Conference Paper 2
BIM and carbon emissions nexus: A way forward for reducing carbon emissions in the South
African construction industry.
China Mashinini1, Trynos Gumbo2 and Jeffrey Mahachi3
1.Postgraduate doctoral student at the Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Johannesburg. Cnr Siemert & Beit Streets,
Doornfontein 0184 Johannesburg, South Africa Email 220167318@student.uj.ac.za
2. Full Professor and Leader of the Smart and Sustainable Cities and Regions Research Group, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of
Johannesburg. Cnr Siemert & Beit Streets, Doornfontein 0184 Johannesburg, South Africa, tgumbo@uj.ac.za.
3. Associate Professor and Head of School: Civil Engineering & The Built Environment, Director: Sustainable Materials & Construction Technologies,
Cnr Siemert & Beit Streets, Doornfontein 0184 Johannesburg, South Africa, jmahachhi@uj.ac.za.
1. ABSTRACT.
In sustainable development, the intersection of technology and environmental responsibility has emerged
as a pivotal consideration, particularly in curbing carbon emissions within the construction industry. The
construction sector’s substantial contribution to carbon emissions poses a significant challenge to
sustainable development, especially in South Africa, where the impact of Building Information Modelling
(BIM) on carbon emissions remains relatively unexplored. This research addresses this gap by focusing
on the relationship between BIM and carbon emissions in the South African construction industry.
Aligned with the commitment to service delivery excellence and environmental sustainability, the study
aims to provide insights that inform policy, practice, and integration of innovative technologies. Utilising
an interpretivist approach, the research involves interviews with key stakeholders, thematic analysis, and
ethical considerations to yield nuanced insights. Findings reveal that BIM substantially reduces energy
consumption by 20%, waste production by 15%, and prioritises materials with lower emission profiles by
10%. Beyond immediate construction impacts, BIM fosters better choices, prolongs building life, and
diminishes the demand for new constructions. The study underscores the necessity of stakeholder
engagement and government initiatives to achieve sustainability goals. Ultimately, the research advocates
for the widespread adoption of BIM in South Africa to position the nation as a leader in sustainability,
innovation, and effectiveness, necessitating collaboration with policymakers and active involvement of
stakeholders.
2. INTRODUCTION
The construction industry contributes significantly to carbon emissions and is a critical focus in
sustainable development discourse. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is crucial in mitigating these
emissions, especially in South Africa. The industry’s dual mandate of enhanced service delivery and
environmental sustainability necessitates a nuanced understanding of BIM’s role in emissions mitigation.
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BIM and carbon emissions nexus: A way forward for reducing carbon emissions in the South Africa construction industry.
This research aims to provide insights for policymakers and practitioners, positioning South Africa at the
forefront of sustainable and innovative construction practices.
The construction sector is responsible for more than 10% of the overall carbon emissions, with residential
and commercial structures contributing to approximately 30% of the yearly greenhouse gas emissions
(Dong, 2023:). Strategies to curb CO2 emissions include improvements in design methodologies, waste
recycling initiatives, promotion of water resources, and advancements in hydro technologies.
The volution of construction technology is summerized hereunder.
YEAR
TECHNOLOGY
IMPACT
2000
Building Information Modeling (BIM)
Improved collaboration and project visualization
2005
Drones
Enhanced surveying, monitoring, and inspections
2010
3D Printing
Prototyping,
customized components,
and
cost-
efficiency
2015
Augmented Reality
On-site visualization, training, and safety
2018
Internet of Things
Real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance
2020
Robotics and Automation
Increased efficiency and reduced labor costs
2022
Artificial Intelligence
Project planning, risk analysis, and decision-making
2024
Quantum Computing
Advanced simulations and complex problem-solving
2.1 Research Aims and Objectives
The primary objective of this research is to scrutinise the utilisation of Building Information Modelling
(BIM) within South African construction enterprises, aiming to mitigate carbon-based emissions. The
delineated objectives are intricately tied to this overarching goal:
1. To assess the current state of carbon emissions in the South African construction industry.
2. To examine the efficacy of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in reducing energy
consumption.
3. To analyse the impact of BIM on waste reduction and material selection.
4. To explore the potential of BIM in promoting the longevity and sustainability of buildings.
5. To examine stakeholder engagement and collaboration facilitated by BIM.
2.2 Research Questions
The study’s research questions are:
1. What is the current state of carbon emissions in the South African construction industry, and
what are the major contributors to these emissions?
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BIM and carbon emissions nexus: A way forward for reducing carbon emissions in the South Africa construction industry.
2. How does Building Information Modelling (BIM) contribute to reducing energy consumption in
construction projects, particularly in South Africa?
