REPRESENTING:
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE,
SOCIETY & POLITICS MODULE 7:
FORMS AND FUNCTIONS OF STATE
AND NON-STATE INSTITUTION
DISCOVER
WHAT IS A
STATE?
TAKEN FROM THE LATIN ‘STARE’ (TO STAND),
A STATE IS A POLITICAL COMMUNITY THAT
OCCUPIES A DEFINITE TERRITORY; HAVING AN
ORGANIZED GOVERNMENT WITH THE
AUTHORITY TO MAKE AND ENFORCE LAWS
WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF A HIGHER
AUTHORITY.
ALSO….
•A state is an organized political community
acting under a government and united by
common set of laws. It uses absolute power
in directing the path of a society. It also
uses complete political coerciveness, which
may come in the form of armed forces
personnel, stricter laws, and rigid
government policies in order to attain its
THE STATE INTENDS TO BE A STRONG ACTOR IN
THE PERFORMANCE OF THE THREE IMPORTANT
POLITICAL FUNCTIONS.
THE STATE IN FULL FORM;
1.Maintains control over violence in its
domain.
2. Allocates resources and rewards at its
discretion, and
3. Stands as the major focus of identity for
ROLES OF THE STATES
1. State provides security against external
aggressions and war. For this purpose, the state
maintains an army.
2. State ensures security against internal
disturbances disorders and crimes. For this
purpose, the state maintains police.
3. State legally grants and guarantees the rights of
the people.
5. State undertakes steps for the creation of
necessary conditions for the socio-economicpolitico-cultural development of the people.
6. State grants citizenship and protects their interests
and rights.
7. State conducts foreign relations, foreign trade and
economic relations.
8. State secures the goals of national interest in
international relations
WHAT’S MORE?
ELEMENTS OF THE STATES:
1. Population-It is the people who make the state.
Population is essential for the state. Without
population there can be no State.
2. Territory-There can be no state without a fixed
territory. People need territory to live and organize
themselves socially and politically. It may be
remembered that the territory of the states includes
land, water and airspace.
3. Government-It is the organization or machinery or
agency of the State which makes, implements,
enforces, and adjudicates the laws of the state.
4. Sovereignty-It is the most exclusive elements of
State. Without sovereignty no state can exist. State
has the exclusive title and prerogative to exercise
supreme power over all its people and territory. It is
the basis which the State regulates all aspects of the
life of the people living in its territory.
DEEPEN
A. Authoritarian Government-Authoritarian
governments differ in who holds power and in
how control they assume over those who govern.
An example of this type is Monarchy.
• Monarchy is a form of government in which
supreme power is absolutely lodged with an
individual, who is the head of the state, often for
life or until abdication. The person who heads a
• Totalitarianism is a political system that
strives to regulate nearly every aspect of
public and private life. It theoretically
permits no individual freedom and that
seeks to subordinate all aspects of individual
life to the authority of the state.
Ex: The Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, Nazi
Germany under Adolf Hitler, the People’s
Republic of China under Mao Zedong, and
B. Oligarchic Government-An oligarchy is a form of
government in which power effectively rests with a
small-elite segment of society distinguished by royalty,
wealth, family, military, or religious hegemony. An
oligarchy does not have one clear ruler, but several
powerful people who rule. One common example is
theocracy
• Theocracy is a government by divine guidance or by
official who are regarded as divinely guided. Leaders are
members of the clergy, and the state’s legal system is
based on religious law. Contemporary examples of
• Democracy is a form of government in which the
right to governs is held by the majority of
citizens within a country or a state. The two
principles of democracy are that all citizens have
equal access to power and that all citizens enjoy
universally recognized freedoms and liberties.
People can either become country leaders
through electoral process or elect leaders who
represent the core values and beliefs. There are
99 democratic nations globally. Examples of
democratic nations are Philippines, Norway, New
Zealand, United States of America, Canada,
NONSTATE
INSTITUTIONS
• Nonstate institutions are people and/ or
organization that participate in international
affairs and relations but are not affiliated with
any state or nation. These nonstate institutions
include the following: bank and corporations,
cooperatives and trade unions, transnational
advocacy groups, and development agencies and
international organizations. These nonstate
institutions are equally capable of influencing
a. Banks
Bank is a financial institution licensed to provide several
financial services to different types of customers. Banks
are in operation mainly for their deposits and lending
functions. Banks also provide loans, with an interest to
customers who need money either for personal
consumption or for investment and businesses. Banks
may be categorized into major forms such as commercial
banks and investment banks.
b. Corporations
It is a form of business operation that declares the
business as a separate entity guided by a group of
officers known as the Board of Directors. They were
created by individuals, stockholders or shareholders,
with the purpose of operating for profit. They have all
legal rights of an individual, except for the right to
vote and certain limitations. They are given the right
to exist by the state that issues their charter.
c. Cooperatives
• Cooperatives are people-centers
enterprises owned, controlled and run by
and for their members to realize their
common economic, social, and cultural
needs and aspirations. Cooperatives are
businesses governed on the principle of
one member, one vote.
d. Trade Unions/Labor Unions
• Trade Unions are organizations formed by workers
from related fields that work for common interest
of its members. They help workers in issues like
fairness of pay, good working environment, hours
of work and benefits. They represent a cluster of
workers and provide a link between the
management and workers. The purpose of these
unions is to look into the grievances of wagers and
present a collective voice in front of the
management. It acts as the medium of
communication between the workers and
management.
e. Transnational Advocacy Groups
• Transnational Advocacy Groups (TAGs) play an
increasingly important role in international and
regional politics and have contributed to changing
policies of multilateral organizations and states.
They are particularly visible in contentious areas as
human rights, environmental issues, international
peace, and women’s rights. They have specific roles
to partake that can be achieved through effective
measures, case-specific methods, and activities.
f. Development Agencies
• Development Agencies have been established to
develop the cooperation between the public
sector, private sector, and civil society. These are
organizations with specific aims and goals. The
common denominator among these organizations
is the term development. These agencies
concentrate on the growth, progression, and
advancement of specific concerns, which can be
infrastructure or social institutions.
TO BE
CONTINUED……
INTERRELATIONSHIP OF GOVERNMENT AND NONSTATE INSTITUTIONS
1. Integration among these two institutions may
take place to achieve precise solution towards
development.
2. Conflict and tension may also arise because
one could exceed the other in terms of societal
control and influences (Penninx, 2013).
There are both state and non-state
institutions in our daily lives. State
institutions are responsible for handling
political matters, and people are asked to
follow the rules and regulations unless they
are permissive. Non-state institutions are
responsible for making society better. It
includes non-profit organizations, charities,
and schools. They help the people in matters
A significant distinction between state and
non-state institutions: state institutions
are those that are endorsed and fully
endorsed by a central state and are part of
the formal political framework. Non-state
institutions will be those who operate
outside of the state apparatus's expert
support and affirmation, though they may
THAT’S ALL AND THANK
YOU FOR LISTENING