national origin and ended racial segregation in public places. Civil Rights & Women’s
Absolute Monarchy - A system of government where a single ruler, typically a king or
queen, has absolute power and authority. Amendment - A change or addition to a legal
document, especially the Constitution. Anarchy - Absence of government and absolute
freedom of the individual, often associated with chaos and disorder. Appropriation - The
act of setting aside money for a specific purpose, usually by a legislative body.
Authoritarianism - A form of government characterized by strong central authority and
limited political freedoms. Autocracy - A system of government where supreme power is
concentrated in the hands of one person, usually a dictator. Checks and Balances - The
principle that each branch of government has the power to check, or limit, the actions of
the other branches to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful. Civil Liberties Personal freedoms protected by law, such as freedom of speech, religion, and assembly.
Civil Rights - Rights that guarantee individuals equal treatment under the law, regardless of
their race, gender, or other characteristics. Command Economy - An economic system
where the government controls the production, distribution, and prices of goods and
services. Confederation - A system of government where states or regions retain most of
the power, while a weak central government has limited authority. Constitutional
Monarchy - A system of government where a monarch's powers are limited by a
constitution or laws. Contract - A legally binding agreement between two or more parties.
Dictatorship - A form of government where power is concentrated in the hands of a single
voleader, who often rules by force. Direct Democracy - A system of government where
citizens participate directly in decision-making processes. Due Process - The legal
principle that ensures fair treatment and procedural safeguards for individuals involved in
legal proceedings. Economic Benefit - The positive outcome or gain resulting from an
economic activity or decision. Economic Cost - The negative outcome or loss resulting
from an economic activity or decision. Eminent Domain - The government's power to take
private property for public use, with compensation to the owner. Establishment Clause The part of the First Amendment that prohibits the government from establishing an official
religion or favoring one religion over others. Let me know if you want to continue with the
rest of the terms, or if you need any further assistance! do everything ChatGPT Sure, let's
continue with the rest of the terms, Supreme Court cases, global organizations and
agreements, government regulatory agencies, entitlement programs, and civil rights
legislation: Exclusionary Rule - A legal principle that prohibits evidence obtained through
illegal or unconstitutional means from being admitted in court. Executive Order - A
directive issued by the President of the United States that has the force of law, usually
used to implement or interpret existing laws. Federalism - A system of government where
power is divided between a central authority and regional or state governments. Federal
Reserve System - The central banking system of the United States responsible for
regulating the country's monetary policy and financial institutions. Felony - A serious crime
punishable by imprisonment for more than one year, or by death. Fiscal Policy Government policies related to taxation and spending aimed at influencing economic
conditions. Free Exercise Clause - The part of the First Amendment that protects
individuals' rights to practice their religion freely without government interference. Grand
Jury - A group of citizens convened to determine whether there is enough evidence to indict
a suspect and bring them to trial. Impeachment - The process by which a government
official, such as the President, is accused of wrongdoing and removed from office.
Indictment - A formal accusation or charge of a serious crime, usually issued by a grand
jury. Interest Group - An organized group of individuals who share common goals and seek
to influence government policies and decisions. Judicial Review - The power of the courts
to determine whether laws and actions of the government are constitutional. Jurisdiction The authority of a court to hear and decide cases within a specific geographic area or
subject matter. Limited Government - A political system where the powers of the
government are restricted by a constitution or laws. Lobby - The act of attempting to
influence government officials or policies on behalf of an interest group or organization.
Majority Rule: A principle of democracy where decisions are made by most votes. Market
Economy - An economic system where the production and distribution of goods and
services are determined by supply and demand in a competitive marketplace.
Misdemeanor - A less serious crime punishable by imprisonment for one year or less, or by
fines. Mixed Economy - An economic system that combines elements of both a market
economy and government intervention. Monarchy - A form of government where power is
vested in a single ruler, such as a king or queen.
Monetary Policy - Government policies related to the control of the money supply, interest
rates, and financial conditions to achieve economic goals. Oligarchy - A form of
government where power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of individuals or
families. Opportunity Cost - The value of the next best alternative foregone when a
decision is made. Petit Jury - A group of citizens selected to hear evidence and render a
verdict in a trial. Political Party - An organized group of individuals with similar political
goals and ideologies, seeking to gain and maintain political power. Popular Sovereignty The principle that the government's authority comes from the consent of the governed.
Propaganda - Information or material spread to promote a particular viewpoint or agenda,
often used to influence public opinion. Ratification - The formal approval of a treaty,
agreement, or constitutional amendment by a legislative body or the people. Recall - The
process by which voters can remove an elected official from office before the end of their
term through a special election. Referendum - A direct vote by the electorate on a specific
proposal or issue. Regulation - Government rules and standards aimed at controlling or
directing certain behaviors or activities in society. Representative Democracy - A system of
government where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. Rule of
Law - The principle that all individuals and institutions, including the government, are
subject to and accountable under the law. Separation of Powers - The division of
government responsibilities into distinct branches, such as the legislative, executive, and
judicial branches. Third Party - A political party other than the two major parties
(Republican and Democratic) in the United States. Ticket - A group of candidates
nominated together by a political party for elections. Traditional Economy - An economic
system based on customs, traditions, and bartering rather than monetary exchange. Treaty
- A formal agreement between two or more sovereign states or international organizations.
