. With thick PEX piping, hot water will lose
only one or two degrees of heat which aren’t enough to call it cold water.
Disadvantages
PEX Plastic Is Weak to Fire: The chances of a fire inside your home are very low, but it still remains
a nightmare scenario for any homeowner because you can lose everything in your home. But if there
were a fire, PEX plastic pipes would melt, requiring new replacement pipes.
Ultra Violet UV Light Sensitivity: PEX pipes don't do well for outside plumbing, even if underground,
because UV light can penetrate through the dirt and affect PEX pipes. If left outside, PEX pipes will
deteriorate and become useless. These plastic pipes should not be stored exposed to the sun.
PEX Pipes Are Not Recyclable: If you are trying to implement an eco-conscious lifestyle, you will not
want PEX pipes in your home. PEX plastic can't be broken down like other plastics, like PVC plastic,
for reuse. Discarded PEX can end up in landfills instead of being processed for reuse. This plastic can
last 30 years, so it isn’t like it’s disposed of every couple of years.
Susceptible to Rodents: If your home has a rodent problem, it can affect your PEX pipes. On rare
occasions, rodents have been shown to chew through PEX plastic. PEX pipes are very thick, but they
are still susceptible to rodent damage that can cause pipes to crack or break.
Possible Leaching: Although uncommon, some homeowners and plumbing companies have reported
a few PEX pipes leaching harmful contaminants like BPA (Bisphenol A) into the water supply. BPA
chemicals can cause neurological, reproductive, and immunity issues, according to scientific study.
Application
Radiant Heating and Cooling Systems: Warm water or “hydronic” radiant heating systems utilize
PEX pipes embedded within floors, walls or ceilings. Warm water is circulated through the pipe, which
conducts heat to the panel, usually the floor. The warm floor then radiates heat to the space above it,
warming the objects and people in the room, while also allowing warm air to gently rise from the floor.
The resulting comfort is unmatched with other forms of heat delivery. The warm water may be produced
by a variety of heat sources such as high efficiency boilers, geothermal heat pumps and thermal solar
collection systems. Benefits of radiant heating include increased efficiency, more uniform heat
distribution in the lower portion of rooms, and easier zoning. Radiant heating systems are commonly
found in all types of construction and applications, from houses to schools to hotels.
Municipal Water Service Pipe: In addition to supplying water within a home or building, PEX pipe is
also used to distribute water to buildings and entire communities through municipal water service pipes
in sizes up to 3 in. Unlike buried metal pipes, PEX water service pipes will not corrode or suffer mineral
build-up. Because PEX pipe has higher resistance to slow crack growth than other piping materials, it
ensures high-impact resistance with normal backfill. PEX pipe is more flexible and resistant to freeze
damage, lessening the chance of splitting or cracking. It provides excellent resistance to chlorine and
chloramines, reducing risk of damage due to disinfectants. It connects to standard compression joint
valves, and fittings, so it’s easy and convenient to install. Finally, PEX water service pipes can save up
to half the cost of copper—a significant savings for budget-constrained waterworks professionals.
Snow and Ice Melting Systems: PEX pipes are often used in hydronic systems designed to augment
the removal of snow and ice by circulating a heat transfer fluid through pipes installed within outdoor
surfaces. The durability and flexibility of PEX pipes designed for these applications allows these
systems to provide years of reliable service, with no worries about pipe corrosion or failing electrical
connections. Common applications of hydronic SIM systems include driveways, steps, sidewalks,
hospital entrances, parking garage ramps, wheelchair ramps, car washes, hot tub/ pool surrounds, and
even helicopter landing pads. Benefits include safety, access, reduced maintenance costs, no snow
removal costs, reduced liability, and obvious convenience.
Fire Suppression: UL-approved PEX piping and fitting systems listed to UL Standards can be used to
supply water to fire suppression sprinklers for residential applications. While many sprinkler systems
are largely independent from the water distribution system, for some building types they can be
combined with a building’s cold-water plumbing system. This has the potential to reduce installation
costs and the total amount of installed pipe and fittings. Sprinklers, PEX piping, and fittings must
comply with National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) requirements for residential fire sprinkler
systems. Already, several PEX systems meet the requirements of NFPA 13D for domestic applications.
Local codes must be consulted when implementing any fire suppression system to ensure that PEX
and/or combined systems are permitted for each building type.
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Standard Steel Rebar Reinforcement
Introduction
Steel bars and wires that are used to strengthen and support concrete in buildings are called steel
reinforcement. Steel bars and wires are put inside concrete structures to add to the load bearing capacity
of the structure. To understand steel reinforcement, you need to also learn about concrete reinforcement.
