LPWAN networks in France, overview N. Tabchiche, A. Lefrançois EPITA Abstract—This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies, particularly focusing on their deployment and impact in France. The study delves into the attributes of prominent LPWAN technologies such as Sigfox, LoRa, and NB-IoT, each offering unique advantages and being suited to specific IoT applications. The work highlights the importance of these technologies in various industries, including their capability to provide long-range coverage, low power consumption, cost-effectiveness, reliability, scalability, security, and ease of deployment. Despite being in a growth phase, LPWAN technologies have already demonstrated their critical role in IoT applications. The paper emphasizes the future prospects of LPWANs, predicting a global surge in their adoption due to the increasing demand for IoT solutions. An expectation is set for the evolution of LPWAN protocols to meet emerging requirements, involving improvements in data rate, latency, security, and energy efficiency. In conclusion, the paper affirms the expected pivotal role of LPWAN networks in driving IoT connectivity and enabling businesses to exploit the full potential of IoT. I. I NTRODUCTION The increasing reliance on Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication has resulted in a significant surge in industry-wide innovations [1]. IoT, a network of interconnected devices that can collect and exchange data, and M2M, the automatic exchange of data between machines without human intervention, have transformed the way data is collected, processed, and used. These advancements have been particularly revolutionary for industries that depend on real-time data, including the transportation, healthcare, agriculture, and manufacturing sectors. The primary driver behind these changes is the evolution in low-power consumption and connectivity technologies, enabling the deployment of connected devices even in highly constrained environments [2]. As such, IoT applications have broadened, with devices now able to function in conditions that were previously deemed impractical or unfeasible. In today’s digital era, IoT architects have a variety of wireless communication technologies at their disposal. The choice of technology depends on several factors, including the desired reach of the device, the bandwidth, coverage, power consumption, reliability, latency, and cost-effectiveness [3]. Historically, for applications where IoT devices were deployed over large distances, cellular connectivity technologies, such as 2G, 3G, 4G, or 5G, were utilized. This was particularly prevalent in the industrial sector, where devices needed to transmit data over long distances. For these use cases, M2M SIM cards, designed for automated communication between devices, were often used. These technologies provided the necessary coverage, but advances in other wireless communication technologies have introduced a wider range of possibilities, opening up opportunities for more flexible, efficient, and cost-effective solutions for IoT deployments. II. OVERVIEW OF LPWAN NETWORKS Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) is a type of wireless telecommunication network designed to allow longrange communications at a low bit rate among connected devices, such as sensors operated on a battery. As the name suggests, these networks are characterized by their low power requirements and wide area coverage, which are significant advantages for IoT deployments. The main objective of LPWAN technologies is to serve machine-to-machine (M2M) and IoT applications that require devices to send small amounts of data over large distances in urban, suburban, or rural areas. This makes LPWAN a suitable solution for applications that do not require real-time communication but need to transmit small packets of data over vast areas without consuming much power. LPWAN offers low-bandwidth connectivity, usually under 200 kbps, and supports devices with low bit rates. This low data rate is sufficient for many IoT applications where devices need to send only occasional or small amounts of data, like meter readings or sensor measurements. LPWAN technology’s strength lies in its ability to cover long distances ranging from 2 km to 1000 km, depending on the specific technology in use and the deployment environment. This range is particularly beneficial in areas where devices are widely dispersed, such as agricultural fields, utility infrastructure, or city-wide deployments. Another key feature of LPWAN technology is its power efficiency. The devices connected through LPWAN networks consume minimal power, making them ideal for batteryoperated or energy-harvesting devices. This reduced power consumption leads to extended battery lifespans, sometimes enabling devices to function for several years on a single battery charge. Cost is another significant advantage of LPWAN networks. They are designed to be highly cost-effective solutions, making them more affordable than traditional mobile networks. This