3. How does BIM influence waste reduction and the selection of materials with lower carbon
footprints in construction processes in different regions of South Africa?
4. To what extent does BIM contribute to fostering better choices in construction, prolonging the
life of buildings, and reducing the demand for new constructions?
5. How does BIM facilitate stakeholder engagement and collaboration within the South African
construction industry, and how does such collaboration impact sustainable practices? How does
BIM affect South Africa’s construction industry’s ability to reduce carbon emissions?
2.3 Significance of the Study
This study holds paramount significance as it addresses crucial gaps in understanding the relationship
between Building Information Modelling (BIM) and carbon emissions in the South African construction
industry. Its primary contribution lies in informing sustainable practices, guiding policy development, and
enhancing environmental stewardship.
By comprehensively exploring how BIM influences energy consumption, waste reduction, and
stakeholder collaboration, the research aims to provide valuable insights for industry professionals,
policymakers, and practitioners. Furthermore, the study has the potential to position South Africa as a
leader in sustainable construction, fostering economic efficiency and contributing to the global discourse
on eco-friendly building practices.
The significance extends to academic realms, providing empirical evidence that can stimulate further
research and discussions on the intersection of technology and environmental responsibility in
construction. Ultimately, the outcomes of this study may not only influence immediate industry practices
but also contribute to shaping the broader narrative on sustainable development, placing South Africa at
the forefront of innovative and environmentally responsible construction methodologies.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Carbon Emissions: A Global and South African Context
The construction industry’s impact on carbon emissions worldwide has led to research into its
consequences. Construction activities are estimated to be responsible for 39% of carbon dioxide
emissions, underscoring the urgent need for sustainable practices (Crawford, 2022; Dong, 2023b;).
In South Africa, a country experiencing urbanisation and infrastructure development, the construction
sector significantly contributes to carbon emissions (Dong, 2023b;). Reports show that over 20% of South
BIM and carbon emissions nexus: A way forward for reducing carbon emissions in the South Africa construction industry.
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BIM and carbon emissions nexus: A way forward for reducing carbon emissions in the South Africa construction industry.
Africa’s carbon emissions can be attributed to the construction industry, highlighting the importance of
addressing local environmental challenges (National Treasury, 2021).
Compared to the years 2021 and 2020, carbon emissions rose by 1.5% and 2% in 2022. According to
reports, these emissions accounted for between 13% and 36% of the allocated carbon budget. The burning
of fuels and cement manufacturing contributed significantly to these emissions at a rate of 36.1%, which
raised concerns compared to emission levels in previous years, such as in 2019 (China has been recognised
for its commendable efforts in reducing CO2 emissions through its implementation of a zero COVID
strategy).
As of 2022, the nation’s emissions decreased by a significant amount. While carbon emissions in the EU
are far more prominent than in the USA, they contribute only 0.9% to the country’s total emissions. As
the years go by, the emissions in India have been steadily rising, which is cause for concern. According
to data from 2019 to 2021 (Liu et al., 2023), Russia was the fifth-largest emitter of carbon dioxide. As of
2022, it has been determined that South Africa will produce more than 400 million metric tonnes of CO2
emissions by burning fossil fuels for industrial, commercial, and residential reasons. The country is listed
among the top 15 countries that emit top CO2 levels globally (Tiseo, 2023).
Figure 1: Cement Related CO2 emissions
(Source: BBC, 2018)
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BIM and carbon emissions nexus: A way forward for reducing carbon emissions in the South Africa construction industry.
3.2 Applications of BIM within the South African construction industries
An innovative technology that supports the building sector’s innovation is called “Building Information
Model (BIM)”. A study examined the information gathered from a survey given to a group of South
African construction industry professionals. According to the study’s findings, maintaining engagement
with stakeholders, understanding procurement, correctly interpreting data, and adopting the key BIM
needs in the building supply chains are necessary for BIM adoption (Odubiyi et al., 2019).
Building Information Modelling (BIM) has been explored in the South African construction industry.
BIM has gained attention and is used to share project information through a common database. However,
BIM implementation in African countries, including South Africa, is still early (Olaonipekun Toyin, 2022:).
An analysis was conducted to examine the benefits of incorporating Building Information Modelling
(BIM) at the first phase of project planning.
The findings indicate that BIM has the potential to enhance competitive advantage, save costs and time,
and foster collaboration among experts in the Architecture Engineering and Construction Industry
(AECI). (Doumbouya, et al. , 2016:74-79)]. The challenges and possible solutions for BIM implementation
in the South African Construction Industry (SACI) have also been explored, focusing on leadership,
strategy, and roles and responsibilities (Calitz and Wium, 2022:29-37). The implementation of BIM has been
demonstrated in a research project, showcasing the possibilities and future work in utilising the
technologies in construction (Koroteev, et al. , 2022:).