This term explains the concrete structures erected with the help of steel reinforcement. Simply put, a
concrete structure with steel reinforcement (steel bars and wires) is called reinforced concrete and the
process is called concrete reinforcement.
Rebars
Rebars or reinforcing bars are steel bars specifically built for the construction industry for concrete
support. The surface of a rebar is often deformed to increase the bonding with concrete.
There are different types of rebar:
Carbon steel bars: Carbon steel is used for purposes where ultimate tensile strength is taken into
consideration. However, ductility and corrosion resistance are very low.
Mild steel bars: Mild steel bars have round sections whose diameter varies from 6 mm to 50 mm. They
are characterised by the plain surface of the bar. These rebars are easy to cut and bend. The grade of this
rebar is determined by the yield stress, which is denoted on the bar, i.e.; “FE250” where FE stands for
iron and 250 means yield stress.
High Yield Strength Deformed (HYSD) bars: Deformed bars are distinguished by a ribbed rough
surface on the bar. This is done to increase the bar bonding between reinforcement and concrete and to
maintain friction between them.
HYSD bars are divided into:
TMT bar: Known to be the best among steel bars, TMT bars showcase features including qualities like
excellent ductility, high corrosion resistance, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, better elongation
and better weldability.
Cold Twisted Bars – CTD: Cold Twisted Bars are also called TOR steel in India. Once hot steel is
obtained from the furnace it is cooled at ambient temperature and then stretched and twisted to increase
yield strength.
Epoxy coated rebar: Epoxy powder is applied on hot steel at a pre-set temperature using an
electrostatic spray to obtain epoxy coated rebar. These are extremely corrosion resistant and are largely
used in infrastructures, buildings, bridges, roadways, etc.
Galvanised rebar: When a rebar is coated with Zinc it is then known as galvanised rebars. Featuring
excellent corrosion resistance, they perform better than epoxy coated rebars.
Stainless steel rebar: Designed similar to carbon steel, stainless steel rebars have a long lifespan. These
are highly corrosion resistant, and less maintenance is required compared to other kinds of steel.
Grades of steel reinforcement
According to IS 1786:2008 the grades of high strength deformed bars and wires for concrete
reinforcement used in construction is as follows:
Fe 415, Fe 415D, Fe 415S
Fe 500, Fe 500D, Fe 500S
Fe 550, Fe 550D
Fe 600
Advantages
Modulus of Elasticity: Steel has high modulus of Elasticity i.e. 200GPa (200 x 10⁹ N/m²). This helps
the steel to stretch in tension(upto 200GPa) without breaking and regain its shape on removal of load.
Ductility of Steel: Ductility of steel is high. i.e. Steel rebar will behave ductile under higher loads.
Ductility is the ability of material to allow plastic deformations (i.e. permanent change in its
dimensions) under application of load before breaking.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion: Steel and concrete has almost same coefficient of thermal
expansion (change in dimension due to temperatures). Due to this both (concrete and steel) will
experience same length changes in high temperatures.
Resistance: Steel is resistant to rough conditions during transport, storage, bundling and placing on
construction site. If minor damage happens, it does not significantly affect its performance.
Strength: It is strong enough to withstand high impact load.
Readily Available: Structural Steel industry has enough production capacity to meet the demands of
construction industry and is available at ease for any house construction.
Ready Build: These days ready build steel is also available. Ready build steel eliminate the time of
cutting and bending. This saves lots of construction time as well as minimizes the wastage of steel in
bending and cutting.
Steel can be recycled easily.
Disadvantages
High Cost: Steel is expensive and considerably increases the cost of structure.
High Temperatures: Steel show tendency to melt in extremely high temperatures. This is also one of
the reasons; steel is tied and not welded.
Reaction: Too little concrete cover allows the water to penetrate and react with steel rebars causing
concrete to crack. Occasionally concrete aggregates react with steel causing concrete to spall.
Rust: Steel exposed to weather rusts and reduces the strength of reinforced concrete. When rusts start
building up around the steel rebars, it causes severe internal pressure on the surrounding concrete,
leading to cracks in concrete.
Weight: It is not a light weight material.
Application
It is used in bridges, buildings, skyscrapers, homes, warehouses, and foundations to increase
the strength of a concrete structure. It is used in bridges, buildings, skyscrapers, homes,
warehouses, and foundations to increase the strength of a concrete structure. Rebar is used in
concrete to provide additional strength, as concrete is weak in tension, while steel is strong in
both tension and compression. Steel and concrete have similar coefficients of thermal
expansion, so a concrete structural member reinforced with steel will experience minimal stress
as the temperature changes.