cost-effectiveness makes LPWAN a viable solution for deploying large-scale IoT applications. Most LPWAN networks employ a star topology, where each endpoint (device) connects directly to common central access points (like a gateway or base station). This topology simplifies the network design and makes the system scalable and robust against individual node failures. Menelaos-NT Research Report template by Zhouyan Qiu, University of Vigo III. LPWAN NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES IN F RANCE In France, the IoT connectivity landscape is shaped by three primary LPWAN technologies: Sigfox, LoRa, and NB-IoT. Each of these technologies exhibits distinct characteristics, deployment strategies, and advantages tailored to specific IoT applications, making the choice of technology critical for IoT deployments. Sigfox, a global communication service provider, offers a simple, low-power, and cost-effective solution for IoT connectivity. Its network uses Ultra Narrow Band (UNB) radio technology for device communication, which ensures extreme resistance to interference in the extended signal spectrum and large network capacity. It also has a large cell range thanks to its low transmission speed and simple modulation techniques. Sigfox’s main strength lies in its simplicity and its ability to support a large number of devices over a wide area, making it ideal for applications like environmental monitoring, utility metering, and asset tracking where data transmission needs are low but the reach is broad [4]. In Europe, Sigfox works in the 868MHz to 868.2MHz frequency range. The UNB technology allows for 100Hz message width. [5] Figure 2. LoRaWAN Frequency Bands [8] Figure 3. NB-IoT Frequency Bands [6] Figure 1. Sigfox Frequency Bands are divided into six Radio Configuration (RC) regions [6] LoRa (Long Range), on the other hand, uses a modulation technique called Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS), which provides an excellent balance between range, data rate, and power consumption. It is a more flexible technology, providing the ability to deploy both public (like city-wide networks) and private networks (like a specific industrial site). Its bi-directional communication capability and adaptability to different data rates make it suitable for a variety of IoT applications, including smart cities, agriculture, and industrial IoT [7]. LoRa defines 10 radio channels, of which: 8 channels for transmission speeds from 250 bps to 5.5 kbps, 1 transmission channel with a transmission speed of 11 kbps, and 1 Frequency-shift keying (FSK) channel with a transmission speed of 50 kbps. The maximum power allowed in Europe is +14 dBM [8]. NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) is a cellular-based technology that uses existing infrastructure to provide wide coverage, deep indoor penetration, and high reliability. It has been designed to meet the security standards of the cellular industry and ensure secure communication. It supports a large number of low-throughput devices, making it suitable for applications where devices are located in hard-to-reach locations and require infrequent data transmission. Examples include smart metering, smart parking, and environmental monitoring [9]. The choice between Sigfox, LoRa, and NB-IoT depends on various factors, including the specific use case, the network coverage in the area, the cost, and power constraints. As such, understanding the technical characteristics of these technologies and evaluating their performance against the critical success factors for the intended IoT application is essential [10]. This will help decision-makers and IoT developers make informed choices about the most suitable technology for their IoT deployments in France. Figure 4. Comparison between LoRa, Sigfox, NB-IoT and ZETA [11] IV. D EPLOYMENT OF LPWAN N ETWORKS IN F RANCE The French Internet of Things (IoT) landscape is undergoing substantial shifts, signified by the challenges faced by Sigfox and the cessation of support for LoRa technology by Bouygues Telecom. These events might initially seem to indicate an overall weakening of the French IoT sector, but a more nuanced interpretation is warranted. Both Sigfox and Bouygues Telecom initially adopted analogous strategies, characterized by significant investments aimed at constructing comprehensive connectivity ecosystems. These ecosystems were designed to fulfill diverse customer requirements via two distinct Long-Range, Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies. However, the disparity between initial promises and on-ground realities may underpin the prevailing sentiment of disappointment in the market and the ensuing tribulations. As the French IoT market matures, clients are increasingly seeking turnkey solutions that offer tangible benefits, cost control, and sustainability. Demonstrating scalability is crucial, yet few providers currently satisfy this demand. The French LPWAN market, centered on offerings from three main entities, is characterized by intense