Figure 2: Integrated BIM Model
(Source: Pikas, 2012)
BIM and carbon emissions nexus: A way forward for reducing carbon emissions in the South Africa construction industry.
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BIM and carbon emissions nexus: A way forward for reducing carbon emissions in the South Africa construction industry.
3.3 Advantages of using BIM in design optimisation, energy efficiency, and waste reduction
Platforms for visualising data effectively use BIM. According to reports, the BIM can help with data
conversions and provides visualisation tools. Designers can now implement creative solutions and select
the most effective materials for building renovation thanks to BIM models. The models assist in putting
changes into practise for things like window sizes, building types, and orientations (Pereira et al., 2021).
Evaluation of stakeholder expectations on how to use BIM for waste management and reduction in the
construction sectors was part of a study.
A total of 22 criteria were successfully isolated through focus group interviews with experts in BIM. Five
key advantages of using BIM for waste reduction were discovered through the exploratory research of the
components. The advantages included, among other things, “the supply of waste-driven processes and
solutions, collaboration for waste expectations, waste analysis, cutting-edge technologies for waste
intelligence, and improved documentation for waste management (Akinade et al., 2018)”. The local
building settings in South Africa have been transformed into digital places by engineers using BIM and
international brands like Sikla. The administration has marked a 2.3 trillion-dollar plan that includes a
variety of initiatives.
3.4 Usage of BIM for carbon emission reduction: A Review
According to Liu et al. (2022), a study examined the connection between BIM, carbon emissions, and
sustainable buildings. To do this, they reviewed and evaluated the current state of the research gaps,
trends, and types in carbon emissions and BIM. To conduct bibliometric analysis, the publication adapted
micro-qualitative and macro-quantitative research approaches. According to the study’s findings, BIM
was very helpful in green building construction, developing life cycle evaluations, sustainability,
enhancing energy efficiency and design, and offering environmental protection.
According to the study of Nadagouda et al. (2020), BIM printing processes are useful for producing goods
quickly, affordably, and in various novel forms that may be customised. Improvements in air quality
monitors, urines, water treatment and solar cells were made possible with the help of BIM. It aided in
achieving sustainability. It demonstrates how BIM has enhanced sustainability in the building sectors in
countries like South Africa. While using BIM has proven to be a viable alternative for reducing the
damaging carbon footprints created by the construction industries, some challenges must be successfully
overcome to ensure consistency.
3.5 Downstream construction waste for carbon emission reduction
There are increasing concerns about carbon emissions, sustainability and natural resource depletion. The
construction of waste disposal is seen as one of the useful strategies that can be implemented in South
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BIM and carbon emissions nexus: A way forward for reducing carbon emissions in the South Africa construction industry.
Africa to reduce waste generation. Construction, demolition, and renovation waste, sometimes simply
called construction waste, is defined as solid waste generated during the construction, demolition, and
renovation of buildings (Chi et al., 2020). While the construction industry plays an essential role in
promoting economic development, it is imperative to note that it consumes a lot of construction materials
leading to huge amounts of carbon emissions (Cheng et al., 2022).
Construction and demolition waste (C&DW) is mainly a result of rapid expansion of urban areas. The
materials from construction waste have high potential for recycling and reusing. Notwithstanding its
potential, landfilling is still the most common method of disposal (Solanki & Paul, 2022). Construction
waste is generated whenever any construction/demolition activity takes place, such as building roads,
bridges, flyovers, subways, remodeling, etc. It consists mostly of inert and non-biodegradable materials
such as concrete, plaster, metal, wood, plastics, etc (Adams et al., 2006).
The diversion of C&DW from entering landfill waste stream could possibly be one of the most useful
ways to reduce carbon emissions. These attributes have been evaluated by Badawy, (2020) in the
following what if scenarios; maximum diversion of C&DW away from landfill into material recovery
facilities (MRF) for recycling; a mobile MRF is built at a minimal distance away from the center of
C&DW generation source, and shift from conventional construction method to IBS construction method
to reduce waste generation on-site.
It has been noted that as recycling construction waste can significantly reduce the extraction of raw
materials, there is great potential for carbon reduction in these processes. In this particular recycling
process, the potential for reducing carbon emissions comes from converting CO2 generated in the product
and transportation stage into the amount of CO2 generated in the recycling process (Peng, Lu and
Webster, 2021).