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Alternative-I: Engineered Bamboo Reinforcement
Introduction
Bamboo is a naturally sustainable material that has been used in construction for a very long
time. However, the lack of construction codes and design procedures for bamboo-reinforced
concrete (BRC) structures is preventing structural engineers and construction firms from using
bamboo in construction. Bamboo is frequently referred as a highly renewable and high-strength
alternative material to timber and, occasionally as a ‘strong-as-steel’ reinforcement for
concrete. The high rate of biomass production and renewability of sustainably managed
bamboo plantations are undeniably key benefits of bamboo. Bamboo is one of the potential
materials as a substitute for steel reinforcement. Bamboo is very cheap, easily available, and
available in ample quantity. Bamboo is cultivated in farm by farmers. Bamboo is having very
good mechanical properties to use it as reinforcing material in concrete. From bamboo small
thin strips were prepared. These strips were tied together in two directions to form a bamboostrip-mat. All these strips while making bamboo-strip-mat was tied together with small thin
Mild Steel wire to ensure their position in mat formation. Testing is done using bamboo-stripmat as reinforcement in cement concrete prismatic section at bottom side. Concrete beams thus
produced using bamboo as a reinforcement. Bamboo strips were prepared from old age
bamboo.
Advantages
Sustainability: Bamboo is a rapidly renewable resource that grows much faster than trees used for
wood or steel production. It can be harvested in a sustainable manner without causing significant
environmental damage. Using bamboo as reinforcement reduces the reliance on finite resources like
steel and contributes to environmental conservation.
Lightweight: Bamboo is significantly lighter than steel, making it easier to transport, handle, and
install on construction sites. This can lead to lower transportation costs and reduced labor
requirements during construction.
High Tensile Strength: Engineered bamboo has a high tensile strength, comparable to or even higher
than that of steel. This makes it an effective reinforcement material for concrete structures, providing
adequate strength and durability.
Corrosion Resistance: Unlike steel, bamboo does not corrode or rust when exposed to moisture or
harsh environmental conditions. This increases the longevity of reinforced concrete structures and
reduces the need for maintenance and repair.
Thermal Insulation: Bamboo has natural thermal insulation properties, which can help improve the
energy efficiency of buildings. Reinforced concrete structures incorporating bamboo may exhibit
better thermal performance compared to those reinforced with steel.
Flexibility and Ductility: Bamboo is inherently flexible and ductile, allowing it to absorb energy and
deform under stress without catastrophic failure. This property is beneficial in earthquake-prone areas,
as bamboo-reinforced structures can exhibit enhanced resilience to seismic forces.
Aesthetics: Bamboo has a natural and aesthetic appeal that can enhance the architectural character of
buildings. Bamboo-reinforced elements such as beams, columns, and panels can add warmth and
visual interest to construction projects.
Disadvantages
Quality Control: Ensuring consistent quality and performance of engineered bamboo products can be
difficult due to variations in bamboo species, growth conditions, and manufacturing processes.
Quality control measures are essential to maintain the integrity and reliability of bamboo
reinforcements.
Durability Concerns: While bamboo is naturally resistant to pests and decay, its long-term durability
in outdoor or high-moisture environments may be a concern. Proper treatment and protection against
environmental factors are necessary to prevent degradation over time.
Fire Resistance: Bamboo is inherently less fire-resistant than steel. In fire-prone areas, special
precautions and fire-resistant coatings may be required to mitigate the risk of structural failure in
bamboo-reinforced buildings.
Cost: The initial cost of engineered bamboo reinforcements may be higher than that of steel
reinforcements, particularly in regions where bamboo materials are not readily available. However,
long-term savings in terms of reduced maintenance and environmental benefits may offset this initial
investment.
Code Compliance: Building codes and standards may not always explicitly address the use of bamboo
reinforcements, leading to uncertainty or reluctance among designers and builders. Advocacy for the
inclusion of bamboo in building codes and standards is necessary to promote its widespread adoption
in construction.
Application
Engineered bamboo can be used as an alternative to traditional steel reinforcements in concrete
structures. Bamboo-reinforced concrete offers comparable strength and durability while being
significantly lighter and more sustainable. It can be employed in various structural elements
such as beams, columns, and slabs.