competition, thereby posing a challenge to the reliable development of the sector. The immediate challenge lies in establishing a substantial return on investment (ROI) to convince customers and advocate for the adoption of extensive projects. Providers in the LPWAN space should focus not only on infrastructure, but also on digital use cases and monetization opportunities related to the wealth of data generated by sensors and connected objects. Although Smart Cities and connected territories offer significant promise for LPWAN networks, they often face obstacles due to their association with public entities and their consequently long decision-making cycles. To exhibit tangible ROI, IoT entities need to concentrate on use cases managed by private companies, particularly in domains such as smart buildings or smart industries. The LoRaWAN network has illustrated its ability to integrate all use cases, both private and public, with an effective management of data confidentiality and encryption. Additionally, it offers prolonged connectivity lifespans, potentially spanning decades, in contrast to the shorter cycles of LTE-m and NB-IoT, which typically last 5 to 10 years. Since late 2021, the International Telecommunications Union has recognized the LoRaWAN network as a standard, bolstering the further development of this technology. The characteristic ultra-low power and brevity of messages sent over this network indicate a potential for high frugality, making it an ideal candidate for the implementation of energyefficient and low-cost IoT devices. This technology is already internationally prevalent and offers substantial territorial coverage alongside networks like Sigfox and emerging technologies like NB-IoT/LTE-M. The current upheavals in the IoT market represent an opportune juncture to reassess, revamp business models, and expedite adoption by utilizing the most appropriate solutions to balance frugality, energy autonomy, cost, and the capacity to deliver requisite data for expected quality of service. V. A DVANTAGES OF LPWAN NETWORKS FOR VARIOUS INDUSTRIES Long Range Coverage: LPWAN technologies can cover large geographic areas with minimal infrastructure, making them ideal for applications that require extensive coverage, such as agricultural monitoring, environmental sensing, and asset tracking over wide areas. Low Power Consumption: LPWAN devices are designed to operate on low power, enabling battery-powered devices to have long-lasting lifespans, sometimes lasting several years. This is advantageous for industries where replacing batteries frequently is challenging or costly,. Cost-Effectiveness: The deployment and maintenance costs of LPWAN networks are relatively low compared to traditional cellular networks. Scalability: LPWAN networks can accommodate a massive number of connected devices, allowing for seamless scaling as the number of IoT devices increases. Reliability and Robustness: LPWAN technologies are designed to be robust and resistant to interference, providing reliable connectivity even in challenging environments. . Low Data Rate Applications: LPWAN networks are wellsuited for applications that require sporadic data transmission or small data payloads, as they provide efficient communication for low data rate devices. Security: LPWAN networks typically incorporate security features, such as encryption and authentication, to protect data transmitted over the network. Ease of Deployment: LPWAN technologies are designed for easy and rapid deployment, allowing businesses to quickly implement IoT solutions without extensive infrastructure requirements. LPWAN networks can support a wide range of applications across various industries, this versatility allows businesses to innovate and adapt LPWAN technology to suit their specific needs. VI. F UTURE PROSPECTS AND DEVELOPMENTS LPWAN technologies are currently in a phase of dynamic growth and development, not just in France, but around the world. As we see a surge in the demand for IoT solutions across various industries, LPWAN networks are primed to take a central role in meeting this demand. These networks offer a compelling mix of long-range communication, lowpower consumption, and cost-effectiveness that make them well suited to a broad array of IoT applications. As these technologies continue to mature, a key development to look forward to is the standardization of LPWAN technologies. Standardization is essential for achieving widespread adoption and interoperability across different devices and networks. It ensures that different LPWAN technologies can coexist and interact seamlessly, making it easier for businesses and organizations to deploy and manage their IoT solutions. Standardization also promotes competition and innovation among LPWAN providers, leading to further advancements in the technology. We also anticipate that LPWAN protocols will evolve and adapt to meet emerging needs and requirements. These innovations might include improvements in various aspects such as data rate, latency, security, and energy