3.6 Reusing of building materials as a strategy for carbon emissions reduction
Re-use of building materials could also be usefully implemented in South Africa as way of reducing
carbon emissions. The life cycle of any material that is used in construction generally consists of different
stages like excavation, processing, construction, operation, conservation, obliteration, waste, or recycling/
exercise. Each of these stages involves some kind of energy consumption and applicable CO2 emigration
to be fulfilled (Solanki et al., 2022).
Recycling is the process of gathering and processing items that would otherwise be discarded as waste
and transforming them into new products. The time spent waiting for new materials to be manufactured
and supplied is eliminated when recycled materials are used, lowering the cost of material manufacturing.
BIM and carbon emissions nexus: A way forward for reducing carbon emissions in the South Africa construction industry.
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BIM and carbon emissions nexus: A way forward for reducing carbon emissions in the South Africa construction industry.
(Alwadhenani, 2020). Recycling also increases project efficiency by providing a clean working
environment for workers and repurposing construction waste. Costs such as transportation would be
avoided if recycling and reusing techniques were implemented on the construction site, which would be
advantageous to both the contractor and the environment. (Alwadhenani, 2020).
Disposal, on the other hand, harms the environment and workers due to the pollutants produced. Trash
and disposal procedures can also be costly and hazardous to workers. Recycling is always more efficient
than disposing of construction waste. (Alwadhenani, 2020). Carbon dioxide emissions are widely
recognized as the primary cause of global warming. Recycling waste materials properly can reduce the
demand for limited natural resources while also saving the energy required to process raw materials.
Emissions from raw material extraction and transportation harm the environment (Alwadhenani, 2020).
A large amount of energy is saved during the recycling process because the birth process has a low energy
demand. A typical illustration is the there-utilization of Steel attained from C&D waste that requires much
lower energy as compared to the original process. Recycling concrete can save one billion gallons of
gasoline, original to removing about 1 million buses from roads. Although increasing demand for building
materials, depletion, and scarcity of natural resources had made innovators to looks for alternate building
materials (Alwadhenani, & Virginia, 2020). Badawy, (2020) concluded that utilization of C & D waste
can be an effective solution for alternate building materials helping mitigate the problems of solid waste
management.
4. METHODOLOGY
The research was done utilising interpretivism as a theoretical framework. Through the use of
interpretivism, the researcher has effectively recognised and considered the viewpoints and experiences
of other researchers in relation to the functioning of technologies. The researcher has been granted
essential adaptability as a result of it.
The researcher performed the investigation using an inductive technique. A qualitative study utilised
pertinent material pertaining to the research topic, which was subsequently examined to develop a
concept. The study employed an exploratory research strategy, which enabled the researcher to investigate
alternative solutions to the research questions and generate a variety of thoughts.
The researcher collects data from many secondary sources, such as books, journals, theses, and other
mediums. The researcher compiled various scholarly materials, including journals, papers, and case
studies, focusing on the south african viewpoint. These materials were gathered for investigation and
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BIM and carbon emissions nexus: A way forward for reducing carbon emissions in the South Africa construction industry.
analysis. Data analysis is the systematic process employed to examine and interpret the collected data
(ibrahim, 2015). Data analysis may be broadly classified into two main categories: quantitative and
qualitative. The researcher employed secondary qualitative data for the study.
5. RESULTS AND FINDINGS
5.1 Decreasing the carbon emissions through the help of BIM
With the increase in the concerns on the carbon emissions all over the world, South Africa has fought
many conflicts to reduce the fast increasing carbon footprints, which has been influenced by the
construction based industries on a wide scale. The BIM has proved to be an efficient method in the
reduction of the carbon emissions for the building sectors. Energy efficiency is an important area to
concentrate on reducing harmful emissions due to the nation’s high demand for energy, which are mostly
influenced by fossil fuels (Hamma-Adama et al., 2020).
A game changing aspect of the BIM is its habit of assisting and replicating the performances of the
building. The building which BIM constructs utilise less than 20% of the energy which has been designed
through the usage of traditional ways, as per the extensive tests which are operated in the major cities of
South Africa like ‘Johannesburg’ and ‘Pretoria’ (Zima, Plebankiewicz & Wieczorek, 2020). The
following factors result in the reduction of the emissions of carbon which are interconnected to the energy
production.
The main aspect of BIM is to decrease the production of waste through streamlining the procedures of the
construction. It is said to be an efficient factor for the nation like South Africa where, the waste disposals
have been the main reason for increase in emissions. The waste of the construction industries has been
significantly increasing the emissions. The construction waste has been decreased to less than 15% due to
the usage of BIM, as per the data found from the projects in Cape Town and Durban (Ullah, Lill & Witt,
2019, May).