Small cane or bamboo splints may be an alternative for crack control reinforcement for slabs
on grade (slabs cast on the ground) provided at least 3% bamboo is used. Such slabs are
designed to remain uncracked and/or are provided with control joints to facilitate controlled
cracking. Slabs on grade are known to absorb moisture from the ground; thus, this must be
mitigated in order to avoid the potential for rot of the embedded bamboo.
Light cement bamboo frame (LCBF) panels, known colloquially as bahareque construction,
are well established. LCBF construction is a modern technique utilising composite shear panels
constituted of a wall matrix of bamboo or metal lath nailed onto a bamboo framing system,
plastered with cement or lime mortar render. This method works well because the stresses in
the wall matrix are very low. Provided the bamboo is treated against insect attack and kept dry
through good design, the lifespan of the system is expected to exceed 30 years.
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Alternative-II: GFRP Rebar
Introduction
The traditional strengthened concrete members such as beams are composed of concrete included
Portland cement and steel rebars reinforcement. The function of concrete in these beams is the resistance
to compressive loads. The tensile and shear loads will be resisted by steel rebars embedded in the
concrete. Such structure is efficient where the concrete inseparable resistance to compressive loads,
while the steel enhances tensile and partially shear strengths. However, the problem of corrosion
associated with the steel rebars reduced its live time and the solutions such as the coating of the steel
rebars are costly. Recent technologies have resulted in alternative reinforcing materials such as GFRP
materials commercially available in the form of bars or sheets that can be bonded in concrete members
to fulfil several desired properties. The most important is that the corrosion resistance feature of the
polymer and the elongated strain to failure that give enough time to alert before failure takes place.
The considerably new FRP rebar technology is based on pultruded composite products, which are made
from longitudinally bundled fibres — along the bar axis — embedded in a resin matrix. The fibres are
the main load carrying component and the resin binds the fibres together, and therefore, transfers the
load between individual fibres while protecting them from chemical and physical attacks. the most
widely used fibre type for FRP rods in the United States is glass based for the production of Glass Fibre
Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) rebars. E- and E-CR (Electrical/Chemical Resistant) glass fibres are the
most commonly used ones because they possess high tensile strength, offer high chemical resistance,
and feature low production cost.
Advantages
Lightweight: GRP is a lightweight material. It can be up to 75% lighter than steel and up to 30%
lighter than aluminium.
High strength-to-weight ratio: Despite its low weight, GRP has a high strength-to-weight ratio,
which means it can support heavy loads while remaining lightweight.
Corrosion-resistant: GRP is highly resistant to corrosion, making it a durable and long-lasting
material that can withstand exposure to harsh environments like saltwater, chemicals, and UV
radiation.
Design flexibility: GRP can be moulded into complex shapes and can be customized to fit specific
design requirements. This makes it a versatile material that can be used for a wide range of
applications.
Low maintenance: GRP requires very little maintenance and is easy to clean. It does not rust, rot, or
corrode, and it is resistant to fading, chalking, and cracking.
Fire-resistant: GRP is a fire-resistant material that can withstand high temperatures without melting
or emitting toxic fumes. This makes it a safe material for use in applications where fire is a concern.
Cost-effective: While the initial cost of GRP may be higher than traditional materials, its low
maintenance requirements and long lifespan make it a cost-effective material in the long run.
Versatile: GRP can be moulded into complex shapes, allowing for the creation of intricate designs
and structures. It can also be customized to meet specific design requirements.
Disadvantages
Brittleness: GRP can be brittle and prone to cracking or breaking under sudden impact. This can be a
concern in applications where the material is exposed to high stress or impact loads.
Difficult to repair: GRP can be difficult to repair, especially if damage is in a critical area or if the
damage is extensive. Repairs may require specialized knowledge and equipment, which can be costly.
Limited temperature range: GRP has a limited temperature range in which it can be used, typically
between -40°C and 100°C. This can be a concern in applications where the material is exposed to
extreme temperatures.
Environmental impact: The manufacturing process of GRP involves the use of chemicals, some of
which can be harmful to the environment. Additionally, GRP products may not be recyclable, which
can lead to waste management issues.
Design limitations: Although GRP can be moulded into complex shapes, there may be limitations in
terms of size and design. The manufacturing process may also be limited by the size of the mould and
the ability to remove the finished product from the mould.
Application
The use of GFRP in civil engineering enables engineers to achieve better functionality, safety,
and economy of construction. Following are some of the new construction applications of
GFRP bars:
Highway applications (bridges, overpasses, etc.)
Marine applications (seawalls, retaining walls, etc.)
Mining and tunnelling
Transport infrastructure (bus stops, runways, etc.)