efficiency. For instance, future LPWAN networks might support higher data rates to cater to IoT applications that require more bandwidth. Similarly, advancements might be made in reducing latency, enhancing security features, or improving energy efficiency. This ongoing evolution will allow LPWAN networks to support a wider range of IoT use cases and applications. In conclusion, LPWAN networks are poised to be a significant driver in the ongoing IoT revolution. Their unique capabilities enable them to facilitate enhanced connectivity across vast areas, even in challenging environments. This connectivity empowers businesses and organizations to unlock the full potential of IoT, leading to innovative solutions and smarter, more efficient operations. As such, LPWAN technologies are set to play a crucial role in shaping our connected future. VII. C ONCLUSION The diversity of LPWAN technologies in France - Sigfox, LoRa, and NB-IoT - offers a range of solutions tailored to various IoT requirements. This diversity offers opportunities for businesses to select the technology that best fits their specific IoT deployment, considering factors such as reach, bandwidth, coverage, power consumption, reliability, latency, and cost-effectiveness. The low power consumption, costeffectiveness, and long-range coverage of LPWAN networks provide an edge for applications in various industries, especially those that demand extensive coverage, low maintenance, and operational cost. This includes industries such as agriculture, environmental monitoring, and asset tracking over large geographical areas. Scalability and ease of deployment are critical advantages of LPWAN networks, as they can support a massive number of devices without the need for extensive infrastructure. These aspects make LPWAN an attractive choice for businesses looking to rapidly expand their IoT capabilities and presence. While the current LPWAN technologies have already brought many advantages, the future prospects of LPWAN networks are promising. Innovations in data rate, latency, security, and energy efficiency will allow LPWAN to support an even broader range of IoT use cases and enhance their competitive edge over traditional cellular networks. As IoT continues to gain traction worldwide, the role of LPWAN networks in this revolution is expected to be substantial. The standardization of LPWAN technologies will be pivotal for widespread adoption and interoperability, facilitating the integration of diverse devices and networks across the globe. With the right policy framework and technological advancements, France could become a leading player in the global IoT landscape through the strategic use of LPWAN technologies. R EFERENCES [1] C. Anton-Haro and M. Dohler, Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communications. Architecture, Performance and Applications. Woodhead Publishing, 2015. [2] I. Lee and K. Lee, “The Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, investments, and challenges for enterprises,” Business Horizons, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 431–440, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681315000373 [3] M. Sikimić, M. Amović, V. Vujović, B. Suknović, and D. Manjak, “An Overview of Wireless Technologies for IoT Network,” in 2020 19th International Symposium INFOTEH-JAHORINA (INFOTEH), 2020, pp. 1–6. [4] S. Winalisa, M. Imam Nashiruddin, and M. Ary Murti, “Designing Sigfox Network for Public Internet of Things in Batam Island,” in 2020 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things and Intelligence System (IoTaIS), 2021, pp. 72–77. [5] H. Alqurashi, F. Bouabdallah, and E. Khairullah, “Scap sigfox: A scalable communication protocol for low-power wide-area iot networks,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 7, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/7/3732 [6] “Frequency bands for ten most popular IoT protocols — Haltian — haltian.com,” https://haltian.com/resource/frequency-bands-for-tenmost-popular-iot-protocols/, [Accessed 27-07-2023]. [7] J. Haxhibeqiri, E. De Poorter, I. Moerman, and J. Hoebeke, “A Survey of LoRaWAN for IoT: From Technology to Application,” 2018. [8] “LoRaWAN frequency bands,” Jul 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.3glteinfo.com/lora/lorawan-frequency-bands/ [9] E. M. Migabo, K. D. Djouani, and A. M. Kurien, “The Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) Resources Management Performance State of Art, Challenges, and Opportunities,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 97 658– 97 675, 2020. [10] Y. Lalle, L. C. Fourati, M. Fourati, and J. P. Barraca, “A Comparative Study of LoRaWAN, SigFox, and NB-IoT for Smart Water Grid,” in 2019 Global Information Infrastructure and Networking Symposium (GIIS), 2019, pp. 1–6. [11] J. Qin, Z. Li, R. Wang, L. Li, Z. Yu, X. He, and Y. Liu, “Industrial internet of learning (iiol): Iiot based pervasive knowledge network for lpwan—concept, framework and case studies,” CCF Transactions on Pervasive Computing and Interaction, vol. 3, 01 2021.