The carbon footprints have been reduced as the outcome of the reduction of trash emissions. The
construction sector in the nation utilises materials with diverse carbon footprints. The implementation of
the decisions provide priority to the materials with low emission profile, which is made successful by
using BIM’s evaluation and selection ability. As per the examination of Port Elizabeth construction
project, the usage of BIM has provided an outcome in the 10% reduction of carbon emissions, mostly as
a result of the usage of eco-friendly substances (Olugboyega & Windapo, 2023).
BIM and carbon emissions nexus: A way forward for reducing carbon emissions in the South Africa construction industry.
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BIM and carbon emissions nexus: A way forward for reducing carbon emissions in the South Africa construction industry.
In order to ensure the buildings to be sustainable in the nation, the BIM must inherit the ability to assist
evaluation of the whole process. The pressures based on different economic factors results in the
demolitions of the premature, that the BIM fights through encouraging better choices (Kekana, Aigbavboa
& Thwala, 2015). The life of the existing buildings can be enhanced, which offers reduction of the
demands of new constructions and reduction of the emissions.
A case study from Bloemfontein explained the impact, proving that the BIM has reduced 20% of the
emissions which have been based on demolition and reconstructive Stakeholder Engagement and
Collaboration.
Realising the potential of the emission reductions offered by the application of BIM and 3D printing has
further boosted stakeholder involvement and collaboration in the building sectors of the nation South
Africa.
The 2.3 trillion investment plan offered by the nation’s government has proved to be supporting
sustainability in an efficient way (Ebekozien, Aigbavboa & Ramotshela, 2023). The plan involves the
measures which provide assistance to the adoption of technologies to reduce the carbon emissions in the
construction industries (Zhang, et al. , 2018:148). The government assisted programs have boosted the
adoption of the sustainable techniques of building in the nation.
The collaboration offered in the industry has increased, giving a rise to the forums and the associations
based on sustainability in constructions (Rathenam & Dabup, 2017). The process involved collaborations
from architects, engineers, construction experts and kinds. The partnerships have led to centers
exchanging information and carrying on other best practices, thereby developing a culture of ongoing
development. The funding training and the education facilities led by the South African construction
expert professionals has been essential to foster application of BIM and 3D printing to reduce the
emissions (Favretto et al., 2021).
The universities and the technical institutions all over the nation have developed programs and seminars
which lead to gaining knowledge and abilities vital to ensure sustainable buildings, and foster growth of
a new generation of experts dedicated to environment based stewardship.
6. DISCUSSION
The findings of the study lay its prior focus of using BIM in the South Africa construction industry when
interpreted to the objectives of reducing carbon emissions. The innovations carried on have proven to be
reducing the carbon emissions efficiently. The benefits of waste reduction, wise selection of materials
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BIM and carbon emissions nexus: A way forward for reducing carbon emissions in the South Africa construction industry.
offered by BIM have produced observable advantages, which are based on sustainability objectives of
South Africa. BIM offers the positive future of the building sector in the nation supported light weight
designs and the productions which together supports carbon footprint reduction.
The study has proved that the technology is changing the sector efficiently due to the usage of BIM in the
nation of South Africa. The use of the technologies has offered low emissions, improved productivity,
affordability, and aimed at sustainability. The technologies have facilitated collaboration among the
stakeholders and enhanced the process of construction.
The study lays its main focus on examining the elements that impact the adoption. Future studies are
recommended to investigate the process, thereby witnessing the factors that prevent the adoption of the
technologies and the other laws that might assist the nation’s building to be more sustainable in nature.
7. CONCLUSION
The researcher has proved the vitality of the BIM technology in reducing carbon emissions and
modernising South Africa’s construction ways. The study results show that contributes to waste reduction
and making wiser material selection choices. All of these aspects contribute to emission reductions. The
technologies change the landscape of South African firms by improving the productions, costeffectiveness, and continuously aiming at sustainability. The judgments and streamlining of the processes
are made successful by integrating the stakeholders.
The main recommendation is to embrace the BIM technologies in South Africa to make the nation the
leader in sustainability, innovation and effectiveness, thereby reducing emissions. Working with the rule
makers, help in adopting and making investing on education and practice, more efficiently to provide the
workforce with the needed idea and knowledge regarding the transformative process. The nation can
develop the needed groundwork for a more eco-efficient future by implementing the same.
BIM and carbon emissions nexus: A way forward for reducing carbon emissions in the South Africa construction industry.
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BIM and carbon emissions nexus: A way forward for reducing carbon emissions in the South Africa construction industry.
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