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Alternative-IV: Helix Micro Rebar Reinforcement
Introduction
Helix Micro-Rebar is an alternative steel product for reinforcing concrete. Helix Micro-Rebar consists
of short, twisted, steel wires of polygonal cross-section that are added to concrete during mixing stage.
The shape and the twist maximise both the frictional and mechanical bonds between the rebar and a
cement-based matrix. The twist drives the failure mechanism from frictional pull-out to a torsional (or
untwisting) mode. Helix Micro-Rebar is made from a minimum 50% recycled steel. Concrete
construction with this reinforcement product consumes less steel than with traditional steel bar and
mesh. Helix Micro-Rebar is applied to better meet seismic conditions and heavy loads. Cracks in the
concrete tend to be minimal and small and should not develop into large deep cracks. And because Helix
is spread as a fine matrix throughout the concrete mix, cracks in concrete do not expose major steel
reinforcements. Helix Micro-Rebar is electroplated with zinc and has been tested to resist corrosion
three times longer than standard bar and mesh reinforcement that has no coating.
Advantages
Helix Micro-Rebar offers four times the tensile strength of rebar as well as increased durability,
ductility, and shear strength.
Replacing conventional concrete reinforcements with Helix Micro-Rebar results in substantial savings
in project time. Helix is mixed into concrete at the job site or ready-mix plant in a matter of minutes,
whereas rebar and mesh reinforcements take hours to assemble.
Helix eliminates most of the labour and equipment related to measuring, cutting, placing, and tying
rebar, making it a more cost-effective option. Concrete can be poured directly pumping and finished
using conventional finishing techniques.
It eliminates the complexity and difficulty of bending bar and mesh to suit curved concrete
constructions.
Almost eliminates site waste - Helix is incorporated through your concrete mix so there is no oversupply of bar or mesh.
Improved worker safety - reduces tripping hazards and cuts from exposed reinforcing steel.
Improved crack resistance - cracks are reduced and, when they do appear, they are fine and short.
Cost savings – approx. 20%.
Disadvantages
Cost: Helix Micro Rebar can be more expensive upfront compared to traditional reinforcement
materials like steel rebar. However, the overall cost-effectiveness may vary depending on factors such
as project size, labour costs, and the specific application.
Compatibility: Helix Micro Rebar may not be compatible with all types of concrete mixes or
construction methods. Ensuring compatibility with other construction materials and techniques is
crucial to avoid potential issues during the construction process.
Knowledge and Training: Working with Helix Micro Rebar may require specialized knowledge and
training for construction workers. Proper installation techniques are essential to maximize its
effectiveness and ensure structural integrity.
Application
Helix Micro Rebar reinforcement finds applications across various construction sectors due to its
versatility and superior performance. It's commonly used in concrete structures such as foundations,
slabs, walls, and columns to enhance durability, crack resistance, and structural integrity. In
infrastructure projects like bridges, tunnels, and roads, Helix Micro Rebar provides added strength and
resilience to withstand heavy loads and environmental stresses. Moreover, it's employed in industrial
facilities, parking structures, and residential buildings to mitigate issues like shrinkage cracking and
improve overall durability. With its ease of installation and ability to reduce labour costs, Helix Micro
Rebar offers a compelling solution for enhancing the longevity and reliability of concrete structures in
diverse construction applications.
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Gypsum Plastering
Introduction
Gypsum plaster is a white cementing substance that is created by partially or completely drying the
mineral gypsum, frequently with the addition of specialised retarders or hardeners. When gypsum and
water are combined chemically after being applied in a flexible condition, the gypsum settles and
contracts. Gypsum plaster is made from gypsum and is also known as the plaster of Paris (POP). Dry
gypsum granules, water, and occasionally a tiny quantity of accelerator are the main ingredients of
gypsum plaster, which can be made anhydrous. Gypsum plaster uses retarders, such as organic acids,
dissolved substances, basic phosphates, and peptides, to speed up the setting process. It comes in powder
form and, when combined with water, creates a ready-to-use paste that can be spread to the surfaces of
the wall and roof right away. Gypsum plaster typically has a thickness of 11 millimetres for walls and
8 millimetres for ceilings. The ceiling-sloped roofs and mouldings are also made out of gypsum plaster.
To create a consistent slurry, pure water is combined with gypsum plaster at the job site at the
recommended ratio. Gypsum plastering is the practice of applying gypsum plaster mud to walls and
roofs at the correct thickness using professional applicators. Based on the amount of thermal energy
they get during the production process; gypsum cement can be classified. The two varieties of gypsum
plaster are as follows:
1. Gypsum anhydrite plaster that has been heated to 170°C.
2. Gypsum is heated to a temperature above 170°C to create hemihydrate, which is then combined
with particular additives like perlite and vermiculite to improve working and setting qualities
to create plaster.