Unitary System - A system of government where power is centralized in a single national
government, with subordinate regional governments. Writ of Habeas Corpus - A court
order requiring authorities to bring a detained person before a judge or court to determine
the lawfulness of their detention.
Brown v. Board of Education - The Supreme Court case that declared state laws
establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional,
overturning the "separate but equal" doctrine. U.S v. Nixon - The Supreme Court case that
ruled against President Nixon's claim of executive privilege and ordered him to release
tape recordings related to the Watergate scandal. Gideon v. Wainwright - The Supreme
Court case that established the right to counsel for indigent defendants in criminal cases.
Marbury v. Madison - The Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial
review, empowering the courts to declare laws unconstitutional. McCulloch v. Maryland The Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States
and established the supremacy of federal law over state law. Miranda v. Arizona - The
Supreme Court case that established the requirement for law enforcement to inform
suspects of their rights before custodial interrogation, known as the Miranda rights. New
Jersey v. T.L.O. - The Supreme Court case that established the standard for searches
conducted by school officials in public schools. McDonald v. Chicago - The Supreme Court
case that held that the Second Amendment right to bear arms applies to state and local
governments through the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause. Tinker v. Des
Moines School District - The Supreme Court case upheld students' rights to free speech in
public schools, if it does not disrupt the educational process. Baker v. Carr - The Supreme
Court case that established the principle of "one person, one vote" in legislative
apportionment.
World Trade Organization (WTO) - An international organization that regulates and
facilitates trade between nations, aiming to ensure smooth and predictable global
commerce. International Red Cross: A humanitarian organization that helps victims of
conflict and disaster, following the principles of neutrality, impartiality, and independence.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) - An agreement between Canada, the
United States, and Mexico, aimed at eliminating tariffs and promoting trade and
investment among the member countries. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - A
military alliance of North American and European countries established for collective
defense against aggression. United Nations General Assembly - The main deliberative
body of the United Nations, where all member states have representation and discuss a
wide range of international issues. United Nations International Court of Justice - The
principal judicial organ of the United Nations, responsible for settling legal disputes
between states. United Nations Security Council - A UN body responsible for maintaining
international peace and security, with the authority to impose sanctions and authorize
military action. World Bank - An international financial institution that provides loans and
grants to developing countries for development projects aimed at reducing poverty and
promoting sustainable development.
Center for Disease Control (CDC) - A federal agency in the United States responsible for
protecting public health and safety by preventing and controlling diseases, injuries, and
disabilities. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) - A federal agency in the United
States responsible for protecting consumers from unsafe products and conducting recalls
when necessary. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - A federal agency in the United
States responsible for protecting human health and the environment by enforcing
regulations related to air and water quality, waste management, and toxic substances.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) - A federal agency in the United
States responsible for enforcing laws that prohibit discrimination in employment based on
race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, or genetic information. Federal
Aviation Administration (FAA) - A federal agency in the United States responsible for
regulating civil aviation and ensuring the safety and efficiency of the national airspace
system. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) - A federal agency in the United
States responsible for regulating interstate and international communications by radio,
television, wire, satellite, and cable. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) - A federal agency in
the United States responsible for protecting consumers and promoting competition by
preventing anticompetitive, deceptive, and unfair business practices. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) - A federal agency in the United States responsible for regulating the
safety and efficacy of food, drugs, medical devices, cosmetics, and tobacco products.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) - A federal agency in the United
States responsible for ensuring safe and healthful working conditions by setting and
enforcing standards and providing training, outreach, education, and assistance.
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) - A federal agency in the United States
responsible for regulating the securities industry, protecting investors, and maintaining fair
and efficient markets.
Medicaid - A joint federal and state program in the United States that provides health
coverage for low-income individuals and families, including children, pregnant women,
elderly adults, and people with disabilities. Medicare - A federal health insurance program
in the United States that provides coverage for people aged 65 and older, as well as
younger people with certain disabilities or medical conditions. Social Security - A federal
program in the United States that provides retirement, disability, and survivor benefits to
eligible workers and their families. Unemployment Compensation - A federal-state
program in the United States that provides temporary financial assistance to eligible
workers who have lost their jobs through no fault of their own. Workers’ Compensation - A
state-regulated insurance program in the United States that provides medical and wage
replacement benefits to employees who are injured or become ill on the job.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) - A federal law in the United States that prohibits
discrimination against individuals with disabilities in employment, public
accommodations, transportation, and other areas. Civil Rights Act - Landmark legislation
in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or
Equity Act - Legislation in the United States that aimed to promote equality and prohibit
discrimination based on race, gender, or other characteristics. Education Amendment
(Title IX) - A federal law in the United States that prohibits sex-based discrimination in
education programs and activities receiving federal financial assistance. Equal
Employment Opportunity Act - Legislation in the United States that strengthened and
expanded protections against employment discrimination based on race, color, religion,
sex, or national origin. Voting Rights Act of 1965 - Landmark legislation in the United States
that aimed to overcome legal barriers to voting for African Americans and other minorities,
particularly in the South. Voting Rights Act of 1975 - Legislation in the United States that
expanded and extended provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, particularly regarding
language minorities.