shour
to0
CN=4
mawng
2sà
cormpko
The
orraty
ossiblaCN=4:
Pypamidal
TBigral
CN=3
Bhow
tuso
zes
having
compa
geomtay
Equuilaberal
Triang
possibla
CN=3The
lirr
bonds
aru
study
fu
:
in
’
xas and outside
Qigards
R
metal
Lewis Lowis attachaol
TDBUrded
which
having
having
cornpounds
Geornatruy
tho lerm n baso acid
to
CN=2
tho Cdonate
CN2
botf
sphoe compourd
Caccert
cocdinate
cental
by
{
corpbx
that
etio
thoe
pain
molecules
acng
aton
linaan,
Rave
Cornplxo)
coCNi) of
uhoneas
whereas
bond
a
by
rd
313
and
e
unulsonL-L
canta
moto
cartal
of
molocwles
ceordinatiorn
chlorides
numbor
compbxas
complo
The
CN:2:
the
arions
KoGdinate
COORDINATION
COMPLEXES
Aupplid
Liganda
by
cartra
atorn
metal
An
ard
Co
Itis
1t
cenbal ligandsThe
3 sLigards
sramnple
3 tio
ammonia
Knouwn.
aniens
minimum
Bhow
Coerrdinatibr
'
SquaNe Plaran
Tetrahdral
g Zncl Cucli
Nico
ange betuen two ligarnd
CN =S: The cormplbzOs Aiaving CN=5 8how tuoo poaibl
gaomety
Triganal bigjaamidal
Squaoe Pyamidal
M
onge
betucen tuo igad u=|20
CN=6Compaxes wttf CN=b Us \eyy commonfo
transibionak matal cornple xos The b ligands are
asangedl anond
the
Corres ot
central metal ton at tño siz
oglar octahodral
CRYSTAL FIELD THEORY
Thi tory s bascd en tho dilßeront aUrotirs
than vgT, Ln vBT
e bording batuican Mard L sts
censidood as pwecoalart but in CFT
and
F s baxod on tao
tho igands leckror
at as pocnt
tfie iss no bord
betuen hon. charges and the
The intactien is puely
aumotionthat
olectrostatic
Fohuwes:
both
Tho cental matal ion is
bu iqards
which cortains lore pain of AuUGUndd
s
A2 type
ligads axe agardad as potnt
chorges
Teric ligarcb'- point chagos
Hhat
Naubral igards- point dipola
ientod towand
certal
metal , The attractton
hatucen rmetal and igord ds purely elechosteitic
odoThe colaun of tio complaxes can bo
be xplainco
Jin temb
ofgbctronic tansition
matevic
The magnatic propactiod can b xplunal
Feo boui of spliting tot d-orbitals un
photor
baecen
dilteunt
et
St can alo eplain
why some
favoued than ohon for coctain
because
digfoanti CASE.ai
qaometxies
metals. This
is
Juso Aot:
t:Eq orbctalsi Cdyt d2) Aaicl orbitala : Thexe orhitos
hae theit lobes alorg thie a ard doubly dagarnatatec
ard
linited
orbital)
Cnon-aiol
Cdey,dz,du)
2. bag orthita
net alorn
A2tq TheA0
oYbitals Rave thein lobes does
aleg
tfe azio and triply dagermated.
dcap)
dur
dye
d2
dz)
In the case of contralmetal Gfee) all the
5 motals
orbitals ae
havirg Bama onogytoqeranatd
Houaver on tfo apprcaches
ligard tho
ß centnal
metal
t
igards approach tee certralmetal
e all tho
len frorn tfu cqual ditance Hfe energy seail
be aqual
to
but al te ligards au not a_proaching
mdtal by quo dtanca Hence, tie orbitaa lobes
yng al the cis
will be
of lobas lying in batucon
more than orbitals
tree
is.
Tha CoroD0en of 5 dagoraate derbitals of mokal
3tons unto tuo sot
ibitas Roasng toent srergiA
callod
cylal FielA slterg
Cgstal Freld spletiry in octahactral Complres
octahadral compbx
Complex tRe tas eigeres metal
ion s at the cantor and
bigaurdls occupy te 2
Cornes R tra octahadral
othec
In the caae
al
ocahectral corploxes. as tho two
Kigands appreach te metal alorg the azi, tre twrs
ancicl orbitals ae opellod rere tian tag orbitals
In otfon words
rbita increases
the
than fa
ruch morvee
rg
g orbitals.
sts
tO.6Ao
Hypckticl doqorenacy
appoach
ha contaal riakal ion fronSplthng'e
lectror
Agual disancs
Fve dagorenate
d-orhitals oRoß metal
in absere of
both
ligandaoh p s
The arngy dilfune betwaorn tag ancd ag
crbitals is danotad hy Ao Tn an octahadyol compla
tha erengy of one
ntoing in taq level --o.4Ao
and tfia nengy of tia
artoing into o
orbital =o.bAo
STRONG
FIELD IAND EALFIELD
Filing up
Hhat
1,
LIGANDSee
doranda upon te
pet
ligard.