Advantages
Low Thermal Conductivity: Gypsum plaster offers low thermal conductivity, making it great for
saving heating and cooling costs in a building.
Readily Available: Gypsum is the principal component of gypsum plaster. It is a readily available
raw material, whereas natural sand, the vital ingredient for cement plaster, is hard to find and even
banned in several countries.
No Curing Time: Gypsum plaster is ready-made and doesn’t require additional curing time. It also
helps save resources such as the water needed for the process.
Flexible: You can directly apply gypsum over the brick/wood base without it needing separate
finishing. Also, gypsum plaster is easy to use and level, making it more flexible than the traditional
plaster variants.
Easy To Apply: A traditional cement plaster takes around 21 days to dry and settle. A gypsum plaster
takes only three days for drying and setting. It is beneficial, especially when you are looking for
multi-story constructions.
Efficient Setting Time: Plaster requires drying time before you can initiate the painting job on it.
Gypsum plaster takes only around 30 minutes to set, much faster than the traditional cement finishing.
It means that the painting job can start as soon as three to four days of gypsum application.
Durable: Gypsum plasters are very lightweight, meaning that their application barely adds weight to
the overall construction. It ensures that the frames are better equipped to handle natural calamities and
are more likely to hold their shape in the long run.
Fire resistant: Gypsum plaster is highly fire-resistant and can hold fire for up to three hours.
No shrinkage: Cement is known to react when it comes in contact with water. So its plaster ends up
getting cracks once it dries. Gypsum plaster is more effective and suffers from few to no shrinkage
cracks, making it a better alternative to mortar plaster.
Great finish: Gypsum plaster walls are perfectly lined and levelled, unlike mortar plaster which
requires a lot of labour to achieve smoothness. It helps create visually appealing living rooms with
ease.
Disadvantages
It doesn’t perform well against water: We cannot use gypsum plaster for outer walls. These retain
dampness and are not the most suitable for areas with walls that come in regular contact with water,
such as bathrooms and toilets. Even though there are modified water-resistant, they do not perform as
well as cement plaster.
Costly: If you compare cement plaster to gypsum plaster, the latter is costlier for the same thickness
level in most conditions. But mortar plaster requires natural sand. So, if it is difficult to procure,
gypsum plaster may be an economical option for such areas.
Low shelf life: Gypsum, as a material, comes with a limited shelf life. You can keep gypsum plaster
for up to 4 months, but if you take extra care, its life goes up to around ten months.
Application
Rate
Alternative-I: Lime Plastering
Introduction
Lime plaster is an integral part of the chemical substances used in modern applications. It is
also called hot lime, fat lime, lime putty, etc. It is made up of lime, water, and sand. When
talking about lime plaster, it is for the non-hydraulic version. It is different from the traditional
cement plaster. It is an innovative form of plaster that is made up of calcium hydroxide, sand,
and water. It is one of the best plasters available and offers multiple benefits like condensation,
breathability, flexibility, and ease of working. The popularity of lime plaster is high because it
protects the building and offers support to the structural integrity of the building.
Lime plastering is prepared by heating the limestone or calcium carbonate at a temperature
above 850 degrees Celsius. The quick lime or calcium oxide thus produced is converted to the
slaked lime or calcium hydroxide by adding water. Hence, lime plaster is sold as a white powder
or wet putty. Water is added to this powder before using it. Further, when it reacts with
atmospheric carbon dioxide, calcium hydroxide turns back to calcium carbonate.
Advantages
It has a high pH value and is perfect for eliminating the growth of fungi and bacteria. Hence,
there is no possibility of mould growth in the lime plaster.
It is least affected by water. Hence, it is beneficial over gypsum plaster, earthen plaster, or
drywall plaster.
It is absorbent plaster that allows quick diffusion and moisture evaporation.
It is one of the most durable forms of plaster compared to other counterparts like clay plaster,
gypsum, etc. Hence, lime plaster is widely used as the lime render on the exterior of buildings.
There is no requirement for the expansion joints in lime plaster. It is less brittle than cement plaster
and is used widely in modern buildings.
Disadvantages
The non-hydraulic form of lime plaster sets slowly.
It is highly acidic white when in wet form and hence needs utmost care for the elimination of
patches.
The lime plaster may cause chemical burns as it can have a pH as high as 12. Hence, the
plasterers use mild acids or vinegar or lemon juice to neutralise chemical burns.