Tn a sbong sigard
fisld o Ao is farge onaugh
to ferce tho
2/
to
ma te
uthe tg obitals . npreseree limit
Qpacted
to ha ow spin
Tn a
cornplaxos.
8
weak
phot
aneugh to force ha
entor irto
to pai up and henca tRe
orhital. Hence , thay will eut in
N)7
IreCcN).y-
S.L
Low pn
PAIRING ENERGY LP):
The anengy reubed to cause
ard
4Ris origy dopand upon tho tupia of igardl.
loocnain npad
umain tn tio
2arme
and that wile
rbital
and tot will
paiodup
0sily
wi00
ill
{ PeAe: The a
ise to Kow spin Cornpkr
give
prafoaral
by
achiaved
anogy
in
cfSE
CFSE: The gain
and.iag rbitab is salbd
filing up o tog and
SPEC TROCHEMICAL
ARa lignds ar
s0ries in
SE RIES : Tt is the
aNAnged in thaerdo
which
ef
anaNNi0g splitting to caue d'orbital.
Noutrol
WFL
Corfiquration
shong Ligard
SFL t
tigard
leak Bigard
=-0.4 Ag
=-0:3Ag
c
toq 1 1 1
--1.64o+ P
111
-1.2A+0.6AeeDb
tsg1111
11 1L 1
bag
a - 2 p A + 2 A x U r . 2 Ad tH.2 A =O
tag 1 1
1g
1L11
-2.4Ao t 3P
F-l6dotl.2 A,=-O.4 A
24Ao t0. 6Ao
11
8 Aot P
12Ag
-20Aot1.2 Ao
-0.
A
o-l.2Ao
ysis.
lectron
=-0.bAo tOP
both
Calulate the cESE
Hhat
Co
CFSE=4A t2P
and
mateicl
-shrong higand
CFSE=
linited
pheten
CFSE
1
-1.8A, +3P
-4s45 ;Br-k
CFSE
11
(i)[áuCNH)e)
Cut4sdNHtg- Nguctal liprd
-prb4.
C4sdt; Hoo-laak ligard.
FSE=
O6Ao.
Fe2t
CFSE=
48'2d&
1
; cl-twaak igand
=-014 Ao
()CMnCeN)AT4
CFSE=
Mt4satS; cN-shrong
lig ard
=-210 Ao+ 2p
Crgptal Fiold plttirg in
tolahodyal eroploscs
The coodinatien rumbar o
tetahedral Corrplo
cetral
d 4 igards coo DULargd aound, tho
motal at altonate coYnOu R t0
ube Ho04
gancs axe sutod in a mannen trat troy ae
befuoor
o tie metal ion uill be in te diection oß
be
ha
poining auay teafeve., tag orhitals wll he
PraLAOd n onagy tran ag orhitala.
t
The cryst
s
gicld zptn
oxtimatod that
the smaller value se
& ligards in
Hote, on
n
c boul
both
e
Hhat
ortoang nto
ortering
stbilized
Since
tie
totahadral rmagrite
faold is
o.bdt
cystal fisld pitrg
srnall ard is
f
ct
i
c
al
dagre
I-acyHypet
uhern all
5-dogeroata
abaenco ap ligard.
and
mateic
than paiuing
smen) A P. only high spin
Conpler s forn.
d-orbtals in
lectron
A. The seaAon
A is due to la92
numbL
totahadrodquld
by -orb A ard an
into tsg lovel is
n
A
is denoled by At ad
ysis
and
thoOo
pprach
Barme distancefrorm
tetrahedroal feld
limite
pheto
CESE Calculotion L
5In casa
asia
Tetehedol Cenplere
tátyahacral coriplrk
rorig
lA
2ashe
ligardand uicak qsld ligard possos fo
congiguodion becausa Hs spttig oriemy
eorfiqitation
t
2
--o6A+P
- 0 4 t +4P
ca
agrabi rehetis Th£nkihon Metal orop
T6 ndetand Me magrtic prepenty sf transtèn
matal e
shoud Cenkide e
pagast on o§ mag
Diamagnctism: han tfie compound has no unpattod
calbd diamaght i
lectren
bot
s faxamaanatism
he copound oe unpa
caliad atamagrtim :
2. Feotomagnetim: This comgound poAB) npated
ardshonqly attbaciad to tic magnatic qiald : Rut.
compowd
both
Hhat
plaed intne
get rertad in paxteulan dDe ctiÝn
4
ysts
end
This cavpxes alo
AntifeUOmagnctim
unpabud but
possos
ts ragnata goldis applad tee
FRat
ma te
limit
pn up. Mene, they ane xepalkd n tre
migncti .