It requires sufficient moisture to set and needs to be protected from drying for a couple of days.
There is an increasing shortage of plasterers capable of doing lime plaster activities.
Application
This plaster is used for the plain side of a brick wall, 13 mm thick plaster is provided and for the
rough side of a brick wall, 16 mm thick plaster is suggested.
Also, for the stone masonry wall, 19 mm thick plaster is provided due to surface unevenness.
Lime plaster can be applied in one, two, or even three coats on the surface of the finished wall
between the screeds.
For a coat plaster, mortar is applied on a uniform surface that is slightly higher than the
required one.
This surface is then crushed within the thin strips of bamboo so that the joints can be filled and
conveyed to the required surface.
Applying a solution of lime putty to the surface eliminates plastering work, making it smooth
with a metal float.
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Alternative-II: Cement Plastering
Introduction
The materials in the plastering cement mortar are cement and sand in a specified proportion.
The sand is of good quality and must be free from dust and other organic materials. In the
plastering cement mortar, the cement shall be fresh Portland cement according to the I.S. code.
During the preparation of mortar, the potable type of water shall be used. During the preparation
of mortar, the cement and sand are thoroughly mixed without water till uniform colour is
obtained. After the uniform colour is obtained a required amount of potable water is added into
the dray mixed mortar and mixed the mortar thoroughly until a uniform consistency is obtained.
The prepared mortar shall be used within the initial setting time of cement and this initial setting
time for Ordinary Portland Cement is a minimum of 30 minutes. The brickwork surface which
is going for the plastering work must be cleaned, brushed, and keep the surface wet for two
days before the plastering. In the case of cement concrete surface, the face is lightly roughened,
cleaned, and the surface is wet for two days before the plastering. In the process of plastering,
first ceiling plastering must be completed before the starting of wall plastering. The thickness
of plastering is usually 12mm applied in two or three coats. The plater thickness must be
uniform throughout the whole surface and it is ensured by using a 1-meter strip which is applied
on the laid mortar. The smooth and uniform surface is obtained by applying the float, trowel
on the laid mortar. The plaster surface must be protected against rain, storm, or other
atmospheric agents which affect the plaster surface. The water is poured on the plaster surface
to keep the surface wet after 12 hours of plastering work at least for 7 days continuously.
Advantages
Durable: Cement plaster is highly durable and can withstand harsh weather conditions.
Water-Resistant: Cement plaster is water resistant, making it an excellent choice for exterior
walls.
Versatile: Cement plaster can be used for both interior and exterior walls and can be painted or
textured.
Affordable: Cement plaster is relatively cheaper compared to other alternatives of plastering.
Disadvantages
Time-Consuming: Cement Plaster takes longer to apply and dry than gypsum plaster, which can
increase the time and cost of construction projects. Minimum twenty-four-hour interval
between coats of interior Portland cement plaster. After 48 hours period finished coat plaster
may be applied to interior cement base coats.
Compressive Strength: Compressive Strength of Cement Plastering is lesser compared to
Gypsum Plastering. It is around 3.5 to 7.5 MPA and for Gypsum Plastering it is around 5 to 7
MPA.
Tension Strength: Cement mortar is basically weak in tension and flexural strength ad hence
prone to cracking.
Density: Density of Cement Plastering is higher than gypsum plaster; hence the load on the
building is increased as compared to gypsum plaster and needs water to attain strength.
Prone to cracking: Cement Plaster is prone to cracking if not applied correctly
Rough Finish: Cement Plaster can create a rough finish, which may not be suitable for interior
walls and ceilings.
Wastage: Percentage of wastage is higher during application.
Application
Cement Plastering is mostly recommended for External Plaster, all wet internal areas like
Kitchen, Toilet, Terrace and Balcony.
Rate
2000/-
Alternative-III: Gypsum Board
Introduction
Gypsum board (also known as plasterboard, wallboard, gypsum panel, sheet rock, or Drywall) is a panel
made of calcium sulphate dihydrate (gypsum) with or without additives and normally pressed between
a facer and a backer (typically thick sheets of paper). It is used to make interior walls and ceilings. The
plaster is mixed with fibre (typically paper and/or fibre glass), plasticizer, foaming agent, and various
additives that can decrease mildew, increase fire resistance, and lower water absorption. Gypsum
building materials are used in all construction types (residential, non-residential, new or refurbished),
ranging from complex high-tech systems to easy to install products adapted for use by the general
public.
The different type of gypsum board generally available in the market are drywall white board, fireresistant board, water-resistant board and exterior board.