Dn tranaiteon matals the
aloctonic confgwt,o,phet
uhich de cde tfe magnatit
matals
prepotiès f desat
Th case
prepody
ranstion metals tha magnet
in tho fraa, stat curd'onit
ate
3d-tranattion ses;
s
1
T y³
11
111
Mn5
t Mos
171 11111
re
L1113
N
Most
tña
tanactien metals
shcw
pararnagnotin
uDee e t
herovioun andtro roagnati menent
the ttal
maqntic momart
i
S= Spin quartum Neunben
For
free metal ion tRo rmagntic memoint
geven by thecontibutien c botr spin
a
Aimbital angula memertun but letho mokak
conlr
Cenple
the- obital cortibution a
ually quanthod Cstoppa
due to nen-sphoical 'anviverinbnt in such' icaaes
magratie miernant wss gier by fRe qin ornly koa
Fe= 4szd
atog To (re CeNDLT CNs a
botucarn
gap
bq and
magnotic momerd is
zhng fiad ligand
we
no
o.
ba
npabadHence
tg and oglevel ll he Bmal. all the
Splting
oilR qilod up lisn gach oTbitals ard fhon ysis
thay wdlipavt up., Iri Afis scaeit has 4 rpcçed
and js panamag rotic
Ahot wie be the magnoti
mernen
value tn
caae
§ Cew spin dhigh spin dtand d cernplezes.
chack
rethen
) 5
Spùn
lectron
boet
both
MalkJit2)
=lN3 BM
peßf=)4C49)
Pef-V3(342)
= 4.9 BM
=3rbBM
* The etent g paranagrotism
moaAJd in
2+
termo magnetic mornent. For Nepl
otahodal
No orbital
Nt
Centribution
4hat
and
me tevic
limited
Tefrahoral 1L 1
OPT (CAL PROPE RT)ES
Cortbribcton,
phetr
TSOMERISMN TRANSITIONAL
cOMPOUNDS
molaculan rnua but
The dempaund having
atoms
tfain
o
aiangemants
digfenent stouctuool
pheromnons KnoUn
isornes ard tRe
hi areiKroun as
as TOrnosn.
Thú ui chaniieol as follous
TSernoyism
stereo Teornrurn
hructual
Isomoism
Cebrdination Tonisattsn
USomsUsm
tydate
Lickage
iLornaiim
Greomatrical,optica?
(rr)
Cis-tran, Isomor, r
coardiation iomsn: Ið tRne s, an sxchange
f ligards betuuoen Re coevdinatien sphoe Thay
wile give Jie to
coordlinatien
someism
Torisctien onerism: Cornplores in uhich tRoe
intonchode in the poAttien
an
igands insida tie
Ccosdinatien sphoe and to aniens eutde the
corrploz. Thay aUO called onisatien JAomes.
q:
CCoCNM;D,BvJSO4
CCoNHso Er
CoCNH:D,BU+ so
[CoCNH)s SO4)T 46y
tydratesomom This type,
isomemauses
mslcules
unto
of
dipostions
dißferent
out
is clbd ysis
inaide and outido tis coendination spharte
and
Hydata Tsornoianm
lectron
: CrCH5c)6] cl3 - vieleta
Linkag
Cr (HsCy clajcl.0 Dark raon
Dxomeum: These au tRa Cocrdinatien
Cempouncs tiat hove tRe ane compoAikion but
both
ditßer n the conractivity oß rmatal and +Ro ligands
TsomeUSm.
Hhat
STEREOIsO MERISMm hen tuo Copoçr contain
ligand coordinatod to arg centbal ion But
and
tre
QUangornent o ligands in Apace is digferent. The
tuo cornpounda is callod episomos and tRe
limited
Phaomoron us callod as
Gaomatical
eeouomeusm.
iomoism; Inthis horniiam ao
tho
matevicl
liganda
py dißfeent pasittons anound cental metal
Lon. I two ligard ocpy adjacont posibton tae
sornos is callod
Cibrisormos.
dontical ligand scLuy opposite paaition to
iomens ae
callod tans imnbs
- P
ce
NH
NH
pheter
cortalr Carrplor
opticl iborronisn hon tRo scastiens R
ncy bo
uhich ray
angl
certain
thaougka
ib'plarie
lal tetate
aithon to the loft or to the ught. This property is
Kalled as optical acttvity
2ud to i t un
pticaly aotve caipourd
the follaoingceea
touods Rotantt
pPL
zctatosHo
ene uhich f
hcRockaabsa dincctien)
gi ) one ushich oatos
cloclsuise doection)
oetio rtateyt).kh
Card
the
tha, PPL 4ousads Kaft
loavoolateouy C-)
Jh.Py
Ay
Pr.
NtB
Mror42luae2
EEFECTIYE NUCLEAR CHARGE (Zee)4
Shiclting canstart
-the
sQiding
nto shall
etooon tao nucKeus
band travalorty shell ae nteining
, These
recuce the volue af ctraction hotuacon tRà ucleu
and outeuriostThe oducron in attbacton
causad by inteviring
oce callod a. sCreoning
hiuding ffect. Aence tae aclual nucloon
change wi he dacweasod ky quantity o
Callod hialdirg o sereening
Conssnt
Facbs afectng
andzaff ard tfiot vaçahions
in the peiodie table
Ne.o intovhing Pand size of atoma :
ysts
n a gnoip when ue move from top to botfom
the tncoming e wl anter in the now Sholl. There is lectren
n inChease in dixtathL& boucon nucloLes and
shell. n
he no. o inteining
alo
,
Jand
In a
incyeakOs Hence Zof
more
periad te
boel
both
ncoming
addod into
ARe Aame sholl
which aes of shrinkag
Aize ot atoms Afis uiee
atercen the nucleus and incease. moe atlracticn
Thescofore,
Zaff
n a peua. gutcumest
SATER's RULE! Aeeordeng to thç gule the value
o
'er
a gven
i
as elous.
Ostimatet
Write douon Ife alo ctvontc
e tha
alornant ard dovide tRe into tRsconfigattbn
fellaing orhitals
1s,2S, 2p 3S, 3P, 4S sol
Now Aclect tioe urich to
value og
be calculatad
s te
or thi,
add up ta
calarlatien
to o for ctor
to tre
centrihutien
follouoirg suo.
acending
Qach tupe
outsicle te chasen
3ame group of choosen,
innide (-1)
A: A0e the offam
fetfe dnible
naciatele
Hhat
a
an
matevi
limite
pheten
Zact 9
=19
Zff.=Zact
=28
n clatom
rcarclsssspsap
Þ-
4 X0.25 +2 xo854 tDX|
tha last
Ffor Al
Zact = |3
2x0i342 XI +8X0.85
Zof -Zact - o
For or, Zact = 21
K=132s'2 pheszp4s' eds
F2,95
HSAB
ONCEPT
CHavd
oft Aciol Base Thacny)
qualitatve corncopt ntoducad by
poaon to xplain te Atablty o complosces ad I
macharism o tfo goa cition
According to tfua theov
Lo's acids and Lows kaes can he
tfoa cliided lectr
into haxd and
t aid bases.
Had Lausis acid
) ebor
n
chaactorustis;
’SrnalR 0ze
Ssto
2
both
gy chaigod cat'ors
’ Higf postve chage
> Empty rhitals uh tfiein alany sholl
’ Low nogntvity + low atnby
Hhat
> Low polarisahty
Seft Lobis acid!
hasactoiati;
>Loae size
Low postve, chaye
ma te
limi
tncoropotaly qlod atomc orhibals
’ Raadily polaisobla
Hcvd Lawts baAes!
characteçsties:
-’ Snall 'enc
9adii
LaoKly polavisobla
Saft Lois ba02:
’ Loqe lonic sadit
-’ Srtoaiata alectroncqatvity
->Hghly polaoisabla
9Hb, SCN, co, RNC ,H,Rate
phe
HSAB Principle
Aecording to HSA concert kand acids prefer
bkindingto Rand kase to qiesiae to wonic
Corplox ufooas
t acscd pxafo hindgtosoft
The large olectroragatve. diggoanca bolacon
HA
HB gve zikos to strong onc. cnteracton.
sa
The aloctronegativty of sA iàSE ae almet Sam
and have loss olactvonic
ndoacton .Theoeyore,tRe
interaction bofeuicon MASE g SA HB ae mostly nstab
t: Atoc size
epesriodl
Nucloat change
2.Lonsation
Nuc lac chonge
3.Elochon
Size, Nuclor
affinity
Lchag
Nooshol0a
Size f atars
ucloan chcote
Nuclea chog
Stze,TE, E.A