Drywall white boards, like CoreX boards, are probably the most economical plasterboard type. This is
used for walls and ceiling. This is the most used plasterboard and it is quick and easy to install, so it
saves time and reduces construction costs.
Fire-resistant board stops the chances of spreading of fire which ensures life safety. The core of the fireresistant plasterboard is enhanced by special fibres and additives. Both sides of this board are covered
with special paper that gives flexibility and high strength to the plasterboard.
Moisture-resistant plasterboard is manufactured with advanced technology. The core of this
plasterboard is strengthened with water repellent agents. The sides of this board are covered with special
paper that gives flexibility and high strength to the plasterboard. Green moisture-resistant board is
suitable for areas where there is moisture in the area for example bathrooms.
Exterior boards, like BoardeX orange boards, are used instead of cement boards nowadays, since they
are lighter to handle and cut, and they can take all the weather elements. They are generally used in wet
areas, in shafts, under wall cladding and areas where there is direct contact with water. There are other
special boards available in the market like sound absorption boards, extra strong boards, and many
more. It is important when buying gypsum boards that one explains what will be the ultimate need for
the installation so that the supplier can offer you the best product available.
Advantages
Gypsum board provides a smooth finished surface: Gypsum is also used in plaster which provides
a crack-free smooth surface. The Gypsum boards provide a continuous smooth finish surface on which
you can directly apply paint.
Gypsum enhances the beauty of the structure: Gypsum is the most widely used material in the
interior design of the building because of its attractive and stunning design. The Gypsum products can
be used for various decorative purposes in the interiors which enhances the aesthetical features of the
building.
Ease of Installation: Gypsum board building system are easy to install for several reasons. Gypsum
board panels are relatively large compared to other materials. They come in 48 and 54 inch wide sheets
and in lengths of 8, 10, 0r 12 feet, so they quickly cover large wall and ceiling areas. Gypsum board can
be cut with either a utility knife or a variety of saws, and it can be attached with a variety of fasteners,
including screws, nails, and staples. It can also be adhesively attached to many substances. Gypsum
board is a lightweight material. Two workers can easily handle most panels and cover large areas in
very short time periods. Gypsum board is easily finished using either a few hand tools or relatively
modest machines. Gypsum board installers can quickly learn most application techniques in a few
hours.
Fire Resistance: Gypsum board is an excellent fire resistive building material
Sound Isolation: Preventing the transfer of unwanted sound to adjoining areas is a key consideration
when designing a building, specifically when considering the intended activities of the occupants in the
various parts of the building. Gypsum board wall and ceilings system effectively help control sound
transmission.
Durability: Gypsum board is used to construct strong, high quality walls and ceilings that offer
excellent dimensional stability and durability. Surfaces created using gypsum board are easily decorated
and refinished.
Economy: Gypsum board is readily available and easy to apply. It is an inexpensive wall surfacing
material that provides a fire-resistant interior finish. Gypsum board building systems can generally be
installed at significantly lower costs than most alternate systems
Versatility: Gypsum board satisfies a wide range of architectural requirements for design. Ease of
application, performance, ease of repair, availability, and its adaptability to all forms of decoration
combine to make gypsum board unmatched by any other surfacing product.
Disadvantages
Temperature Limitation: For installation of gypsum board and finishes, maintain room temperature
at not less than 40 °F for the mechanical application of gypsum board and not less than 50°F for the
adhesive application of gypsum board and for joint treatment, texturing and decoration, unless
recommended otherwise by the manufacturer.
Gypsum is not water-resistant material: Gypsum has very less resistance to moisture due to which it
cannot be used in the exterior of the buildings. The gypsum products may get disintegrate when it is
exposed to moisture.
Ventilation Requirement: Always maintain adequate ventilation during installation and curing period
in the working area.
Moisture: Where exposure to moisture is extreme or continuous, never use gypsum board on that area.
Gypsum plaster is expensive as compared to cement plaster: The cost of plastering for the same
thickness with the gypsum mortar is more than the cement mortar. So, it is not suitable to use gypsum
mortar for low-budget construction projects.
It is difficult to construct the Curved Shape with the help of Gypsum: The Gypsum is not flexible
due to which it is difficult to construct the curved shape components with the help of gypsum.
Application
Gypsum board is widely used for internal walls and ceilings by the construction industry, and is a
material of growing importance in the do it yourself sector. Gypsum board is also a common fire barrier
used in house and general building construction. Commonly gypsum boards used in walls and ceilings,
in moist areas, in exterior applications, for fire resistance and area separation and special systems.
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